李玉美 張沂潔 劉燕 衛(wèi)紅利 姜紅
[摘要] 目的 總結(jié)以過(guò)敏性休克為主要表現(xiàn)的新生兒嚴(yán)重牛奶蛋白過(guò)敏(CMPA)的臨床特點(diǎn)及診治經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
方法 回顧性分析1例嚴(yán)重CMPA早產(chǎn)兒的病史資料、臨床表現(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果及治療轉(zhuǎn)歸,并進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)。
結(jié)果 本例早產(chǎn)兒系剖宮產(chǎn)娩出,有過(guò)敏家族史,生后28 d,換用配方奶后發(fā)生過(guò)敏性休克,給予腎上腺素、生理鹽水?dāng)U容及地塞米松治療后癥狀緩解;病兒血清牛奶蛋白特異性免疫球蛋白E(IgE)陽(yáng)性,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞反應(yīng)性增多。予食物回避,換用氨基酸配方奶喂養(yǎng)后未再出現(xiàn)過(guò)敏。
結(jié)論 早產(chǎn)兒IgE介導(dǎo)的嚴(yán)重CMPA鮮有報(bào)道,現(xiàn)尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且缺乏可靠的檢測(cè)方法。有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)家族史新生兒應(yīng)注意早期識(shí)別、診斷,及時(shí)干預(yù),重視對(duì)嚴(yán)重CMPA嬰兒的急救。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 乳類過(guò)敏反應(yīng);乳蛋白質(zhì)類;嬰兒,早產(chǎn);病例報(bào)告
[中圖分類號(hào)] R722.6;R593.1
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] B
[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2022)05-0781-03doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.132
[開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220713.1058.009.html;2022-07-14 08:56:29
SEVERE COW’S MILK PROTEIN ALLERGY IN A PRETERM NEONATE: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW
LI Yumei, ZHANG Yijie, LIU Yan, WEI Hongli, JIANG Hong
(Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)
[ABSTRACT] Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment of neonatal severe cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) characterized by anaphylactic shock.
Methods We reviewed a case of severe CMPA in a preterm infant, analyzing the medical history, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination results, and treatment outcome, and also performed a literature review.
Results This premature infant was delivered through cesarean section, with a family history of allergy. The infant developed anaphylactic shock after switching to formula milk 28 d after birth. The symptoms were relieved after treatment with epinephrine, dexamethasone, and volume expansion with normal saline. The serum cow’s milk protein-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) was positive. A reactive increase in the level of eosinophils was observed. No allergic reaction occurred after food avoidance by changing to an amino acid-based formula.
Conclusion IgE-mediated severe CMPA in premature infants has rarely been reported, lacking standard diagnostic criteria and reliable detection methods. Attention should be focused on newborns with a high-risk family history to facilitate early recognition, diagnosis, and intervention and deliver first aid to those with severe CMPA.
[KEY WORDS] milk hypersensitivity; milk proteins; infant, premature; case reports
牛奶是人類生命早期最常見(jiàn)的食物過(guò)敏原之一。牛奶蛋白過(guò)敏(CMPA)是機(jī)體針對(duì)牛奶蛋白產(chǎn)生的一種免疫介導(dǎo)的反應(yīng)。近年來(lái),CMPA逐漸得到大家認(rèn)識(shí)和重視,但新生兒嚴(yán)重CMPA,特別是免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介導(dǎo)的過(guò)敏性休克較少見(jiàn)。本文報(bào)告1例早產(chǎn)兒嚴(yán)重CMPA,并進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)。
1 病例報(bào)告
病兒,女,23 min。因“母孕33周早產(chǎn),窒息復(fù)蘇后23 min”收入青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院。病兒系第5胎第1產(chǎn),剖宮產(chǎn)娩出,出生體質(zhì)量1 950 g,1、5、10 min Apgar評(píng)分分別為6、7、7分。母親既往3次因“胚胎停育”流產(chǎn),1次因“胎兒臍血流消失,發(fā)育遲緩”行引產(chǎn)術(shù)。母親為過(guò)敏體質(zhì),既往有“高泌乳素血癥”史2年和“免疫相關(guān)疾病”史1年。入院體檢:體溫36.1 ℃,脈搏123 min,呼吸52 min,血壓7.98/3.59 kPa,體質(zhì)量1.95 kg;早產(chǎn)兒外貌;呼吸節(jié)律欠規(guī)則,三凹征弱陽(yáng)性,雙肺呼吸音粗,未聞及干濕啰音;心率123 min,心音有力,律齊,未聞及明顯雜音;腹軟,肝脾肋下未觸及;肌張力偏低,原始反射部分引出。
入院第1天給予早產(chǎn)兒奶每次2 mL、每3 h 1次微量喂養(yǎng),多次殘奶,且胃內(nèi)引流出咖啡色絮狀物,考慮喂養(yǎng)不耐受,予禁飲食。入院第6天,給予深度水解配方奶(藹爾舒)喂養(yǎng),病兒耐受好,逐漸過(guò)渡為全腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng),奶量達(dá)每次45 mL、每3 h給予1次,無(wú)其他靜脈液體。入院第27天,給予母乳45 mL喂養(yǎng)2次,病兒消化吸收好。入院第28天,給予早產(chǎn)兒奶45 mL喂養(yǎng)1次,喂奶后30 min病兒出現(xiàn)煩躁哭鬧,伴有氣促,全身皮膚潮紅,可見(jiàn)紅色風(fēng)團(tuán)樣皮疹,雙側(cè)耳廓紅腫。查體:血壓9.18/4.12 kPa,呼吸65 min;心率205 min,律齊,心音稍低,毛細(xì)血管充盈時(shí)間4 s。急查血?dú)夥治?,pH值為7.43,二氧化碳分壓為4.00 kPa,氧分壓13.27 kPa,鉀離子4.6 mmol/L,鈣離子1.3 mmol/L,氯離子109.0 mmol/L,葡萄糖6.2 mmol/L,乳酸2.7 mmol/L,實(shí)際堿剩余-4.3 mmol/L,實(shí)際碳酸氫鹽19.2 mmol/L。鑒于病兒近1周無(wú)輸液及用藥史,考慮CMPA合并過(guò)敏性休克。立即取出胃內(nèi)未消化奶液15 mL,行洗胃治療,給予腎上腺素0.02 mg靜注、9 g/L氯化鈉溶液25 mL擴(kuò)容及地塞米松0.5 mg靜注。10 min后監(jiān)測(cè)病兒血壓升至9.17/6.25 kPa,皮膚潮紅漸緩解,呼吸平穩(wěn);30 min后心率降至160 min。當(dāng)日更改為氨基酸奶喂養(yǎng),未再出現(xiàn)異常表現(xiàn)。
輔助檢查:當(dāng)日(入院第28天)行血常規(guī)檢查示嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)0.17×10/L,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞百分比2.3%,血紅蛋白99 g/L。次日復(fù)查血常規(guī)示嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)1.81×10/L,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞百分比為27.2%。第4天復(fù)查血常規(guī)示嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)2.22×10/L,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞百分比32.4%。第9天查牛奶蛋白特異性IgE濃度為1.2 kU/L,血清特異性IgE濃度分級(jí)為2級(jí)。第11天復(fù)查血常規(guī)示嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)0.70×10/L,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞百分比15.2%,血紅蛋白91 g/L。
病兒診斷為低出生體質(zhì)量?jī)?、早產(chǎn)兒、新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征、CMPA、過(guò)敏性休克、早產(chǎn)性貧血、新生兒高膽紅素血癥、新生兒窒息等,在我院新生兒科住院治療41 d。出院后繼續(xù)氨基酸奶喂養(yǎng),定期門(mén)診隨訪,循序過(guò)渡為深度水解奶及母乳喂養(yǎng),病兒生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育良好,病情未再反復(fù)。
2 討 論
食物過(guò)敏是全球關(guān)注的公眾衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題,其發(fā)生率呈上升趨勢(shì),CMPA是嬰兒最常見(jiàn)的食物過(guò)敏。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家1歲內(nèi)兒童CMPA的患病率為0.5%~3.0%,在我國(guó)其患病率約為2.69%。關(guān)于新生兒CMPA發(fā)病率的研究較少,目前尚無(wú)定論。有研究顯示,新生兒期男嬰CMPA發(fā)生率明顯高于女?huà)?,且與剖宮產(chǎn)、過(guò)敏相關(guān)疾病家族史有明顯相關(guān)性。研究表明,早產(chǎn)兒CMPA起病時(shí)間多在生后3~4周,足月兒起病時(shí)間多在生后1~2周,早產(chǎn)兒CMPA起病時(shí)間晚,可能由于其免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不成熟,導(dǎo)致發(fā)生過(guò)敏癥狀延遲。
CMPA是對(duì)牛奶的免疫介導(dǎo)反應(yīng),根據(jù)免疫反應(yīng)機(jī)制,CMPA可分為IgE介導(dǎo)、非IgE介導(dǎo)和混合介導(dǎo)(IgE與非IgE結(jié)合)3種類型。但新生兒CMPA多為非IgE介導(dǎo)或混合介導(dǎo),僅有少量IgE介導(dǎo)CMPA的報(bào)道,且多為足月兒。不同類型CMPA表現(xiàn)各異,IgE介導(dǎo)的CMPA屬于Ⅰ型超敏反應(yīng),通常進(jìn)食數(shù)分鐘至數(shù)小時(shí)出現(xiàn)癥狀,臨床主要表現(xiàn)為皮膚黏膜癥狀(蕁麻疹、血管性水腫)、呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀(喉頭水腫、呼吸困難、咳嗽和喘息)、消化道癥狀(腹痛、嘔吐和腹瀉)和心血管癥狀(頭暈、意識(shí)模糊和低血壓)等,嚴(yán)重者會(huì)出現(xiàn)過(guò)敏性休克等表現(xiàn)。
目前,開(kāi)放性口服食物激發(fā)試驗(yàn)是診斷CMPA的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。由于IgE介導(dǎo)的CMPA會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重過(guò)敏癥狀,食物誘發(fā)存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故口服食物激發(fā)試驗(yàn)適用于非IgE介導(dǎo)和混合介導(dǎo)CMPA的診斷。血清牛奶蛋白特異性IgE檢測(cè)和皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)對(duì)診斷IgE介導(dǎo)的CMPA具有重要意義。有研究結(jié)果顯示,臍血IgE水平升高且有過(guò)敏家族史對(duì)嬰兒過(guò)敏性疾病的發(fā)生具有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,但對(duì)新生兒CMPA是否具有預(yù)測(cè)作用尚無(wú)研究。特應(yīng)性斑貼試驗(yàn)、診斷性回避試驗(yàn)對(duì)CMPA均有一定診斷價(jià)值。外周血嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞水平檢測(cè)為CMPA的非特異性檢測(cè)方法,研究表明,CMPA可以引起早產(chǎn)兒外周血嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多。新生兒嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)相對(duì)較高,以絕對(duì)計(jì)數(shù)大于0.7×10/L為嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多癥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但新生兒嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞水平可受多種因素的影響。
嚴(yán)重的CMPA事件,特別是過(guò)敏性休克的發(fā)生較為少見(jiàn),且報(bào)道多為足月兒。CANTANI等分析總結(jié)了143例1~8月齡CMPA病兒的病例資料,其中9例出現(xiàn)過(guò)敏性休克。TARIM等報(bào)道了1例有特應(yīng)性疾病家族史的7周齡的足月兒,在給予部分水解配方奶喂養(yǎng)后死于過(guò)敏性休克。DEMIRDVEN等報(bào)道1例胎齡38周的足月兒,在生后16 d給予配方奶喂養(yǎng)后出現(xiàn)了蕁麻疹和休克癥狀,予以腎上腺素、抗組胺藥物、地塞米松、沙丁胺醇霧化治療后癥狀緩解。LIFSCHITZ等報(bào)道1例足月兒,在生后8 d給予配方奶喂養(yǎng)后發(fā)生CMPA性休克。
本例病兒系早產(chǎn)兒,剖宮產(chǎn)娩出,母親為過(guò)敏體質(zhì),在生后28 d(糾正胎齡37周)換用配方奶喂養(yǎng)30 min后發(fā)生IgE介導(dǎo)的過(guò)敏性休克,給予腎上腺素靜注、生理鹽水?dāng)U容及地塞米松靜注治療后,病兒癥狀緩解。當(dāng)日查血常規(guī)示嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞水平處于正常范圍,次日復(fù)查示嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)及百分比升高,并呈上升趨勢(shì),嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)最高達(dá)2.22×10/L,已達(dá)到嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多癥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。換用氨基酸奶后,動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞水平呈下降趨勢(shì),考慮為CMPA引起的反應(yīng)性嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多癥。另外,行牛奶蛋白特異性IgE濃度檢測(cè)為2級(jí),且食物回避后未再出現(xiàn)過(guò)敏表現(xiàn),CMPA診斷明確。
綜上所述,新生兒嚴(yán)重CMPA較為少見(jiàn),本例IgE介導(dǎo)的早產(chǎn)兒嚴(yán)重CMPA鮮有報(bào)道。目前對(duì)于新生兒CMPA尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且缺乏可靠的檢測(cè)方法。CMPA確診病兒母親要注意飲食回避,給予氨基酸配方奶或深度水解配方奶喂養(yǎng)。對(duì)于有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)家族史新生兒應(yīng)加強(qiáng)早期喂養(yǎng)指導(dǎo),要做到早期識(shí)別、診斷,及時(shí)干預(yù),重視對(duì)嚴(yán)重CMPA嬰兒的急救。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2022年5期