黨鋒超
普通高中英語課程體現(xiàn)工具性和人文性的統(tǒng)一,旨在發(fā)展學(xué)生的語言能力、文化意識、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習能力等英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng),落實立德樹人根本任務(wù)。實施普通高中英語課程應(yīng)以德育為魂、能力為重、基礎(chǔ)為先、創(chuàng)新為上,注重在發(fā)展學(xué)生英語語言運用能力的過程中,幫助他們學(xué)習、理解和鑒賞中外優(yōu)秀文化(教育部2020)。
為了切實有效地落實育人目標,課堂教學(xué)應(yīng)成為德育的主陣地,學(xué)科思政應(yīng)成為德育的責任田。課程思政是將各類課程所蘊含的思想政治教育元素和所承載的思想政治教育功能融入課堂教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),以實現(xiàn)價值引領(lǐng)、知識教育、能力培養(yǎng)的育人行為(沈庶英2021)。思政元素與英語教學(xué)相融合有助于學(xué)生形成正確的世界觀、人生觀和價值觀,堅定道路自信和文化自信,也有助于培養(yǎng)他們的家國情懷,引導(dǎo)其肩負起傳播中國文化、中國精神和中國智慧的使命。
然而,高中英語語法課普遍存在以下問題:基于單句和試題的機械化、應(yīng)試化訓(xùn)練;重語法規(guī)則的講解,輕功能意義的培養(yǎng);活動環(huán)節(jié)單一、相互割裂,缺乏邏輯主線;忽視語言承載的情感溫度和育人價值。當前的高中英語語法課將語言淪為冰冷的工具、空心的外殼和麻木的符號,導(dǎo)致對社會主義核心價值觀的培育落空。
將德育有機融入英語教學(xué)過程,使學(xué)生在學(xué)習語言的同時,獲得正確的思想觀念、價值觀,而不是生硬甚至毫無根基地價值“植入”,這就要求教師善于挖掘可以融合的點(譚元2021)。
教材單元話題承擔了單元“大主題”的功能,起到穿針引線的作用。單元中每一個板塊都依托單元話題開展活動,從不同維度呈現(xiàn)話題。因此,教師應(yīng)從教材單元出發(fā),將話題貫穿語法課堂始終,挖掘單元話題承載的主題意義,在語法教學(xué)中繼續(xù)豐富和拓展主題內(nèi)涵。
語法課絕不是單純的語法規(guī)則的呈現(xiàn)、講解和訓(xùn)練。拉森-弗里曼(Larsen-Freeman 2003)提出的“三維語法框架”闡釋了形式、意義、使用三者的關(guān)系,倡導(dǎo)將語言形式、語法意義和語用功能結(jié)合在一起?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標準(2017 年版2020 年修訂)》(以下簡稱《課程標準》)也提出以語言運用為導(dǎo)向的“形式—意義—使用”三維動態(tài)語法觀,即語法意義應(yīng)在融合思政元素的過程中得到豐富和提升,在情境使用中得到內(nèi)化。在此過程中,教師應(yīng)依托語篇,創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,賦予活動血肉和靈魂,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在輸出表達中內(nèi)化思政元素,體驗和感悟課堂中滲透的育人價值。
語法課上的活動任務(wù)普遍存在“不走心、走過場”的現(xiàn)象,無法真正增強學(xué)生的體驗感和感受力。教師應(yīng)聚焦活動任務(wù)的設(shè)置,遵循“情節(jié)上相關(guān)、邏輯上相連、情感上相交”的原則,確?;顒与S著課堂的推進層層深入,課堂思政的主線清晰可見,渾然天成。
語言是符號,也是思想和情感的載體。語法課堂上輸入性語言的溫度能夠喚起學(xué)生的共情力,能夠“潤物細無聲”般地滋養(yǎng)學(xué)生的內(nèi)心。教師可以通過修辭、對比、反襯、細節(jié)描寫等手段修飾語言,增強語言的感染力和魅力,提高語言的情感濃度,讓有溫度的語言在課堂上產(chǎn)生催化作用。
語法課不應(yīng)該只是工具性的代名詞,更應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)人文性,指向育人目標。在新課程背景下,語法課應(yīng)承擔立德樹人的使命,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的家國情懷,啟發(fā)他們在“人與世界、人與自然、人與社會、人與自我”中得到全面發(fā)展,真正落實立德樹人根本任務(wù)。
下面,以人教版高中《英語》必修一Unit 4 Natural Disasters 的Discovering useful structures 為例,探究如何在高中英語語法課中融入思政元素。
在中國共產(chǎn)黨慶祝百年華誕的背景下,教師帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生回顧中華民族在中國共產(chǎn)黨的帶領(lǐng)下走過的艱難歲月,選取1976 年唐山大地震、1998 年抗洪、2008 年汶川地震等話題,用感人肺腑的圖片展現(xiàn)中華民族團結(jié)英勇、不畏艱難的精神,使用定語從句串聯(lián)重大的苦難時期。
【設(shè)計說明】結(jié)合時代背景,抓住學(xué)科思政和立德樹人契機,對學(xué)生視覺和心靈進行沖擊,激活他們已有的定語從句知識。
教師縮寫本單元ReadingandThinking 部分的閱讀文本The Night The Earth Didn’t Sleep:At 3:42 a.m.on 28 July 1976,one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20thcentury struck Tangshan,which caused a lot of damage and thousands of deaths.A huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses,roads and canals.Nearly everything in the city was destroyed.But hope was not lost.Soon after the quakes,the army sent 150 000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.More than 10 000 doctors and nurses came to provide medical care.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.Water and food were brought into the city by train,truck and plane.Slowly the city began to breathe again.
對學(xué)生進行提問:“(1)How deadly was the earthquake? Find the supporting evidence.(2)How did Tangshan get back up on its feet?”學(xué)生快速瀏覽文本,找出答案:“(1)One of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20thcentury struck Tangshan,which caused a lot of damage and thousands of deaths.A huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses,roads and canals.(2)Soon after the quakes,the army sent 150 000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.More than 10 000 doctors and nurses came to provide medical care.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.”
直接講授語法規(guī)則會剝奪學(xué)生感知和探究語法知識的機會,浪費其自主學(xué)習的時機。教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察并分析句子構(gòu)成,找出關(guān)系代詞所指內(nèi)容,總結(jié)關(guān)系代詞that、which、who、whose 的功能。繼續(xù)對學(xué)生進行追問:“Can we leave out these attributive clauses?Why?”學(xué)生通過比較分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)并總結(jié)定語從句的意義和功能,認為定語從句能夠幫助讀者感受唐山大地震的破壞性,為主句提供信息的補充和支撐。隨后指導(dǎo)學(xué)生將定語從句拆分成兩個獨立的單句,進一步啟發(fā)其思考定語從句的功能。
【設(shè)計說明】以單元話題為起點,以篇章為支點,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)定語從句的形式,從而總結(jié)和歸納定語從句的規(guī)則。通過問題鏈進一步啟發(fā)學(xué)生通過比較語用效果思考定語從句的意義和功能,即為主干信息提供支撐和佐證,豐富主句內(nèi)容,緊密銜接主從句信息,增強句子的美感。
接著,教師呈現(xiàn)唐山這座城市的新面貌,引用教材中的一句話:“Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster,people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.”引導(dǎo)學(xué)生總結(jié)中國人民在災(zāi)難中團結(jié)友愛的精神。
三維動態(tài)語法觀是以語言運用為導(dǎo)向的,而文本建構(gòu)活動的特點是學(xué)習者使用有關(guān)語法外顯知識實現(xiàn)話語產(chǎn)出,完成活動所設(shè)定的交際目標(王昊、任佳、劉永兵2020)。
教師展示一組汶川地震圖片,并提出問題:“What can you see in the pictures?”引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用定語從句描述圖片內(nèi)容。學(xué)生回答如下:
I can see a mother holding a photo of her son,who was trapped in the ruins.
I can see some schoolbags,whose owner lost their lives in the earthquake.
I can see a man who is crying on the ruins of his house.
教師展示另一組圖片,并提問學(xué)生:“What else can you see in the pictures?”通過對比兩組圖片,學(xué)生感受災(zāi)難面前中華民族團結(jié)一心、共渡難關(guān)的決心。教師創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,為緬懷汶川地震逝者,CGTN 特制作一期訪談節(jié)目,讓學(xué)生角色扮演CGTN 主持人和四名用拼搏奮斗譜寫生命華彩篇章的幸存者,要求他們在對話中使用定語從句。
學(xué)生采訪實錄如下:
Reporter:Welcome to the show! I’m sorry for what you guys went through! Do you still remember the moment when the earthquake struck Wenchuan?
Survivor 1:Yes,I can clearly remember we were in the classroom,which began to shake so hard that we couldn’t even stand.
Survivor 2:I could see bricks falling down and hear my classmates shouting,who were too scared to move.
Reporter:How did you feel when you were trapped in the ruins?
Survivor 3:I felt terrified because I couldn’t move in the ruins,which caused so much pain and injury.I felt like I couldn’t breathe.
Survivor 4:I could tell there were people searching for us,whose voice,however,was so weak.I felt like hope is almost gone.
Reporter:Luckily,all hope was not lost.So who saved you?
Survivor:Finally,the soldiers and firefighters arrived and found me,who tried to pull me out and rush me to the doctors.
Reporter:Why did you prefer to become a doctor,a nurse or a firefighter?
Survivor 1:I’m so thankful to the soldiers,doctors and firefighters,who saved my life.They gave me a second chance to live,which is why I want to become a doctor.I can help those who suffer great pain.
Survivor 2:I can’t thank them enough.I was touched by the heroes,whose spirits still live in my heart,so I want to help those who lost arms or legs.
Reporter:I wish you could carry on the spirits and power to help those who are struggling in their life.Best wishes to you all!Thank you!
【設(shè)計說明】通過拓展話題素材,學(xué)生看圖說話,練習和鞏固定語從句。學(xué)生在角色扮演中遷移所學(xué)定語從句,學(xué)會準確、恰當、得體地使用定語從句表達意義,同時通過真人真事感受渺小的個人在災(zāi)難面前展現(xiàn)的堅韌與勇毅,感動于一個個從廢墟中重生的中國人將偉大的精神力量傳遞和延續(xù)。
教師應(yīng)設(shè)計綜合化、情境化、有真實意義的語言運用活動,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生基于新的知識結(jié)構(gòu),通過自主、合作、探究的學(xué)習方式開展交際活動,形成語法能力(潘正凱2018)。
教師展示中國派遣救援隊前往土耳其參與地震救援的圖片及新聞報道。
On February 6,two terrible earthquakes struck Turkey,which caused thousands of deaths and damage.China sent a team of experts and rescue workers to the earthquake-stricken areas,where people were suffering and struggling for survival.They helped dig out those who were trapped in the ruins and put up shelters whose houses were reduced to ruins.With joint efforts and advanced devices and instruments,Chinese team successfully pulled a woman out of the ruins,who was buried in the ruins for more than 100 hours.Everyone burst into thunderous applause and cheers on the spot and her family burst into tears of gratitude.
通過觀看感人的畫面和文字,學(xué)生進一步強化對定語從句功能和意義的感知。教師設(shè)置寫作任務(wù):假設(shè)你是獲救女子的家屬,請你為中國救援隊寫一張感謝卡。
學(xué)生呈現(xiàn)作品:
采用CTV模式作業(yè)前的準備工作包括:海上氣象和海況條件的確定;應(yīng)急預(yù)案的確定;外輸系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備的檢查;溢油回收裝置的準備和輔助船的就位;油船的應(yīng)急解脫程序和緊急停運計劃的制訂等。
I’d like to convey my heartfelt thanks to Chinese heroes who saved my daughter’s life.When we were struggling and felt like there was no hope,you brought a ray of light that cut through the dark.You gave us a second life,which will always inspire us to make a difference to others’lives!
【設(shè)計說明】學(xué)生通過寫感謝卡,提升了運用定語從句表達的積極性。本環(huán)節(jié)體現(xiàn)了以語言運用為導(dǎo)向的“形式—意義—使用”三維動態(tài)語法觀。學(xué)生在表達意義的同時對本堂課主題意義的感知不斷深化,在感受中國和土耳其救援隊跨越國界、傾力合作創(chuàng)造了一個又一個生命奇跡、傳播大愛的同時,深入感受民族的博愛和大國的擔當。
【設(shè)計說明】通過發(fā)表網(wǎng)絡(luò)評論,學(xué)生運用定語從句表達的積極性和興趣得到提升,實現(xiàn)以語言運用為導(dǎo)向的“形式—意義—使用”三維動態(tài)語法觀。學(xué)生在表達意義的同時對本堂課主題意義的感知不斷深化,通過致敬英雄,汲取精神力量,實現(xiàn)自我成長。
教師啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考:“What spirits have been driving our Chinese nation to move forward with more solid steps in front of all the difficulties?”學(xué)生紛紛表達感受:“brave,united,hard-working,strong,determined,tough...”
教師朗誦原創(chuàng)詩歌To heroes。
We have come a long way down this road,which is covered with blood and tears.
There is always a hand that holds you tightly.
There is always light that drives away darkness.
There is always sunshine that melts away ice.
There is always spring that brings new life.
There is always love and help that spread far away.
There are always you and me who pass down the spirits of heroic Chinese people!
最后,教師引用習近平在慶祝中國共產(chǎn)黨成立95 周年大會上的講話中的金句結(jié)束本堂課:“Our Party and people stand together and keep flesh-and-blood ties,which is the basic guarantee of the Party in overcoming all difficulties and risks.”As the saying goes,“He who wins over the people wins the country;he who loses the people loses the country.”(黨與人民風雨同舟、生死與共,始終保持血肉聯(lián)系,是黨戰(zhàn)勝一切困難和風險的根本保證,正所謂“得眾則得國,失眾則失國”。)
教師借用排比和壓頭韻的修辭手法完善板書:“China is a nation that struggles;a nation that survives;a nation that stands!”
【設(shè)計說明】通過聆聽詩朗誦和習近平總書記的金句,進一步體會在災(zāi)難面前黨和人民風雨同舟、生死與共,激勵學(xué)生不斷傳承中華民族偉大的精神力量,堅持民族自信和道路自信。
《課程標準》將立德樹人作為英語學(xué)科的根本任務(wù),廣大英語教師應(yīng)肩負起這一重要使命,將英語課堂打造成課程思政的主陣地和德育場。在高中英語語法課上,教師要將育人目標和思政元素融入課堂活動,發(fā)展學(xué)生的語言運用能力,豐盈他們的情感世界,潤物細無聲地培育其家國情懷和責任擔當,傳遞中國力量、中國智慧和中國精神,用有血有肉的語法課培養(yǎng)社會主義建設(shè)者和接班人。