付曉航 張順亮 臧明伍 王守偉 劉夢 李素 趙燕 趙建生 趙冰 潘曉倩 吳倩蓉 劉博文
摘 要:隨著國內(nèi)外消費(fèi)者對健康飲食關(guān)注度的不斷提高,食品工業(yè)中人工合成類抗氧化劑和抑菌劑的健康屬性受到越來越多的質(zhì)疑,而天然活性成分由于符合“清潔標(biāo)簽”消費(fèi)需求,日益受到生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者的青睞。本文綜述肉制品加工過程中常用的植物抗氧化成分和抑菌成分的種類和來源,闡述其在肉制品加工和貯藏過程中的抗氧化與抑菌作用機(jī)理,總結(jié)在常見肉制品中的應(yīng)用形式及使用量,以期為植物活性成分在肉制品防腐保鮮中的應(yīng)用提供理論參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:肉制品;加工;植物活性成分;抗氧化;抑菌
Advances in Application of Natural Active Ingredients from Plants in Preservation of Meat Products
FU Xiaohang1, ZHANG Shunliang1, ZANG Mingwu1,*, WANG Shouwei1,*, LIU Meng1, LI Su1, ZHAO Yan1,
ZHAO Jiansheng2, ZHAO Bing1, PAN Xiaoqian1, WU Qianrong1, LIU Bowen1
(1.Beijing Key Laboratory of Meat Processing Technology, China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China;
2.Henan Meat Technology Innovation Center Co. Ltd., Luohe 462000, China)
Abstract: As consumers become increasingly concerned about dietary health, the health attributes of synthetic antioxidants and antibacterial agents used in the food industry are increasingly questioned, but natural active ingredients are increasingly preferred by producers and consumers due to their compliance with “clean labelling” requirements. The types and sources of natural antioxidant and antibacterial ingredients from plants commonly used in meat processing are reviewed in this paper. The mechanisms of their antioxidant and antibacterial effects in the processing and storage of meat products are also described. Furthermore, their forms and optimal concentrations for application in meat products are summarized. We expect that this review will provide a theoretical reference for the application of natural active ingredients from plants in the preservation of meat products.
Keywords: meat products; processing; natural active ingredients from plants; antioxidant; antibacterial
DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20230423-033
中圖分類號:TS251.1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1001-8123(2023)06-0041-10
引文格式:
付曉航, 張順亮, 臧明伍, 等. 植物活性成分在肉制品防腐保鮮中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展[J]. 肉類研究, 2023, 37(6): 41-50. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20230423-033.? ? http://www.rlyj.net.cn
FU Xiaohang, ZHANG Shunliang, ZANG Mingwu, et al. Advances in application of natural active ingredients from plants in preservation of meat products[J]. Meat Research, 2023, 37(6): 41-50. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20230423-033.? ? http://www.rlyj.net.cn
肉類食品是人類飲食的基本組成部分,也是人類蛋白質(zhì)、維生素和礦物質(zhì)的優(yōu)質(zhì)來源[1]。肉制品營養(yǎng)豐富,故在加工和貯藏過程中易發(fā)生由氧化和微生物引起的品質(zhì)劣變,表現(xiàn)出異味、營養(yǎng)價值下降甚至腐敗等現(xiàn)象[2]。尤其是當(dāng)肉中富含不飽和脂肪酸與膽固醇時,切碎、熱加工等處理使游離脂肪酸和氧氣充分接觸,從而加速肉制品氧化[3-4]。加工、運(yùn)輸過程中由微生物污染導(dǎo)致的肉類腐敗,極易引起肉的色澤、風(fēng)味、質(zhì)地等變化,甚至?xí)a(chǎn)生有毒代謝物質(zhì),威脅人體健康。為延緩肉制品中的脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)氧化,防止微生物污染與增殖,肉制品加工中通常會使用合成抗氧化劑及抑菌劑,以達(dá)到防腐保鮮的目的,如抗氧化劑丁基羥基茴香醚(butylhydroxyanisole,BHA)和二丁基羥基甲苯(butylatedhydroxytoluene,BHT)或抑菌劑(如硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽),大量研究表明,這些化合物的食用與人類一些慢性疾病的發(fā)展存在一定的相關(guān)性[5]。
食品“清潔標(biāo)簽”起源于歐盟,主要為滿足消費(fèi)者對天然或綠色食品的需求,在產(chǎn)品中盡量去除或替換人造或化學(xué)添加劑,使產(chǎn)品成分天然、有機(jī)、不含復(fù)雜的化學(xué)成分且制成過程越簡單越好。已有多項(xiàng)研究將水果、草藥和蔬菜等提取物作為合成添加劑的替代品應(yīng)用于肉制品加工中[5-8]。植物活性成分不僅能夠延緩肉制品在貯藏期間的蛋白和脂質(zhì)氧化,還能起到抑菌作用,以延長肉制品貨架期[9]。這些植物活性成分在增強(qiáng)食品成分穩(wěn)定性的同時,還可以維持其初始的感官特性[10]。
本文通過總結(jié)近幾年肉制品中植物抗氧化和抑菌成分的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展,對植物活性成分種類和來源、防腐保鮮作用機(jī)理及在肉制品中的應(yīng)用效果進(jìn)行綜述,并對植物活性成分在肉制品保鮮防腐中的應(yīng)用提出展望,以期為植物活性成分在肉制品中的應(yīng)用提供理論參考。
1 天然活性成分種類與來源
天然活性成分在自然界中分布廣泛,其中植物是天然活性成分的良好來源。植物活性成分是植物的次生代謝產(chǎn)物,主要來源于蔬菜、水果、油料作物種子、樹木、精油及中草藥的莖、果實(shí)、葉、花等部位,具有分布范圍廣、含量高、效果好等特點(diǎn)[11]??蓪⑻崛〕龅闹参锘钚猿煞址譃榉宇?、萜烯類、黃酮類化合物等[12],這些天然活性成分不屬于植物的營養(yǎng)部分,但可以在食品中起到抗氧化、抑菌的功能。表1總結(jié)了植物活性成分的分類及其主要代表性化合物。
2 植物活性成分抗氧化與抑菌作用機(jī)理
2.1 植物活性成分的抗氧化作用機(jī)理
在肉制品加工和貯藏過程中,蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)會持續(xù)地進(jìn)行氧化降解反應(yīng)[13],其過程如圖1所示。蛋白質(zhì)氧化機(jī)制主要通過活性自由基和由脂質(zhì)氧化產(chǎn)生的中間產(chǎn)物間接引發(fā)蛋白質(zhì)的共價修飾變化,從而引發(fā)蛋白質(zhì)氧化,而脂質(zhì)氧化機(jī)制主要包括鏈引發(fā)、鏈傳遞和鏈終止。蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)氧化二者相互促進(jìn),導(dǎo)致肉制品品質(zhì)下降[14]。
植物抗氧化成分大部分是通過破壞氧化鏈反應(yīng)、螯合過渡金屬離子、清除自由基和反應(yīng)物質(zhì)來達(dá)到抗氧化的作用,如圖1所示。抗氧化成分的有效性取決于其分子結(jié)構(gòu)和極性,根據(jù)其作用機(jī)制可以分為Ⅰ類和Ⅱ類抗氧化成分[15]。Ⅰ類抗氧化成分根據(jù)分子的化學(xué)性質(zhì),可以作為自由基受體清除、延遲或抑制自氧化的起始步驟或中斷傳播步驟(主要發(fā)生在鏈引發(fā)、鏈傳遞和鏈終止階段),其機(jī)理包括與不飽和脂肪酸緩慢反應(yīng)或與過氧自由基快速反應(yīng)生成穩(wěn)定自由基,而穩(wěn)定的自由基可能會與過氧自由基再次反應(yīng)生成穩(wěn)定的過氧化物,或與抗氧化成分再聚合。Ⅱ類抗氧化成分可以通過螯合具有催化作用的金屬離子,為初始抗氧化成分提供氫離子,將過氧化氫分解為非自由基物質(zhì),使單線態(tài)氧失活,吸收紫外線輻射,清除活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),對初級抗氧化劑的抗氧化活性起到增強(qiáng)作用[15]。
2.2 植物活性成分的抑菌作用機(jī)理
大多數(shù)植物活性成分具有抑菌特性是由于它們與微生物的部分細(xì)胞位點(diǎn)相互作用,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜破裂、細(xì)胞質(zhì)壁分離、細(xì)胞死亡[16]。這種作用機(jī)理主要分為3 類:1)對于菌體細(xì)胞壁和細(xì)胞膜的破壞。細(xì)胞壁和細(xì)胞膜通透性、完整性的破壞導(dǎo)致營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)及代謝產(chǎn)物無法正常傳遞,微生物因營養(yǎng)缺失而無法正常生長、屏障功能受損,細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物如細(xì)胞器滲出,最終致使細(xì)胞失活死亡[17];2)對蛋白質(zhì)和遺傳物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞。植物活性成分進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)與極性物質(zhì)結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致DNA無法正常進(jìn)行復(fù)制或通過影響功能性蛋白和酶的活性抑制細(xì)胞
生長[18];3)對菌體內(nèi)能量代謝過程的干擾。植物活性成分通過破壞細(xì)胞供氧功能抑制微生物呼吸,使合成代謝通路受阻,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞自溶[19]。植物活性成分主要抑菌作用模式如圖2所示。
3 植物活性成分在肉制品中的應(yīng)用效果
3.1 植物活性成分抗氧化應(yīng)用效果
3.1.1 果蔬來源的植物活性成分抗氧化應(yīng)用效果
果蔬中不僅有對人體有益的維生素、膳食纖維及礦物質(zhì)等,而且具有的高含量酚類物質(zhì)可以作為天然抗氧化劑應(yīng)用于肉制品加工中,水果的果皮、果肉和種子等副產(chǎn)物均表現(xiàn)出一定的抗氧化活性,它們的抗氧化能力與酚類物質(zhì)的含量有關(guān)。
漿果是生物活性化合物的重要來源,是多酚類物質(zhì)(酚酸、黃酮醇、花青素和單寧等)最豐富的來源之一,因此從漿果中獲得的提取物會顯示出很強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性[20]。Martín-Mateos等[21]將不同比例的櫻桃提取物添加于牛肉餅中發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)櫻桃提取物的含量增加到6%以上時,作為α-生育酚異構(gòu)體的VE含量及苯酚含量增加,且總抗氧化活性增強(qiáng);與未添加提取物相比,櫻桃提取物可以顯著改善漢堡中牛肉餅的脂質(zhì)和蛋白氧化程度。此外,添加0.2%黑桑葚水提取物和7.5%黑莓果渣提取物均可以顯著抑制牛肉餅的脂質(zhì)氧化程度[22]。其他漿果提取物,如野櫻莓、藍(lán)莓、紅醋栗果渣提取物對肉餅的總羰基含量有顯著影響[23],改善了牛肉餅的蛋白質(zhì)氧化程度,但抑制蛋白質(zhì)氧化效果不如脂質(zhì)氧化明顯,其原因可能與酚類物質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)之間的共價和非共價相互作用相關(guān)[24],在豬肉餅中添加的巴西莓果肉提取物(250 mg/kg)可以作為異抗壞血酸鈉(500 mg/kg)的天然抗氧化劑替代品[25]。而與BHT相比,葡萄籽提取物對于干發(fā)酵豬肉香腸的抗氧化效果更佳[26]。
葉子中酚類化合物含量通常高于果實(shí),因此有研究將黑櫻桃葉提取物作為天然抗氧化劑應(yīng)用于肉制品中,在冷藏期間提取物可以維持α-生育酚含量穩(wěn)定,并在其添加量為0.05%、0.10%時有效抑制牛肉漢堡的脂質(zhì)氧化程度,且在0.10%的添加量下延長了其保質(zhì)期、增強(qiáng)了風(fēng)味、提高了嫩度及整體質(zhì)量[27]。番石榴葉提取物同樣可以有效減緩新鮮豬肉腸的脂質(zhì)氧化過程,添加量為5 000 mg/kg的番石榴葉提取物與200 mg/kg的BHT對豬肉腸具有相同的抑制脂肪氧化能力。水果不同部位的提取物在肉制品加工過程中均表現(xiàn)出一定的抗氧化活性,如香蕉花、芒果皮、荔枝籽等[28-30]。香蕉的雄花作為香蕉作物的主要?dú)埩粑镏?,具有高含量的抗氧化化合物。Rodrigues等[28]測定香蕉的各部分提取物發(fā)現(xiàn),雄花提取物的抗氧化活性最強(qiáng),其對貯藏期間豬肉腸的脂質(zhì)氧化具有顯著的抑制作用;而在雞肉腸中添加4%的芒果皮提取物不僅可以抑制蛋白質(zhì)氧化和脂質(zhì)氧化,還可以明顯改善雞肉腸的質(zhì)量[29]。在生肉醬中添加荔枝籽提取物可以顯著抑制脂質(zhì)氧化,并且不會對肉醬的感官特性產(chǎn)生不良影響[30]。
將富含硝酸鹽的蔬菜應(yīng)用于肉制品中可以有效替代亞硝酸鈉,如將菠菜[31]、生菜和芹菜應(yīng)用于腌制肉制品中[32],將蘿卜和甜菜根應(yīng)用于發(fā)酵肉制品中不僅可以起到抗氧化作用,還能維持肉制品的色澤[33]。其中,蘿卜粉對發(fā)酵香腸的脂質(zhì)氧化具有顯著抑制作用[34]。
3.1.2 草藥和香料類來源植物活性成分抗氧化應(yīng)用效果
草藥和香辛料含有的黃酮類化合物、苯酚、皂苷等均具有較強(qiáng)的抗氧化性。有研究[35]將栓皮櫟葉作為天然抗氧化劑應(yīng)用于食品中,發(fā)現(xiàn)各濃度的栓皮櫟葉提取物均可抑制雞胸肉的脂質(zhì)氧化,2%栓皮爍葉提取物(水、乙醇體積比1∶1或3∶7)抑制雞胸肉氧化能力與BHT(溶于0.1%乙醇)相當(dāng)。Boeira等[36]將檸檬草提取物作為天然抗氧化劑加入到雞肉腸中,與0.1%的異抗壞血酸鈉相比,0.5%、1.0%的檸檬草提取物均可有效抑制脂質(zhì)氧化,并有效保持雞肉香腸冷藏時間到42 d;在豬肉餅中添加0.075、0.150 μL/g的百里香提取物,不僅可以改善色澤、延長貨架期,還可以顯著降低蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)氧化程度(P<0.05),且添加提取物組的硫代巴比妥酸反應(yīng)物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs)值始終保持在0.5 mg MDA/kg以下[37]。
有研究對比了不同草藥或香辛料的抗氧化能力。Martinez等[38]在牛肉餅或新鮮豬肉腸中添加琉璃苣籽粕、綠茶提取物可以顯著抑制脂質(zhì)氧化[39],為進(jìn)一步確定每種提取物的最適濃度,通過向羊排噴灑不同濃度提取物發(fā)現(xiàn),0.5%綠茶提取物和10%琉璃苣提取物可以有效抑制羊排的脂質(zhì)氧化并保持產(chǎn)品色澤穩(wěn)定,在降低高鐵肌紅蛋白形成、延長保質(zhì)期的同時,不改變羊肉的特有風(fēng)味[40]。與添加異抗壞血酸鈉組相比,0.05%的針葉櫻桃果粉、甘草提取物和迷迭香提取物均降低了鱷肉的TBARs值,且甘草提取物(500 mg/kg)在鱷肉塊中發(fā)揮的氧化抑制作用最強(qiáng)[41]。在其他研究中,甘草提取物可有效抑制豬肉漢堡的脂質(zhì)氧化,生姜提取物能夠顯著抑制羊肉中蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)氧化(P<0.05)[42]。
3.1.3 其他來源植物活性成分抗氧化應(yīng)用效果
農(nóng)業(yè)食品加工廢物再利用在近年來逐漸受到重視,許多研究通過對加工廢物的提取,發(fā)現(xiàn)其作為天然抗氧化劑的潛力并應(yīng)用于肉制品中。釀造葡萄酒所需的木桶在制造過程中會產(chǎn)生大量的廢棄物,而優(yōu)質(zhì)橡木中含有大量酚類物質(zhì),Soriano等[43]將橡木提取物與合成添加劑抗壞血酸鈉相比,橡木提取物(0.5%、0.1%)具有更高的抗氧化能力,顯著抑制了豬肉的脂質(zhì)氧化和大腸桿菌的生長。橄欖油廢料提取物也可以延緩羊肉餅變色,極顯著抑制羊肉餅脂質(zhì)氧化(P<0.01),并使羊肉餅可以在4 ℃高氧氣調(diào)包裝條件下貯藏長達(dá)9 d[44]。
植物活性成分在肉制品中的抗氧化應(yīng)用部分研究如表2所示。
3.2? ?植物活性成分抑菌應(yīng)用效果
3.2.1 果蔬來源的植物活性成分抑菌應(yīng)用效果
果蔬中富含β-胡蘿卜素、抗壞血酸、核黃素和葉酸等功能活性成分,具備一定的抑菌活性。甜菜根富含多酚化合物、甜菜堿和抗壞血酸,研究證實(shí)甜菜根提取物對大腸桿菌、銅綠假單胞菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和蠟樣芽孢桿菌具有抑制作用,其對單核細(xì)胞增生李斯特菌最小抑菌質(zhì)量濃度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)為20 mg/mL[46-47]。Gong Shaoying等[48]將甜菜根提取物應(yīng)用于熟豬肉中發(fā)現(xiàn),提取物可以抑制單核細(xì)胞增生李斯特菌的生長,并且降低其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP水平,甜菜根通過降低ROS水平來誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞增生李斯特菌凋亡樣死亡,但具體機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究。
添加1.0%或1.5%石榴皮提取物的水牛肉與添加0.01%的BHT相比,顯示出更強(qiáng)的抑菌活性,可將貨架期延長7 d[49]。用450 μg/g的葡萄籽、葡萄渣提取物和柑橘提取物處理牛肉餅后發(fā)現(xiàn),添加柑橘提取物的牛肉餅具有更低的菌落總數(shù)、大腸菌群數(shù)和乳酸菌數(shù),通過破壞細(xì)胞膜降低細(xì)胞活力,從而對細(xì)菌起到抑制作用[50]。
3.2.2 草藥和香料植物精油抑菌應(yīng)用效果
草藥和香辛料植物精油是由植物活性成分混合而成的疏水性液體,其抑菌活性和植物活性成分對細(xì)菌細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的作用有關(guān),精油可以直接靶向作用于細(xì)菌細(xì)胞,其中含有的抑菌成分可以顯著降低食品中微生物及酶的活性,并被食品和藥物管理局評定為公認(rèn)安全的食品添加劑。
一項(xiàng)研究將丁香精油應(yīng)用于豬肉后發(fā)現(xiàn),丁香精油通過抑制金黃色葡萄球菌基因表達(dá)從而抑制了金黃色葡萄球菌的生長,貯藏7 d內(nèi)在抑菌的同時保持了豬肉品質(zhì)[51]。
而各添加量的百里香精油均可抑制肉腸中凝固酶陽性葡萄球菌的生長、減少微生物數(shù)量,百里香精油對金黃色葡萄球菌和大腸桿菌的MIC均為9.17 mg/mL,對其最小殺菌質(zhì)量濃度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC)分別為9.17、36.68 mg/mL,其在最高添加量下(0.95%)會抑制需氧嗜溫細(xì)菌,可以作為肉腸中硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽的替代物[52]。Karam等[53]向腌制牛肉中直接添加百里香和牛至精油,混合精油對熒光假單胞菌、大腸桿菌和金黃色葡萄球菌的MIC分別為2.250 0、1.125 5、0.560 0 g/L,MBC分別為2.250 0、2.250 0、1.125 0 g/L,在0.8%添加量下對腌制牛肉中的酵母菌、霉菌及大腸菌群表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的抗菌活性。而在羊肉中添加肉桂精油可以顯著降低菌落總數(shù)、乳酸菌和腸桿菌科的數(shù)量[54]。
肉制品中的蛋白質(zhì)、脂質(zhì)等與抑菌成分的相互作用會影響抑菌劑的效果和穩(wěn)定性[55],植物精油由于其揮發(fā)性的特點(diǎn)易被迅速消耗[56];一些親脂性食物成分(蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪)會與精油相互作用,使其有效濃度降低;天然活性成分在水相中的溶解度有限,所以當(dāng)天然活性物質(zhì)應(yīng)用于食品體系中,生物活性的顯著下降會導(dǎo)致抑菌活性降低[57]。已有文獻(xiàn)[58]表明,百里香精油可以降低肉中單核細(xì)胞增生李斯特菌數(shù)量,但由于蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)的存在,其抑菌能力下降;Cava等[59]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肉桂精油和丁香精油在脂肪存在的條件下對單核細(xì)胞增生李斯特菌的抑菌活性降低,可能是由于蛋白質(zhì)或脂肪通過吸收精油而屏蔽了抑菌作用[60]。一項(xiàng)研究在牛肉餅貯藏期間添加了黃芩葉片提取的精油發(fā)現(xiàn),黃芩葉片精油對單核細(xì)胞增生李斯特菌的MIC和MBC均為2 mg/mL,對大腸桿菌的MIC和MBC分別為4、2 mg/mL,精油可以抑制大腸桿菌和單核細(xì)胞增生李斯特菌的生長,但到15 d后又重新生長,分析原因可能是精油與肉類成分的相互作用降低了其抑菌能力[61]。
一部分植物精油難溶于水、易揮發(fā)的特性會限制其應(yīng)用于肉制品加工過程中,所以一般采用水包油乳液作為載體來保護(hù)精油活性[62],如改善疏水性化合物在整個食品基質(zhì)中的溶解度和均勻分布性,即使在濃度較低的情況下也可以具備更高的穩(wěn)定性及抑菌活性[63]。將含有生姜精油的納米乳液(6%)應(yīng)用于雞胸肉,在貯藏期12 d內(nèi)總需氧嗜冷菌顯著減少,抗菌活性顯著提高(P<0.05)[63]。而含有肉桂精油和迷迭香提取物的納米乳液對大腸桿菌、枯草芽孢桿菌和金黃色葡萄球菌有顯著的抑菌活性,與其他處理相比,納米乳液可以使雞肉餅的貨架期延長4 d[64]。
此外,與散裝肉桂精油相比,肉桂精油納米乳液不僅可以顯著維持魚肉顏色和質(zhì)地,還可以延長冷藏魚肉的保質(zhì)期[65]。當(dāng)肉桂精油納米乳液添加量11 429 mg/L時,可以顯著減少鱸魚片中0.5~1.5(lg(CFU/g))的初始細(xì)菌數(shù)量,可有效延緩冷藏過程中細(xì)菌的生長,可以將肉桂精油納米乳液用于抑制污染大腸桿菌和其他食源性病原體的魚片[66]。
植物活性成分在肉制品中抑菌應(yīng)用部分研究如表3所示。
3.3 植物活性成分協(xié)同應(yīng)用效果
許多研究表明,當(dāng)植物提取物中含有2 種及以上活性成分聯(lián)合使用時,其產(chǎn)生的效果大于同一劑量單一物質(zhì)的效果[69]。為使肉制品加工過程中的抗氧化及抑菌效果更佳,有研究將天然活性成分復(fù)配添加至肉制品中。表4總結(jié)了目前天然活性成分以復(fù)配形式添加在肉制品中以起到更強(qiáng)抗氧化及抑菌作用的研究與應(yīng)用。
Basanta等[70]將李子的果皮及果肉的纖維顆粒進(jìn)行混合,將混合提取物以1.6%的添加量加入雞肉餅中。與對照組相比,纖維顆粒的添加減少了肉餅中50% TBARs的生成、肉餅的2 價鐵離子還原能力高出77%~157%。而在火腿的制備過程中添加2%蔓越莓和黑櫻桃提取物顯著提高了其在體外模擬消化過程中口腔和胃消化階段的抗氧化能力[71]。
酚酸和類黃酮是草藥和香料中最常見的生物活性化合物,草藥還含有酚類二萜(迷迭香醇)、揮發(fā)物(蒎烯和1,8-桉葉醇)和苯丙烷類化合物(百里酚、丁香酚和香芹酚)。將迷迭香提取物、甜橙提取物分別與蔬菜提取物(生菜、芝麻菜和豆瓣菜、菠菜和芹菜、甜菜)混合添加至香腸中發(fā)現(xiàn),迷迭香提取物的添加不僅對肉制品起到延緩氧化作用,還可以達(dá)到良好的抑菌效果。天然活性物質(zhì)與富含脯氨酸的蛋白質(zhì)不可逆地形成復(fù)合物,通過抑制細(xì)胞蛋白質(zhì)的合成達(dá)到抑菌作用。并且,添加500 mg/kg甜橙提取物與250 mg/kg針葉櫻桃提取物和3 000 mg/kg蔬菜提取物(生菜、芝麻菜、豆瓣菜)于香腸中對其抗氧化作用最強(qiáng)[72]。Dang Yali等[73]將山楂葉、銀杏葉、竹葉與紅皮花生按照2∶2∶5∶9比例混合后添加6%的混合提取物于發(fā)酵豬肉香腸中,混合提取物對大腸桿菌的MIC為1.3 mg/mL,提取物可以通過去除大腸桿菌細(xì)胞壁和細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)顯著抑制大腸桿菌的生長。將茴香精油、肉桂醛含量分別為1%的納米乳液涂抹于豬肉肉餅中,可以顯著抑制大腸桿菌和金黃色葡萄球菌的生長,將貨架期從6 d延長至10 d[74]。Syed等[75]發(fā)現(xiàn),基于不同比例的香葉醇和香芹酚的水包油乳液對于羊肉具有同樣顯著的抑菌活性,香芹酚通過釋放脂多糖分解了革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞膜,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物外漏,引起細(xì)菌活力喪失。與使用純油、非乳液制劑相比,乳液包埋制劑對細(xì)菌病原體、蠟樣芽孢桿菌MTCC 430和大腸桿菌MYCC 443具有抑制作用,可將香葉醇和香芹酚的抑菌功效延長至9 d。將百里香、肉桂、丁香精油兩兩組合或三重組合(4∶1∶2)應(yīng)用于雞胸肉中發(fā)現(xiàn),不同精油的雙重組合對熒光假單胞菌表現(xiàn)出協(xié)同(分級抑菌濃度指數(shù)(fractional inhibitory concentration index,F(xiàn)ICI)≤0.5)或疊加效應(yīng)
(0.5<FICI≤1.0),且三重組合混合物精油可將MIC減少6~8 倍,在12 d冷藏期間,可顯著抑制雞胸肉中熒光假單胞菌生長[76],分析原因是精油中酚類和醛類可以通過連續(xù)抑制氧化鏈反應(yīng)、抑制酶的活性以及抑菌劑與菌體細(xì)胞壁和細(xì)胞膜相互作用,使混合精油具有高抑菌性。
4 結(jié) 語
植物活性成分在抑制肉制品脂質(zhì)與蛋白質(zhì)氧化、抑制腐敗菌和致病菌增殖方面表現(xiàn)出良好性能。與此同時,還可以保持肉制品色澤、質(zhì)構(gòu)和風(fēng)味等品質(zhì)。在增強(qiáng)肉制品安全性的基礎(chǔ)上,對于生產(chǎn)高品質(zhì)肉制品具有良好的推動作用。但目前的研究仍存在一些局限性,在今后的研究中,可以在以下幾方面加以深入:1)闡明植物活性成分的抗氧化及抑菌機(jī)理。在肉制品加工中,多數(shù)植物活性成分的活性位點(diǎn)及其抗氧化作用機(jī)理仍有待進(jìn)一步闡明,而抑菌機(jī)理的研究大部分是通過分析細(xì)胞形態(tài)、膜電位等指標(biāo)變化來驗(yàn)證細(xì)胞膜的變化,對于抑菌基因表達(dá)的影響因素尚未明確;2)加強(qiáng)植物活性成分復(fù)配協(xié)同功效的研究。基于協(xié)同作用和量效關(guān)系開發(fā)肉制品用高效植物活性成分配料,保證復(fù)配物在具備抑制脂質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)氧化能力的同時實(shí)現(xiàn)靶向抑菌、延長肉制品貨架期;3)研究植物活性成分與肉制品風(fēng)味的協(xié)同作用。天然活性成分中含有大量低閾值、易揮發(fā)的成分,對肉制品自身風(fēng)味造成干擾。如何在保證其抗氧化性及抑菌作用的前提下,兼顧最終產(chǎn)品的感官特性及可接受度,實(shí)現(xiàn)肉制品加工配料與功能成分的“料劑同源”,需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。我國具有豐富的植物資源,未來可以加大植物活性成分基礎(chǔ)理論研究與產(chǎn)品開發(fā),使植物活性成分逐步成熟應(yīng)用于肉制品加工中,形成基于“清潔標(biāo)簽”的肉制品系列植物活性成分配料,服務(wù)于肉制品健康消費(fèi)的發(fā)展趨勢。
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收稿日期:2023-04-23
基金項(xiàng)目:“十四五”國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃重點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)(2021YFD2100503)
第一作者簡介:付曉航(1997—)(ORCID: 0009-0002-6939-4506),女,工程師,碩士,研究方向?yàn)槿馄房茖W(xué)與加工技術(shù)。
E-mail: fxhcmrcld@126.com
*通信作者簡介:臧明伍(1981—)(ORCID: 0000-0002-1302-316X),男,教授級高級工程師,博士,研究方向?yàn)槿馄房茖W(xué)與食品安全。E-mail: zangmw@126.com
王守偉(1961—)(ORCID: 0000-0002-6390-4803),男,教授級高級工程師,碩士,研究方向?yàn)槿馄房茖W(xué)與食品安全。E-mail: cmrcwsw@126.com