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導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)膀胱刺激征圍手術(shù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及預(yù)治策略

2023-06-20 05:42:23陳春婷石亞平王玥周懿
機(jī)器人外科學(xué) 2023年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:全身麻醉圍手術(shù)期疼痛

陳春婷 石亞平 王玥 周懿

摘 要 隨著微創(chuàng)外科的迅猛發(fā)展,多模式鎮(zhèn)痛在圍手術(shù)期的廣泛應(yīng)用,導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)不適現(xiàn)已成為圍手術(shù)期患者的主訴之一。導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)膀胱刺激征(Catheter-related Bladder Discomfort,CRBD)可加重患者術(shù)后疼痛,降低患者圍手術(shù)期恢復(fù)質(zhì)量。為更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)圍手術(shù)期舒適化醫(yī)療,提高對(duì)CRBD的重視,減少術(shù)后CRBD的發(fā)生,提高麻醉恢復(fù)質(zhì)量,本文從術(shù)后CRBD的發(fā)生率、發(fā)生機(jī)制、危險(xiǎn)因素、嚴(yán)重程度、危害、預(yù)防及治療等方面進(jìn)行綜述。

關(guān)鍵詞 微創(chuàng)外科;導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)膀胱刺激征;圍手術(shù)期;疼痛;全身麻醉

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào) R614.2 R694 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 2096-7721(2023)01-0034-08

Abstract With the rapid development of minimally invasive surgery, multi-mode analgesia has been widely used in perioperative period. Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) has become one of the main complaints of patients indwelling a catheter, which could aggravate postoperative pain and reduce the quality of perioperative recovery. In order to improve perioperative care quality, reduce the incidence of postoperative CRBD, and enhance the recovery quality from anesthesia, the incidence, possible mechanism, risk factors, severity, prevention and treatment of postoperative CRBD were reviewed in this paper.

Key words Minimally invasive surgery; Catheter-related bladder discomfort; Perioperative period; Pain; General anesthesia

隨著微創(chuàng)外科的迅猛發(fā)展,多模式鎮(zhèn)痛在圍手術(shù)期的廣泛應(yīng)用,導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)不適成為圍手術(shù)期患者的主訴之一。導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)膀胱刺激征(Catheter-related Bladder Discomfort,CRBD)表現(xiàn)為留置導(dǎo)尿管后的恥骨上區(qū)域不適,尿頻、尿急,伴或不伴有急迫性尿失禁[1-2];大部分患者表現(xiàn)為下腹部燒灼樣疼痛[3],并伴有煩躁不安、言語(yǔ)混亂,甚至出現(xiàn)肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)試圖拔除導(dǎo)尿管。CRBD可加重患者術(shù)后疼痛,降低圍手術(shù)期恢復(fù)質(zhì)量,甚至可導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)譫妄躁動(dòng)、術(shù)后出血等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[4]。為更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)圍手術(shù)期舒適化醫(yī)療,臨床上應(yīng)高度重視CRBD。本文從CRBD術(shù)后發(fā)生率、發(fā)生機(jī)制、危險(xiǎn)因素、嚴(yán)重程度、危害、預(yù)防及治療這幾個(gè)方面闡述其臨床進(jìn)展。

1 CRBD的發(fā)生率

隨著導(dǎo)尿管的廣泛使用,CRBD的發(fā)生率呈上升趨勢(shì),術(shù)后CRBD的發(fā)生率為47%~ 90%[5],術(shù)后中重度CRBD發(fā)生率的發(fā)生率為16%~66.7%[3,6-11],中重度CRBD發(fā)生率差異的產(chǎn)生與納入患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有關(guān)?;颊叩男詣e、年齡都與CRBD的發(fā)生極其相關(guān),男性尿道比女性長(zhǎng),術(shù)后CRBD發(fā)生率高于女性患者。Lim N等人[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)50歲以下患者中重度CRBD的發(fā)生率明顯高于50歲以上患者(28% Vs 16.2%,P<0.05),這可能與老年患者對(duì)痛覺(jué)、溫度覺(jué)的敏感度下降而閾值升高有關(guān)[13]。此外,不同手術(shù)類(lèi)型可影響CRBD的發(fā)生率,泌尿外科術(shù)后CRBD發(fā)生率比其他科高[12,14]。Kim D H等人[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤切除術(shù)(Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor,TURBT)術(shù)后早期中重度CRBD發(fā)生率高達(dá)66.7%。Moataz A等人[15]統(tǒng)計(jì)了CRBD發(fā)病率時(shí)間,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率高于術(shù)后晚期,其中導(dǎo)尿后第1d CRBD發(fā)生率高達(dá)92%,中重度患者占19%。

2 CRBD的發(fā)生機(jī)制

2.1 生理因素

尿道分布著豐富的神經(jīng)(骶副交感神經(jīng)、脊柱胸腰段交感神經(jīng)及骶部軀體運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)),它們對(duì)外界的刺激異常敏感。Rahnamai M S等人[16]報(bào)道了副交感神經(jīng)節(jié)后纖維釋放的乙酰膽堿遞質(zhì)與逼尿肌上膽堿能受體相結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致膀胱與尿道平滑肌不自主收縮,引起術(shù)后CRBD的發(fā)生。Andersson K E等人[17]報(bào)道毒蕈堿受體是引起膀胱收縮的最重要的機(jī)制,其中M3型膽堿受體激活并促進(jìn)平滑肌收縮,M2型膽堿能受體激活并抑制β腎上腺素能受體介導(dǎo)平滑肌舒張,這會(huì)間接導(dǎo)致平滑肌收縮。

2.2 解剖因素

男性的尿道較長(zhǎng),存在較多生理彎曲和狹窄,特別是恥骨下彎曲較固定,不易拉直導(dǎo)尿時(shí)易損傷;老年患者普遍存在前列腺增生和尿道狹窄,這也是CRBD發(fā)生的重要因素。

2.3 醫(yī)源性因素

留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)潤(rùn)滑不足,導(dǎo)尿操作不當(dāng),反復(fù)多次暴力操作,導(dǎo)尿管型號(hào)選擇不當(dāng),異物刺激,破壞尿道黏膜的屏障作用,手術(shù)破壞膀胱壁屏障,膀胱持續(xù)沖洗引起痙攣等,這些均可加重患者疼痛不適進(jìn)而誘發(fā)CRBD的發(fā)生。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),導(dǎo)尿管球囊注水量過(guò)多,尿道內(nèi)口壓力過(guò)大[18]也是誘發(fā)CRBD的重要因素。

2.4 麻醉因素

全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)后患者無(wú)心理適應(yīng),蘇醒期痛覺(jué)敏感性增加也是CRBD發(fā)生的可能因素。

3 CRBD的危險(xiǎn)因素、嚴(yán)重程度分級(jí)與危害

3.1 CRBD的危險(xiǎn)因素

Lim N等人[12]采用多因素Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡<50歲、男性、婦產(chǎn)科手術(shù)及導(dǎo)管相關(guān)尿路疼痛(Urinary Catheter-related Pain,UCRP)評(píng)分≥4均是導(dǎo)致術(shù)后30min中重度CRBD的危險(xiǎn)因素。Zugail A S等人[18]一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),導(dǎo)尿管球囊容積的大小對(duì)CRBD的發(fā)生也有顯著相關(guān)性,球囊體積減少50%,CRBD的發(fā)生率可降低18.7%。Moataz A等人[15]多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),中重度CRBD發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素包括:導(dǎo)尿管口徑≥18 Fr、無(wú)潤(rùn)滑、開(kāi)腹手術(shù)、年齡<50歲及剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)。有研究表明,患者術(shù)后CRBD發(fā)生率與患者BMI、美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)、手術(shù)時(shí)間及導(dǎo)尿時(shí)機(jī)(麻醉前后)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)[15,19-20]。

3.2 CRBD的嚴(yán)重程度

CRBD的嚴(yán)重程度分四級(jí)(0~4分)[1,21]:①0分(無(wú)):患者在被詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)無(wú)任何尿道、膀胱不適;②1分(輕度):患者在被詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)主訴尿道輕度不適;③2分(中度):患者獨(dú)立報(bào)告尿管相關(guān)不適,但不伴隨任何行為反應(yīng);④3分(重度):患者獨(dú)立報(bào)告導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)不適,并伴有行為反應(yīng),如強(qiáng)烈的語(yǔ)言反應(yīng),肢體亂動(dòng)試圖拔出導(dǎo)尿管等。CRBD嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)分≥2為中重度,需要臨床處理。經(jīng)尿道導(dǎo)尿后的疼痛評(píng)分為10分,其中0分表示無(wú)任何不適;10分表示無(wú)法耐受;視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)疼痛評(píng)分>3分應(yīng)該采取措施緩解疼痛[22]。

3.3 CRBD的危害

中重度CRBD可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)后膀胱痙攣,增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(如切口裂開(kāi)、出血、再次手術(shù)等)的發(fā)生率,誘發(fā)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化、心律失常和冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的發(fā)生,需要臨床醫(yī)生及時(shí)干預(yù)治療[4]。同時(shí),中重度CRBD也是患者麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)的主要原因之一。另外,CRBD易致患者術(shù)后焦慮,降低圍手術(shù)期生活質(zhì)量,影響術(shù)后康復(fù),導(dǎo)致住院滿(mǎn)意度下降,延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間,增加醫(yī)務(wù)人員工作量[23]。

4 CRBD的預(yù)防及治療措施

4.1 心理干預(yù)

術(shù)前宣教可以使患者有充分的心理準(zhǔn)備,并及時(shí)調(diào)整患者的心理狀態(tài),特別是鼓勵(lì)既往有導(dǎo)管史的患者放松,以減輕患者焦慮[24]。

4.2 針灸療法

隨著中醫(yī)在圍手術(shù)期疼痛治療中的應(yīng)用,有研究報(bào)道[25],全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)前取關(guān)元、中極、足三里及三陰交穴給予經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激(Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation,TEAS),持續(xù)30min結(jié)束可減少術(shù)中麻醉藥物用量,降低中重度CRBD的發(fā)生率,緩解術(shù)后疼痛,提高患者麻醉恢復(fù)期的舒適度。

4.3 導(dǎo)尿管的選擇與外科操作

有研究報(bào)道,減少較大直徑導(dǎo)尿管的使用,在導(dǎo)尿管表面涂抹足夠潤(rùn)滑劑可有效預(yù)防CRBD的發(fā)生[26]。導(dǎo)尿操作時(shí)盡量動(dòng)作輕柔、緩慢減少尿道黏膜與尿管或手術(shù)器械的摩擦,且導(dǎo)尿管球囊注水時(shí)不宜過(guò)多,根據(jù)患者的情況必要時(shí)盡早拔除導(dǎo)尿管。

4.4 局部麻醉藥與局部麻醉

膀胱內(nèi)壁黏膜上蘊(yùn)含的神經(jīng)末梢可以感受來(lái)自外界的各種刺激,并將刺激轉(zhuǎn)換為神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)傳入中樞神經(jīng)。臨床上常用的局部麻醉方法有表面麻醉、局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉及神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉,這些局部麻醉方法均是通過(guò)阻斷神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的傳入來(lái)預(yù)防CRBD的發(fā)生。MU L等人[27]的一項(xiàng)前瞻性、隨機(jī)病例對(duì)照研究表明,將利多卡因乳膏涂抹在導(dǎo)尿管表面,CRBD的發(fā)生率可明顯降低。Kim D H等人[3]在一項(xiàng)前瞻性、隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在麻醉誘導(dǎo)前靜脈推注1%利多卡因1.5mg/kg,術(shù)中持續(xù)靜脈輸注2mg/(kg·h),術(shù)后在麻醉恢復(fù)室持續(xù)靜脈輸注1h可以降低男性TURBT患者術(shù)后中重度CRBD發(fā)生率,同時(shí)減少了患者術(shù)后24h對(duì)阿片類(lèi)藥物的需求量。G?ger Y E等人[28]通過(guò)一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),行雙側(cè)陰莖背神經(jīng)阻滯(0.25%丁哌卡因10ml)可以減少泌尿外科術(shù)后疼痛和CRBD的發(fā)生,并減輕患者術(shù)后8h的不適癥狀。

4.5 M受體阻滯劑

抗毒蕈堿預(yù)防CRBD的機(jī)制是通過(guò)降低膀胱平滑肌收縮頻率和強(qiáng)度來(lái)減輕膀胱逼尿肌過(guò)度活動(dòng)[17]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于阿托品的研究中,給予阿托品15?g/kg聯(lián)合新斯的明25?g/kg拮抗肌松作用,對(duì)照組給予4mg/kg的舒更葡糖,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),阿托品可以安全用于減輕術(shù)后CRBD的癥狀,同時(shí)減輕術(shù)后惡心、嘔吐的發(fā)生[29]。除此之外,全身麻醉術(shù)后在麻醉恢復(fù)室中發(fā)生CRBD的患者,應(yīng)用2%利多卡因(10ml)聯(lián)合阿托品(0.5mg)經(jīng)導(dǎo)尿管注入膀胱,藥物注射完成后夾閉導(dǎo)尿管20min可聯(lián)合產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用,注藥后30min及1h CRBD的治療效果較單獨(dú)應(yīng)用更好、起效更快[30]。在東莨菪堿治療CRBD的研究中,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管前緩慢靜推20mg東莨菪堿可有效降低術(shù)后CRBD的發(fā)生[31],顯著降低TURBT相關(guān)CRBD的嚴(yán)重程度,并能夠縮短患者在麻醉恢復(fù)室的停留時(shí)間[32]。Tijani K H等人[33]研究表明,在麻醉誘導(dǎo)前1h口服托特羅定2mg可顯著降低CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度。

4.6 抗癲癇藥物

抗癲癇藥物的作用機(jī)制可能與抑制C型傳入纖維的活性有關(guān)。根據(jù)Srivastava V K等人[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),麻醉誘導(dǎo)前1h口服普瑞巴林150mg可顯著降低CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度。另一項(xiàng)經(jīng)皮腎鏡手術(shù)的研究結(jié)果表明,249例患者術(shù)前1h口服加巴噴丁600mg可減少術(shù)后CRBD的發(fā)生率[35]。Hur M等人[1]對(duì)術(shù)后0h、1h、6h CRBD的干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行了Meta分析,比較了不同劑量加巴噴丁對(duì)術(shù)后CRBD的有效性。研究表明,1200mg加巴噴丁在減少CRBD的總體發(fā)病率方面最佳,托特羅定在減少術(shù)后0h、1h和6h CRBD嚴(yán)重程度的效果最佳。

4.7 非甾體類(lèi)抗炎藥

非甾體類(lèi)抗炎藥的主要作用機(jī)制是抑制導(dǎo)尿管刺激引起的局部炎癥反應(yīng)。酮咯酸是預(yù)防中重度CRBD有效且安全的選擇,需要導(dǎo)尿行機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡前列腺根治術(shù)(Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy,RALP)的患者,尿道吻合后靜脈注射酮咯酸30mg可顯著降低術(shù)后0h、1h、2h和6h中重度CRBD的發(fā)生率[2]。此外,酮咯酸組在術(shù)后0h和1h時(shí)疼痛評(píng)分明顯低于對(duì)照組,但在術(shù)后2h、6h時(shí)與對(duì)照組相比差異不明顯[2]。帕瑞昔布鈉在置導(dǎo)尿管前30min靜注35mg或手術(shù)結(jié)束前靜脈注射40mg帕瑞昔布鈉均可安全、有效地降低TURBT患者CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度,減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛、胃腸道反應(yīng)發(fā)生率及膀胱痙攣次數(shù)[36]。

4.8 麻醉藥及麻醉輔助藥

4.8.1 吸入麻醉藥

Kim H C等人[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與異丙酚相比,術(shù)中使用七氟醚維持麻醉,術(shù)后1h CRBD發(fā)生率更低,并且對(duì)TURBT患者無(wú)嚴(yán)重副作用。在另一篇Kim H C的研究中[10],與地氟醚相比,TURBT患者使用七氟醚可更好地降低術(shù)后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率。

4.8.2 非巴比妥類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)靜藥

Moharari R S等人[37]研究表明,麻醉誘導(dǎo)后、導(dǎo)尿前靜脈注射氯胺酮(0.5mg/kg)可降低腎切除術(shù)患者術(shù)后0h、1h CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度。除了氯胺酮的直接鎮(zhèn)痛作用外,最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),導(dǎo)尿前尿道內(nèi)注入100mg氯胺酮和5ml利多卡因凝膠也可降低患者在麻醉恢復(fù)室時(shí)及離開(kāi)恢復(fù)室后1h、2h的CRBD發(fā)生率[38]。

4.8.3 α2受體激動(dòng)藥

右美托咪定已被證實(shí)在抑制M3受體預(yù)防CRBD方面具有良好效果[39]。在麻醉誘導(dǎo)后給予負(fù)荷量的右美托咪定1μg/kg,術(shù)中0.3~0.5μg/(kg·h)持續(xù)泵注至手術(shù)結(jié)束,術(shù)后1h、3h、6h CRBD發(fā)生率分別降低28.6%、34.9%和37.2%[40]。另外Singh T K等人[41]一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)雙盲研究表明,拔管前30min靜脈注射右美托咪定1μg/kg,可降低術(shù)后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度,其術(shù)后0h、2h鎮(zhèn)靜水平高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),且未出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)。SHI H等人[42]將包含607例患者的7項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(Randomized Controlled?Trial,RCT)納入分析,結(jié)果顯示:與安慰劑組相比,術(shù)中應(yīng)用右美托咪定可減輕術(shù)后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度,且不會(huì)引起明顯的不良反應(yīng)。但兩組患者術(shù)后12h、24h的中重度CRBD發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.66)。

4.9 麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥

4.9.1 阿片類(lèi)受體激動(dòng)藥

羥考酮屬于強(qiáng)效的阿片類(lèi)藥物,通過(guò) κ 和 μ受體減輕內(nèi)臟痛及排尿沖動(dòng),而 μ 受體激動(dòng)作用能夠改變黏膜的感知,抑制肌肉收縮并呈現(xiàn)出劑量依賴(lài)性,從而減少排尿沖動(dòng)[43]。最新的研究報(bào)道表明,將手術(shù)結(jié)束前15min靜脈注射羥考酮0.07mg/kg改為手術(shù)結(jié)束前10min靜脈注射0.03mg/kg羥考酮可有效預(yù)防CRBD的發(fā)生和嚴(yán)重程度[44]。

4.9.2 阿片類(lèi)激動(dòng)-拮抗藥

阿片類(lèi)激動(dòng)-拮抗藥主要通過(guò)激動(dòng) κ 受體產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用,鎮(zhèn)痛效果強(qiáng) ,對(duì) μ 受體具有激動(dòng)和拮抗雙重作用。術(shù)畢靜注噴他佐辛0.6mg/kg可降低神經(jīng)外科患者全身麻醉恢復(fù)期CRBD的發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度,且術(shù)后數(shù)字評(píng)分法(Numerical Rating Scale,NRS)、躁動(dòng)評(píng)分和Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分更優(yōu),提高了患者早期恢復(fù)質(zhì)量[45]。ZHANG G F等人[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前20~30min給予地佐辛0.1mg/kg,拔管后1h CRBD發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組(20.83% Vs 58.33%;P<0.01);拔管后0h、2h的發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。

4.9.3 阿片類(lèi)合成藥

曲馬多是氨基環(huán)己醇組的一種合成阿片,能增強(qiáng)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)下行抑制通路的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),也是一種對(duì)M1、M3毒蕈堿受體有抑制作用的中樞性鎮(zhèn)痛藥。一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照雙盲研究表明,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)中重度CRBD時(shí)給予1.5mg/kg曲馬多進(jìn)行治療,可減輕CRBD的嚴(yán)重程度,并有更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[8]。

4.10 鎂劑

低鎂會(huì)導(dǎo)致膀胱痙攣和尿頻,鎂劑在鈣離子跨細(xì)胞膜的主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸中起關(guān)鍵作用,可以影響鈣離子的交換,減少和穩(wěn)定平滑肌收縮。有研究表明,在接受TURBT的患者中,全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)后給予負(fù)荷量硫酸鎂50mg/kg靜脈滴注15min,術(shù)中以15mg/(kg·h)維持靜脈滴注至手術(shù)結(jié)束,患者術(shù)后0h、1h、2h中重度CRBD發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度顯著降低,手術(shù)滿(mǎn)意度顯著提高[46]。

5 討論

圍手術(shù)期為了防止術(shù)中、術(shù)后尿潴留的發(fā)生,避免膀胱損傷及監(jiān)測(cè)尿量,指導(dǎo)圍手術(shù)期的液體治療及開(kāi)展相關(guān)的臨床應(yīng)用,根據(jù)手術(shù)時(shí)間、手術(shù)類(lèi)型及麻醉方式的不同,很多手術(shù)選擇留置導(dǎo)尿管,但隨之帶來(lái)的不良反應(yīng)也越來(lái)越明顯。在麻醉蘇醒室,中重度CRBD患者難以忍受疼痛,需要給予干預(yù)治療。近年來(lái)針對(duì)CRBD的臨床研究越來(lái)越多,一些藥物的應(yīng)用已取得一定臨床療效,藥物干預(yù)雖然可以減輕相應(yīng)的膀胱刺激征,但也會(huì)帶來(lái)相應(yīng)的不良反應(yīng),如M受體阻滯劑易導(dǎo)致口干、視力調(diào)節(jié)障礙及頭暈、嘔吐的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);阿片類(lèi)易導(dǎo)致嗜睡、蘇醒延遲及呼吸抑制等風(fēng)險(xiǎn);神經(jīng)阻滯有感染出血和神經(jīng)損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。大多數(shù)藥物均可降低CRBD的發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度,但僅在術(shù)后0h、1h比較明顯,作用時(shí)間相對(duì)較短。臨床實(shí)踐中,雖然預(yù)防及治療CRBD已經(jīng)取得了一系列進(jìn)展,但缺乏精準(zhǔn)方案,圍手術(shù)期如何選擇安全有效的多模式預(yù)防措施是圍手術(shù)期舒適化醫(yī)療的研究方向,也是臨床急需解決的問(wèn)題,需要進(jìn)一步的臨床研究提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。

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