廣東 李奕群

【問題導(dǎo)讀】

思維決定語言的表達(dá)，語言映射出情境和文化。在中文表達(dá)中，我們很自然地用表示人的概念的名詞或人稱代詞充當(dāng)主語。這樣的語言思維也遷移到了我們的英文表達(dá)中，除了被動(dòng)語態(tài)，我們經(jīng)常忽略使用其他無生命的名詞作主語。其實(shí)，在英文表達(dá)中，主語并非總是由人或有生命的事物與行為動(dòng)詞結(jié)合，使用無靈主語搭配有靈動(dòng)詞寫出的句子更能彰顯中西方在文化和思維方式等方面的差異。

【名師導(dǎo)學(xué)】

英語中的無靈主語句是英語書面語中常見的一種典型句式和獨(dú)特的語言現(xiàn)象。它是指用無生命的事物作主語，如：抽象概念、心理感受、事物名稱或時(shí)間地點(diǎn)等，但謂語卻常常使用有靈動(dòng)詞——人或社會(huì)團(tuán)體的動(dòng)作和行為，這類句子常帶有擬人化的修辭色彩。

使用“無靈主語+有靈動(dòng)詞”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的好處：

1.增加主語多樣性，豐富句型。

2.使語言更生動(dòng)，句子瞬間充滿生命力。

3.減少人稱代詞的使用，增加表達(dá)的客觀性。

4.在文學(xué)作品中使用該表達(dá)方式會(huì)給人一種莊重、典雅的感覺。

【案例導(dǎo)引】

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進(jìn)行續(xù)寫，使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的故事。

Armed with two over-packed suitcases, we arrived at the airport just in time for my flight.“Well, here we are, the airport,”my sister said with a sigh.As I watched her unload my luggage, I could see that the sadness took hold of her.This was not easy for her either.After one last hug and a final good-bye,I would be on my way to a new life abroad,leaving my beloved sister behind.

All my life I had loved airports.To me, they were some kind of magic gateway to the world, a place from which to start great holidays and adventures.But today cold and heartlessness ruled it.I felt like my best friend had just been taken away from me.Growing up,my sister and I would do everything together.Born barely fifteen months apart, we not only looked alike, but we were alike.That same mix of curiosity and fear of all things unknown grew deeply inside us.One sunny summer day,I was playing outside on the grass when she came up to me and said,“Want to go to the attic (閣樓)?”We both knew that the answer to that question was always“Yes”.We were frightened of the attic, but its smells and sounds amazed us.Whenever one of us needed something, the other one would come along.Together we would fight the life-size spiders and battle through many boxes until we found what we needed.Over time,the visits to the attic became less scary.Eventually,there came a time when we would go by ourselves,but my sister and I stayed as close as ever.

When the time came for us to go to college, we went together for everything.My parents were pleased because that way we could keep an eye on each other and of course report back on what the other one was up to.Those happy days witnessed our friendship, but now our college days were over and I was off to a foreign country.All I had left were my memories.Courage deserted me.

注意：續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。

Paragraph 1:

“You'd better go,or you'll miss your flight,”she said with tears filling her eyes._______

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Paragraph 2:

Immediately I recognized my sister's handwriting in the diary.____________________

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一、故事梳理

這篇文章是以第一人稱視角講述“我”要出國開始新生活，不得不與姐姐分開的故事。“我們”從小一起長大，一起經(jīng)歷了很多，都非常舍不得對(duì)方。我們可以用“STAR原則”來分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容：

S(situation)T(target)___A(action)___R(result)I would be on my way to a new life abroad, leaving my beloved sister behind.It was______________not easy for her and me.My sister and I accompanied each other for many years,which witnessed our friend-______________ship.My sister saw me off at the airport._________________________________________?___________________________________________________________________

二、語言分析

通過觀察我們發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中使用了大量的無靈主語句。例如：

1.I could see that the sadness took hold of her.（Para.1）

我看見她充滿了悲傷。

2.But today cold and heartlessness ruled it.（Para.2）

但是今天它卻是寒冷、無情的。

3.That same mix of curiosity and fear of all things unknown grew deeply inside us.（Para.2）

對(duì)所有未知事物的好奇和恐懼交織在一起，在我們內(nèi)心深處生長。

4.We were frightened of the attic,but its smells and sounds amazed us.（Para.2）

我們很害怕這個(gè)閣樓，但是它的味道和聲音又讓我們好奇。

5.Those happy days witnessed our friendship.（Para.3）

那些快樂的時(shí)光見證了我們的友誼。

6.Courage deserted me.（Para.3）

我失去了勇氣。

三、常用招式

經(jīng)常使用“無靈主語+有靈動(dòng)詞”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的情況：

1.主語是表示情感狀態(tài)等的抽象名詞或名詞短語

常搭配的謂語動(dòng)詞有seize、choke、flood、creep、grip、give way to等。例如：

Panic seized her.

她感到驚恐。

Despair choked her words.

她絕望得說不出話來。

A great sense of relief flooded over him.

他感到如釋重負(fù)。

Fear slowly creeped up on her.

她慢慢感到恐懼起來。

2.主語是表示地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間含義的名詞或名詞短語

常搭配的謂語動(dòng)詞有witness、find、see、boast等。例如：

The past 30 years have witnessed great changes in China.

過去的30年見證了中國巨大的變化。

The following year saw the death of his mother.

第二年，他的媽媽去世了。

The town boasts a beautiful lake.

這個(gè)鎮(zhèn)引以為榮的是有個(gè)美麗的湖。

3.主語是表示自然現(xiàn)象等的名詞或名詞短語

常搭配的謂語動(dòng)詞有blanket、come、bring、prevent、strike、hit、threaten等。例如：

The thick fog blanketed the field.

濃霧籠罩著整個(gè)大地。

An earthquake came like a thief in the night,without warning.

地震到來，猶如夜賊，不做預(yù)告。

The rain prevented tourists from enjoying the full moon.

雨使得游客無法欣賞到滿月。

4.主語是表示身體部位或音容的名詞或名詞短語

常搭配的謂語動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ight up、brighten、linger、well up、fail、flash等。例如：

Her face lit up/brightened when I gave her the present.

我給她禮物時(shí)，她的臉上煥發(fā)出了光彩。

Laughter lingered around the room.

笑聲在房間里縈繞。

When he saw the familiar handwriting,tears welled up in his eyes.

他一看到熟悉的字跡，便熱淚盈眶。

5.主語是表示思想或行為動(dòng)作的名詞或名詞短語

常搭配的謂語動(dòng)詞有strike、arouse、remind、delight、frighten、stun、overwhelm 等。

例如：

A terrible thought suddenly struck me.

我突然有一個(gè)可怕的想法。

The sight of the scene filled me with horror.

看到這一幕，我心中充滿了恐懼。

【參考范文】

（畫波浪線部分使用了無靈主語句。）

Paragraph 1:

“You'd better go,or you'll miss your flight,”she said with tears filling her eyes.“I'll miss you,”I replied,and with those last words,I was off.As I settled into my chair,loneliness ruled the room and a feeling of sadness overwhelmed me.I opened my bag to find some tissues and then I saw an unfamiliar thing in it.It was a diary! The key had been carefully placed in the lock,so I opened it.

Paragraph 2:

Immediately I recognized my sister's handwriting in the diary.“Hi Sis, what a day it is...”When I saw the familiar handwriting, tears welled up in my eyes.My sister had been keeping a diary for the past months and she was now passing it on to me.I was to write in it for the next couple of months and then send it back to her.The discovery of the diary filled me with surprise and the thought that she was going to be around me forever gave me the strength to go for a bright future in a foreign country.

【模擬導(dǎo)練】

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進(jìn)行續(xù)寫，使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的故事。

“How many players are required for playing the match? What does the goalkeeper do...”Mack asked while watching a soccer match on television.These simple questions made his parents sense his interest in sports.

“Mom, I want a soccer uniform.I'll go out wearing it and have fun in playing soccer with my friends,”he begged his mother.He is a naughty,disobedient(不順從的)little boy.Whatever he desires,he demands that his parents purchase it in a second.

“OK,”said his mother.“Such uniforms are not generally available.We will get you one shortly,but you need to have patience.”

Mack kept thinking about the uniform and imagining the joy of playing with his friends.The days were passing, but there was no response from his parents.He felt disappointed.He is a very stubborn and disobedient son who never tries to know the circumstances or gives up his idea.He kept thinking about how to achieve his dream of having a soccer uniform as early as possible.Then he came up with a great idea—he could paint one of his uniforms while his mother was busy working.At first, he worried that his mother might discover and scold him.But finally,he made up his mind to paint.

One day,as usual,Mack's mother got a very full schedule and it would be a few hours before she could spare time to stay with him.She asked Mack to play with his toys until then.Wanting to keep his mother away for a few hours as well,Mack obeyed pleasantly.

In his room, Mack picked up one of his uniforms and started painting.He first drew a circle with the help of a bowl and then developed it into a soccer image.During the whole process, he took care to avoid the spread of color onto the other side of the uniform.After quite a long time, he finished painting a colorful soccer showing the national flag on his school uniform.It was a remarkable piece of work.

注意：續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。

Paragraph 1:

There was no disturbance by Mack for a long time,which drew his mother's attention.

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Paragraph 2:

“It's OK,”said the mother.________________________________________________

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【評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)思】

1.我續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容在語言風(fēng)格上與前文是否協(xié)同一致？

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2.我使用了哪些豐富句式的結(jié)構(gòu)？這些結(jié)構(gòu)是否使用得當(dāng)？

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3.我的語言是否可以更生動(dòng)？表達(dá)是否可以更地道？比如是否可以使用“無靈主語+有靈動(dòng)詞”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)？

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