張雅莉 劉向嬌 張莉 畢勝利
摘 要:目的:探討葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與宮頸癌發(fā)生及術(shù)后病理特征的相關(guān)性。方法:回顧性收集自2020年2月—2022年9月在本院婦科就診的81例宮頸癌患者和86例健康體檢女性為研究對(duì)象。采用健康問卷收集患者年齡、初次性生活年齡、經(jīng)陰道分娩史、孕次、吸煙、飲酒等一般情況資料,患者住院病歷及體檢報(bào)告收集2組研究對(duì)象高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)感染情況,以及宮頸癌患者術(shù)后病理信息。收集2組研究對(duì)象清晨空腹靜脈血檢測(cè)血清葉酸水平。葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與宮頸癌發(fā)生的相關(guān)性采用 Spearson相關(guān),多因素分析采用Logistic多元回歸。結(jié)果:與對(duì)照組相比,宮頸癌組患者年齡大,初次性生活年齡<23歲、孕次>2次以及高危型HPV感染者的人數(shù)多,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。宮頸癌組患者血清平均葉酸水平低于對(duì)照組[(6.03±1.87) vs(4.76±1.49)ng/mL,P=0.011],宮頸癌患者血清葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL人數(shù)高于對(duì)照組[(19/62) vs (5/81),P=0.009],且血清葉酸水平與宮頸癌的發(fā)生呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.518,P<0.05)。年齡、初次性生活年齡≥23歲、感染高危型HPV及葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL是宮頸癌發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,均有OR>1、P<0.05。宮頸癌患者血清葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(r=-0.437)、臨床分期相關(guān)(r=-0.408),均有P<0.05。結(jié)論:葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與宮頸癌的發(fā)生及術(shù)后較差的病理特征呈負(fù)相關(guān),且血清葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL是發(fā)生宮頸癌的危險(xiǎn)因素。女性應(yīng)關(guān)注葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,注意葉酸補(bǔ)充,以預(yù)防宮頸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞:葉酸;宮頸癌;病理特征;危險(xiǎn)因素
宮頸癌是常見的婦科腫瘤之一,發(fā)病率約占女性惡性腫瘤的第四位,而全球約1/3的患者發(fā)生在我國(guó),且我國(guó)死亡率也高于眾多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,嚴(yán)重威脅著我國(guó)女性的生命健康[1-2]。參與宮頸癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的因素眾多,高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)的持續(xù)感染已被證實(shí)與宮頸癌相關(guān)[3-4],除此之外,過早性生活、多產(chǎn)、吸煙等因素也可能是宮頸癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的誘發(fā)因素[5-6],但確切的危險(xiǎn)因素尚未十分確定。近年來,一碳循環(huán)與宮頸癌間的關(guān)系逐漸被重視,而葉酸可提供一碳單位,其代謝結(jié)果幾乎影響著所有細(xì)胞生命活動(dòng),且也有研究顯示,葉酸缺乏與宮頸病變的發(fā)生及HPV高易感性相關(guān)[7],本研究探討葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與宮頸癌發(fā)生的相關(guān)性,以及與術(shù)后病理特征的相關(guān)性,為探尋宮頸癌危險(xiǎn)因素提供新的營(yíng)養(yǎng)代謝指標(biāo)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
回顧性收集自2020年2月—2022年9月在本院婦科就診的宮頸癌患者為研究對(duì)象,同時(shí)納入健康體檢中行高危型HPV檢測(cè)和薄層液基細(xì)胞學(xué)(TCT)檢查結(jié)果正常的女性為對(duì)照組研究對(duì)象。宮頸癌組患者納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合《宮頸癌診斷與治療指南(第四版)》[8]中宮頸癌的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);就診前3個(gè)月內(nèi)未服用葉酸或含有葉酸的營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑;已生育成年女性;就診期間行高危型HPV檢測(cè)。排除既往接受過宮頸手術(shù);合并心、肺、肝、腎等嚴(yán)重臟器功能不全;合并其他系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤及嚴(yán)重生殖系統(tǒng)炎癥;妊娠期或哺乳期婦女;子宮先天畸形。依據(jù)上述納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本研究共納入81例宮頸癌患者和86例正常女性。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 患者一般情況 在患者就診或體檢期間采用健康問卷收集患者一般情況資料,包括年齡、初次性生活年齡、經(jīng)陰道分娩史、孕次、吸煙、飲酒等。根據(jù)患者住院病歷及體檢報(bào)告收集患者高危型HPV(包括16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、69)感染情況。
1.2.2 患者葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況測(cè)定 收集對(duì)照組和宮頸癌組患者清晨空腹靜脈血,葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況檢測(cè)采用生化免疫一體分析儀通過化學(xué)發(fā)光微粒子免疫分析技術(shù)進(jìn)行。根據(jù)葉酸含量正常范圍為3.1~19.9 ng/mL,本研究以3.1 ng/mL為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為≤3.1 ng/mL和>3.1ng/mL。
1.2.3 宮頸癌患者術(shù)后病理信息收集 通過電子病歷系統(tǒng),回顧性分析宮頸癌患者術(shù)后病理信息,包括淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、脈管轉(zhuǎn)移、分化程度、臨床分期。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
所有數(shù)據(jù)及資料收集后錄入Epidata數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行整理和管理,采用SPSS 16.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。采用 Spearson相關(guān)探討葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與宮頸癌發(fā)生的相關(guān)性,多因素分析采用Logistic多元回歸。本研究將P<0.05定義為變量有差異。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 研究對(duì)象一般情況描述
如表1所示,與對(duì)照組相比,宮頸癌組患者年齡大,初次性生活年齡<23歲、孕次>2次以及高危型HPV感染者的人數(shù)多,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 2組研究對(duì)象葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況比較
如表2 所示,宮頸癌組患者血清平均葉酸水平為(4.76±1.49)ng/mL,低于對(duì)照組[(6.03±1.87)vs (4.76±1.49)ng/mL,P=0.011],且宮頸癌患者血清葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL人數(shù)高于對(duì)照組[(19/62)vs (5/81),P=0.009]。
2.3 葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與宮頸癌的相關(guān)性分析
采用Sperman相關(guān)性分析,探討血清葉酸水平與宮頸癌的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示,血清葉酸水平與宮頸癌的發(fā)生呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.518,P<0.05)。另外,將一般情況描述中對(duì)照組和宮頸癌患者組間有差異的變量納入多因素分析,年齡、初次性生活年齡≥23歲、感染高危型HPV及葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL是宮頸癌發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,均有OR>1、P<0.05(表3)。
2.4 宮頸癌患者葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與術(shù)后病理特征的相關(guān)性分析
如表4所示,葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(r=-0.437)、臨床分期相關(guān)(r=-0.408),均有P<0.05。
3 討論
葉酸參與的已碳代謝對(duì)DNA、RNA、蛋白質(zhì)的甲基化以及DNA的生物合成和功能維持產(chǎn)生重要影響,而葉酸缺乏或代謝異常則會(huì)使這些代謝發(fā)生紊亂,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)和加速細(xì)胞癌變,故低葉酸狀態(tài)與癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān)[9-10]。關(guān)于葉酸與宮頸癌的關(guān)系,一項(xiàng)納入了6篇病例對(duì)照研究的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,葉酸缺乏與宮頸癌患病率增加相關(guān),且此種相關(guān)在亞洲人群中更為明顯[11]。國(guó)內(nèi)一項(xiàng)大型前瞻性隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果也表明,宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與血清葉酸水平呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),而合并高危型HPV感染的患者,患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,即在人群資料中也證實(shí)了葉酸缺乏與宮頸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[12]。
關(guān)于葉酸缺乏影響宮頸癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制研究仍在不斷深入。首先,高危型HPV感染是宮頸癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要危險(xiǎn)因素之一,這與HPV癌蛋白使P53和pRb抑癌基因失活相關(guān)[13]。而低葉酸水平會(huì)影響16型HPV的DNA基因組整合,進(jìn)而影響和調(diào)節(jié)16型HPV的致癌作用[14],且低葉酸水平可通過影響DNA甲基化和染色體損傷等途徑,對(duì)抑癌基因和促癌基因的表達(dá)和活性產(chǎn)生影響,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致宮頸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展[15]。其次,葉酸可通過影響細(xì)胞分裂周期25C表達(dá),對(duì)宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后產(chǎn)生一定影響,而25C是特異性磷酸酶家族中的一種細(xì)胞周期素,可介導(dǎo)DNA損傷修復(fù),對(duì)細(xì)胞周期起到調(diào)控作用,及葉酸缺乏可通過擾亂細(xì)胞周期,影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[16]。另外,參與葉酸代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的關(guān)鍵酶5,10-亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(MTHFR)和甲硫氨酸合成酶還原酶(MTRR)發(fā)生突變會(huì)使體內(nèi)葉酸水平下降,進(jìn)而影響宮頸癌的發(fā)生。除通過影響葉酸水平外,也有研究表明,攜帶 MTHFR C677T 基因型的患者似乎更易感染 16型和18型HPV,且MTHFR基因C667T多態(tài)性是宮頸癌發(fā)生的易感因素[17]。
除影響宮頸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展以外,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),葉酸水平與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和臨床分期呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),這與國(guó)內(nèi)多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果一致[18-19]。究其原因,可能是葉酸水平低的患者通常伴隨著血清高同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,而高Hcy引起的細(xì)胞毒性易誘發(fā)基因突變,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖異常,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生,且研究也顯示,血清Hcy水平與宮頸癌的分期相關(guān)[18]。
綜上所述,葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與宮頸癌的發(fā)生,術(shù)后病理中淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及臨床分期呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),且血清葉酸水平≤3.1 ng/mL是宮頸癌發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。臨床上應(yīng)關(guān)注育齡期女性,尤其是存在高危型HPV感染、宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變患者的葉酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,及時(shí)補(bǔ)充,以預(yù)防宮頸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
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Correlation Analysis of Folic Acid Nutritional Status with The
Occurrence and Pathological Characteristics of Cervical Cancer
ZHANG Ya-li,LIU Xiang-jiao,ZHANG Li,BI Sheng-li
(Department of Gynecology,Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou 075100,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between folic acid nutritional status and cervical carcinogenesis and postoperative pathological features.MethodWe retrospectively collected 81 patients with cervical cancer and 86 women with health checkups who attended our gynecology department from February 2020 to September 2022 as study subjects. Health questionnaires were used to collect general information on patients' age,age at first sex,history of transvaginal delivery,number of pregnancies,smoking and alcohol consumption,and information on high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and postoperative pathology of cervical cancer patients in both study groups were collected from patients′ inpatient medical records and physical examination reports. Early morning fasting venous blood was collected for serum folate levels in both study groups. The correlation between folic acid nutritional status and cervical carcinogenesis was performed using Spearson correlation,and logistic multiple regression was used for multifactorial analysis. ResultThere was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the number of patients in the cervical cancer group who were older,had their first sexual intercourse at <23 years of age,had >2 pregnancies,and had high-risk HPV infection compared with the control group. The mean serum folate level was lower in the cervical cancer group than in the control group [(6.03±1.87) vs(4.76±1.49) ng/mL,P=0.011)],and the number of patients with serum folate level ≤3.1 ng/mL was higher in the cervical cancer group than in the control group [(19/62) vs (5/81),P=0.009],and there was a significant negative correlation between serum folate level and the occurrence of cervical cancer (r=- 0.518,P<0.05). Age,age at first sex ≥ 23 years,infection with high-risk HPV and folic acid level ≤ 3.1 ng/mL were risk factors for the development of cervical cancer,all with OR>1,P<0.05. Serum folic acid level ≤ 3.1 ng/mL was associated with lymph node metastasis (r=-0.437) and clinical stage (r=-0.408) in patients with cervical cancer,all with P<0.05. ConclusionFolic acid nutritional status was negatively associated with the development of cervical cancer and poorer postoperative pathological features,and serum folate levels ≤3.1 ng/mL were a risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. Women should pay attention to folic acid nutritional status and pay attention to folic acid supplementation to prevent the development of cervical cancer.
Keywords:folic acid; cervical cancer; pathological feature; risk factor
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張雅莉(1981— ),女,碩士,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:婦科惡性腫瘤研究和臨床治療。