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長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段魚類早期資源現(xiàn)狀研究*

2022-09-05 02:02李祥艷田輝伍唐錫良嚴(yán)忠鑾陳大慶劉紹平段辛斌
漁業(yè)科學(xué)進(jìn)展 2022年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:魚卵宜賓魚類

李祥艷 田輝伍 蒲 艷 唐錫良 嚴(yán)忠鑾 陳大慶 劉紹平 段辛斌

長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段魚類早期資源現(xiàn)狀研究*

李祥艷1,2田輝伍2蒲 艷1,2唐錫良3嚴(yán)忠鑾3陳大慶2劉紹平2段辛斌2①

(1. 西南大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院 重慶 400715;2. 中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院長(zhǎng)江水產(chǎn)研究所 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部長(zhǎng)江中上游漁業(yè)資源環(huán)境科學(xué)觀測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)站 湖北 武漢 430223;3. 中國三峽建設(shè)管理有限公司 四川 成都 610023)

長(zhǎng)江上游;宜賓江段;種類組成;魚類資源

長(zhǎng)江上游地貌類型多樣,河床海拔落差大,生境復(fù)雜,水能資源豐富,孕育了數(shù)量眾多的珍稀特有魚類,歷史記載長(zhǎng)江上游分布魚類達(dá)286種,其中特有魚類124種(危起偉, 2012; He, 2010; 孟寶等, 2019)。該流域內(nèi)具有眾多全球和國家保護(hù)意義的重要生境和生態(tài)敏感區(qū)(李德旺等, 2013),其中,長(zhǎng)江上游珍稀特有魚類國家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱保護(hù)區(qū))是我國最長(zhǎng)的河流型自然保護(hù)區(qū),宜賓江段是保護(hù)區(qū)的核心區(qū),是長(zhǎng)江上游許多珍稀特有魚類的重要棲息地(危起偉, 2012)。

2012年以來,隨著向家壩、溪洛渡等大型水庫相繼蓄水,河流連續(xù)性受阻,也阻斷了魚類洄游路徑,壩上與壩下群體不能有效進(jìn)行遺傳交流,多樣性降低。水文情勢(shì)發(fā)生變化,壩下河流水位流量波動(dòng)頻繁,流水性魚類棲息生境受到嚴(yán)重影響,不利于魚類繁殖,資源量下降。下泄水流的含沙量明顯減少,壩下河道沖刷和局部河段調(diào)整,改變了原有魚類的繁殖和棲息場(chǎng)所。下泄水溫升降滯后,魚類繁殖時(shí)期延遲,種群數(shù)量減少(陳大慶等, 2005; 曹文宣, 2017),對(duì)長(zhǎng)江上游的漁業(yè)資源帶來了顯著影響。高天珩(2016)在長(zhǎng)江上游江津江段的研究表明,蓄水后江津江段魚類卵苗總量有明顯下降,圓口銅魚()、長(zhǎng)薄鰍()等大型魚類在蓄水后未曾監(jiān)測(cè)到。宜賓江段即位于向家壩下,監(jiān)測(cè)斷面距向家壩僅約32 km,受大壩建設(shè)后水文情勢(shì)改變的影響更明顯。魚類早期資源的動(dòng)態(tài)變化是引起種群數(shù)量變動(dòng)和年齡結(jié)構(gòu)變化的主要原因(Chambers, 2012),對(duì)其的研究也是評(píng)估水利工程建設(shè)對(duì)魚類資源影響的一個(gè)重要手段(徐田振等, 2018),并與漁業(yè)資源開發(fā)利用尺度及保護(hù)政策的制定等密切相關(guān)。然而,目前該水域魚類早期資源的基礎(chǔ)資料極少,為此本研究于2017—2019年在長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段開展魚類早期資源調(diào)查,通過分析種類組成、資源量變化、魚卵密度與環(huán)境因子間的關(guān)系,推算產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)位置和繁殖規(guī)模,以期了解宜賓江段早期資源現(xiàn)狀,為宜賓江段漁業(yè)資源管理和保護(hù)提供數(shù)據(jù)支撐,同時(shí)為金沙江下游梯級(jí)水電站運(yùn)行對(duì)長(zhǎng)江上游魚類的影響分析提供數(shù)據(jù)參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 調(diào)查時(shí)間與區(qū)域

于2017年4月23日—7月15日、2018年4月27日—7月17日和2019年5月7日—7月20日在長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段開展魚類早期資源調(diào)查,3年累計(jì)監(jiān)測(cè)241 d。該斷面位于宜賓市敘州區(qū)南門大橋上行約400 m處(28°45′N,104°37′E)(圖1),上距向家壩水電站約32 km,下距金沙江與岷江交匯口約1.5 km,是保護(hù)區(qū)的重要部分。采用定點(diǎn)斷面的方式進(jìn)行采樣,采樣點(diǎn)設(shè)置在斷面的主流水域的南岸和北岸,該處江岸平直,兩岸水流較緩,流速范圍為0.46~1.71 m/s,相應(yīng)江面寬度約260 m。

1.2 采樣方法及卵苗鑒定

樣品采集按照《內(nèi)陸水域漁業(yè)資源調(diào)查手冊(cè)》和《河流水生生物調(diào)查指南》的方法進(jìn)行(張覺民等, 1991; 陳大慶, 2014)。采集網(wǎng)具為圓錐網(wǎng)(50目,網(wǎng)長(zhǎng)為2.5 m,網(wǎng)口面積為0.196 m2),網(wǎng)后接圓柱形集苗器。每天08:00和14:00開始采集,上、下午各采集6網(wǎng),每網(wǎng)采集15 min。若出現(xiàn)卵苗高峰期,則適當(dāng)增加采樣頻率。同時(shí)測(cè)量水溫和溶解氧(YSI ProODO型溶氧儀測(cè)定),網(wǎng)口流速(采用LS45A型旋杯式流速儀記錄),透明度(使用薩氏盤測(cè)定)等環(huán)境因子數(shù)據(jù),水位和流量數(shù)據(jù)來源于中國長(zhǎng)江三峽集團(tuán)有限公司水情信息網(wǎng)向家壩站(https://www.ctg.com.cn/ sxjt/sqqk/index.html)。

采集的卵苗在野外先使用奧林巴斯解剖鏡SZX16進(jìn)行觀察,記錄魚卵發(fā)育時(shí)期,測(cè)定其卵徑、膜徑和胚體長(zhǎng),并拍照保存,采用線粒體DNA細(xì)胞色素b基因鑒定種類。仔魚先根據(jù)色素的分布、肌節(jié)數(shù)目等形態(tài)特征進(jìn)行初步種類鑒定(曹文宣等, 2007),后用95%的酒精保存帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行DNA分子鑒定,以對(duì)照校準(zhǔn)(Liu, 2018)。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)位置和卵苗徑流量等的計(jì)算參考易伯魯?shù)?1998)的計(jì)算方法。

1.3.1 產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)位置推算 根據(jù)采集魚卵的發(fā)育時(shí)期,并結(jié)合水流速度來推算魚卵的漂流距離和產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)的位置:

式中,為卵苗的漂流距離(m),為網(wǎng)口流速(m/s),為魚卵胚胎發(fā)育時(shí)間(s)。

1.3.2 卵苗徑流量估算 一晝夜流經(jīng)調(diào)查斷面的卵苗徑流量(N),是24 h內(nèi)各次定時(shí)采集的卵苗徑流量之和()與前后2次采集之間非采集時(shí)間內(nèi)計(jì)算出的卵苗徑流量之和(′)的總和,即:

N=

一次定時(shí)采集的斷面卵苗徑流量(),按下式求出:

圖1 調(diào)查斷面示意圖

(/)

式中,為調(diào)查斷面的平均江水流量(m3/s),為流經(jīng)網(wǎng)內(nèi)的江水流量(m3/s),為斷面固定點(diǎn)一次采到的卵苗數(shù)量(粒/尾),為斷面卵苗流量系數(shù)。

(1/12/2)2

式中,為前后2次采集之間的間隔時(shí)間,1、2為前后2次采集的持續(xù)時(shí)間;1、2為前后2次采樣的卵苗數(shù)量。

1.3.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 應(yīng)用方差分析(ANOVA)檢驗(yàn)環(huán)境因子的年際變化差異,顯著性水平為<0.05。為探究魚卵密度與各環(huán)境因子間的關(guān)系,運(yùn)用束縛型排序(constrained ordination)分析調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)。水位、流量和水溫等環(huán)境因子的逐日變化數(shù)據(jù)作為環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)源,不同種類的魚卵密度(ind./1000 m3)逐日變化數(shù)據(jù)作為物種數(shù)據(jù)源,由此構(gòu)成環(huán)境因子與物種矩陣。先對(duì)物種數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行除趨勢(shì)對(duì)應(yīng)分析(detrended correspondence analysis, DCA),表明單峰模型(lengths of gradient>4)更適合本研究,故采用典型對(duì)應(yīng)分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)。DCA和CCA分析和排序圖輸出均采用Canoco 5軟件,其余數(shù)據(jù)分析與作圖在Excel 2010與SPSS軟件中完成。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 種類組成

2.2 主要魚類繁殖的時(shí)間分布

對(duì)2017—2019年調(diào)查期間不同魚類產(chǎn)卵的主要出現(xiàn)時(shí)間進(jìn)行分析,顯示不同魚類繁殖有一定的時(shí)間差異,年間也有不同(圖2)。

表1 2017—2019年長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段魚類早期資源種類組成

Tab.1 Species composition of early fish resources in Yibin Section of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from 2017 to 2019

注:l代表產(chǎn)漂流性卵魚類,?代表長(zhǎng)江上游特有魚類

Note: l represents drifting fish, and ? represents endemic fish of upper Yangtze River

圖2 2017—2019年長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段魚卵數(shù)量百分比

2.3 繁殖高峰

從卵苗密度的日變化來看(圖3),魚卵密度總體上隨時(shí)間呈現(xiàn)先上升后下降的趨勢(shì)。2017年魚卵平均密度為(0.52±0.10)粒/1000 m3,在5月16—24日、5月29日和6月12日達(dá)到產(chǎn)卵高峰,其中,以6月12日最高,達(dá)到3.91粒/1000 m3;仔魚平均密度為(0.96±0.32)尾/1000 m3,在6月24日出現(xiàn)峰值,密度為23.56尾/1000 m3。

2018年魚卵平均密度為(2.49±0.45)粒/1000 m3,在5月6—11日、5月13—16日、5月5月22—24日和6月27—28達(dá)到產(chǎn)卵高峰,其中,以6月27日最高,達(dá)到24.96粒/1000 m3;仔魚平均密度為(1.33±0.37)尾/1000 m3,5月22日出現(xiàn)峰值,密度為25.58尾/1000 m3。

圖3 2017—2019長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段魚卵、魚苗密度日變化

2019年魚卵平均密度為(1.24±0.30)粒/1000 m3,在5月12—15日、6月3日、6月14—15日和6月26達(dá)到產(chǎn)卵高峰,以6月26日最高,達(dá)到21.76粒/1000 m3;仔魚平均密度為(0.95±0.19)尾/1000 m3,在7月17日出現(xiàn)峰值,密度為7.42尾/1000 m3。

年際對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),2018和2019年魚卵密度顯著高于2017年(<0.01),2018年魚苗密度高于2017和2019年。整體而言,魚卵密度高峰較為分散,仔魚密度高峰較為集中,主要以5月下旬或6月下旬較高。

2.4 魚類早期資源量與產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)

圖4 長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓段產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)分布

2.5 魚卵密度與環(huán)境因子

2017—2019年調(diào)查期間,宜賓江段各環(huán)境因子整體情況如表2所示,流量、水位和水溫變化規(guī)律表現(xiàn)為整體隨時(shí)間呈逐漸上升趨勢(shì),透明度和溶氧整體隨時(shí)間呈逐漸下降趨勢(shì),流速隨時(shí)間不斷波動(dòng),無明顯規(guī)律(圖5)。比較不同年份、同時(shí)段各環(huán)境因子間的差異,結(jié)果表明,流量、水位和水溫年際間無顯著差異,其他環(huán)境因子不同年份間差異顯著(<0.05)。

表2 2017—2019年宜賓段環(huán)境因子

Tab.2 Environmental factors in Yibin Section from 2017 to 2019

圖5 2017—2019年長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段各環(huán)境因子日變化

3 討論

3.1 種類組成及資源量變化

研究表明,由于水利工程建設(shè)、過度捕撈等的影響,宜賓江段魚類種類數(shù)呈下降趨勢(shì),并逐漸以小型魚類為主,產(chǎn)漂流性卵魚類也有所減少(但勝國等, 1999; 李雷等, 2013; 徐薇等, 2012; 高天珩等, 2013)本研究結(jié)果也符合這一趨勢(shì)變化。而水利工程對(duì)魚類的影響已有大量研究,水壩的修筑會(huì)影響下游魚類繁殖(肖瓊, 2015),例如,向家壩截流后長(zhǎng)江上游江津江段魚類早期資源量明顯下降(高天珩, 2016)。本研究表明,有22種魚類能在宜賓江段產(chǎn)卵繁殖,多于上游金沙江巧家和攀枝花江段,但少于江津江段及長(zhǎng)江上游支流赤水河和岷江,也少于長(zhǎng)江中游(表3),其次,產(chǎn)漂流性卵魚類數(shù)遠(yuǎn)少于長(zhǎng)江上游歷史記載的29種,對(duì)比顯示,長(zhǎng)江上游隨河段往下,魚類早期資源種類數(shù)逐漸增多,其原因除了上述因素外,與各江段自身水體環(huán)境也有一定關(guān)系。

圖6 2017—2019年長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段魚卵密度與環(huán)境因子的CCA排序

WL:水位;WT:水溫;DO:溶解氧;WD:流量;:流速;:透明度

WL: Water level; WT: Water temperature; DO: Dissolved oxygen; WD: Water discharge;: Velocity;: Transparency

根據(jù)2017—2019年早期資源量估算數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)合有關(guān)研究數(shù)據(jù)[長(zhǎng)江上游珍稀特有魚類及保護(hù)區(qū)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償項(xiàng)目-水生生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)(2006—2021年度)報(bào)告,未正式發(fā)表],10年來宜賓魚類早期資源發(fā)生了較大變化(圖8)。金沙江Ⅰ期工程蓄水前后,魚類卵苗總量有明顯下降,蓄水后(2013年)比蓄水前(2010年)的魚類早期資源量下降了80.61%,大壩蓄水造成下游水文環(huán)境急劇突變,導(dǎo)致壩下一些魚類無法適應(yīng)新的生境,原有產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)失去功能,自然繁殖受到了影響。同時(shí),蓄水阻斷了金沙江與長(zhǎng)江上游干流江段的魚類洄游通道,使長(zhǎng)江上游江段漁業(yè)資源失去了金沙江魚類早期資源的補(bǔ)充,這與三峽大壩蓄水后魚類卵苗數(shù)量顯著下降的情況相似(劉明典等, 2018)。隨后直至2017年,卵苗總量逐漸回升,表明向家壩等水電站蓄水后魚類逐步完成了對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng),該江段能夠滿足部分魚類產(chǎn)卵繁殖的生態(tài)需求,可能與該江段仍保留的部分流水生境有關(guān),同時(shí)也與近年來長(zhǎng)江上游開展的多項(xiàng)魚類資源保護(hù)措施有關(guān)。

3.2 產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)分布

產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)是魚類重要的棲息地,產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)位置的確定是魚類繁殖群體和卵苗時(shí)空分布研究的重要內(nèi)容,對(duì)魚類資源的補(bǔ)充、可持續(xù)利用及保護(hù)也有著重要作用(高天珩, 2016)。2009—2015年江津斷面早期資源監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,宜賓至重慶江段分布著多種魚類的產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng),且產(chǎn)卵規(guī)模巨大(段辛斌等, 2015; 田輝伍等, 2017)。歷史記錄顯示,宜賓境內(nèi)共有魚類產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)36處,珍稀特有魚類的種類達(dá)數(shù)10種,但近期產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)功能評(píng)價(jià)表明,一般和良好(8.33%)等級(jí)共占總數(shù)的33.33%,大部分產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)功能退化,甚至消失(孟寶等, 2019)。本次調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,宜賓斷面上游存在多種產(chǎn)漂流性卵魚類產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng),產(chǎn)卵量較大的產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)有周壩、桃子灣和華龍碼頭3處,較歷史產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)數(shù)量和規(guī)模均有減小。

表3 近年長(zhǎng)江干支流部分魚類早期資源調(diào)查對(duì)比

Tab.3 Comparison of early fish resources in the main and tributaries of the Yangtze River in recent surveys

圖7 宜賓段早期資源規(guī)模對(duì)比

3.3 繁殖特性

4 結(jié)論與展望

致謝:感謝長(zhǎng)江水產(chǎn)研究所研究生呂浩、王導(dǎo)群、張浩,調(diào)查輔助人員田超,宜賓市水產(chǎn)漁政局陳永勝等在野外調(diào)查和數(shù)據(jù)整理等方面給予的支持與幫助。

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Study on the Status of the Early-Stage Fish Resources at Yibin Section in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River

LI Xiangyan1,2, TIAN Huiwu2, PU Yan1,2, TANG Xiliang3, YAN Zhongluan3, CHEN Daqing2, LIU Shaoping2, DUAN Xinbin2①

(1. College of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; 2. Fishery Resources and Environmental Science Experimental Station of the Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China; 3. Three Gorges Construction Management Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 610023, China)

To understand the status of early-stage fish resources in the Yibin Section in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and guide the protection of fish resources in this section, surveys were carried out from April to July in the years of 2017~2019. The results showed that there were 22 species of eggs and larvae in five families and three orders, and the largest proportion was in the Cyprinidae. Among these, 13 species produced drifting eggs, and six species were endemic to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The breeding time of different fish had obvious annual differences, but the peak of fish breeding occurred in June. From 2017 to 2019, the number of drifting eggs was estimated to be 12.10×106, 70.42×106, and 35.77×106for each year, respectively. The number of larvae was estimated to be 30.95×106, 41.47×106, and 39.44×106, respectively. The number of eggs of endemic fish in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was estimated at 15.91×106over three years. According to the calculation, there were many spawning sites of fish drifting upstream of the Yibin Section, and the larger spawning sites were mainly located in the reaches of Zhouba, Peachwan, and Hualong Wharf. The spawning sites ofwere distributed from Dongyuemiao to Xiangjiaba, with the largest cumulative spawning amount in three years, up to 40.93×106. The spawning grounds oftended to migrate downstream. The spawning grounds ofare mainly distributed in the Mamingxi Wharf and Peachwan areas. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that environmental factors such as water level, water temperature, and water discharge had different effects on the density of drifting fish eggs.andlay eggs when the water temperature and water discharge are high. The reproductive conditions ofandwere similar to each other, and they were highly correlated with the water level, water discharge, and velocity. The spawning ofandwas significantly affected by changes in dissolved oxygen and transparency. Although affected by many factors, such as the development of cascade hydropower in the Jinsha River, the Yibin Section, as an important part of the mainstream national nature reserve of rare and endemic fish in the upper Yangtze River, is still a crucial distribution area for the spawning and breeding of many fish species, and the fish populations have slowly recovered in recent years. Therefore, we should strengthen the early resource research in this section, carry out habitat conservation and remediation, and implement a “10-year Fishing Ban” to promote resource recovery.

Upper Yangtze River; Yibin Section; Species composition; Fish resource

DUAN Xinbin, E-mail: duan@yfi.ac.cn

10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20210319002

S932.4

A

2095-9869(2022)04-0093-12

*國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2018YFD0900903)、中國三峽建設(shè)管理有限公司項(xiàng)目(JG/18056B; JG/18057B)、中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(2020TD09)、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部財(cái)政專項(xiàng)“長(zhǎng)江漁業(yè)資源與環(huán)境調(diào)查”和生態(tài)環(huán)境部生物多樣性調(diào)查、觀測(cè)和評(píng)估項(xiàng)目(2019—2023年)共同資助[This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0900903), Project of Three Gorges Construction Management Co., Ltd (JG/18056B; JG/18057B), Innovation Team Project of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (2020TD09), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the Biodiversity Investigation, Observation, and Assessment Program (2019—2023) of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China].

李祥艷,E-mail: lxyqin96@163.com

段辛斌,研究員,E-mail: duan@yfi.ac.cn

2021-03-19,

2021-05-10

http://www.yykxjz.cn/

李祥艷, 田輝伍, 蒲艷, 唐錫良, 嚴(yán)忠鑾, 陳大慶, 劉紹平, 段辛斌. 長(zhǎng)江上游宜賓江段魚類早期資源現(xiàn)狀研究. 漁業(yè)科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2022, 43(4): 93–104

LI X Y, TIAN H W, PU Y, TANG X L, YAN Z L, CHEN D Q, LIU S P, DUAN X B. Study on the status of the early-stage fish resources at Yibin Section in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2022, 43(4): 93–104

(編輯 馮小花)

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