文/焦麗霞

在上一篇文章中，我們分享了如何通過(guò)精聽(tīng)練習(xí)來(lái)提升聽(tīng)力水平。除精聽(tīng)外，泛聽(tīng)也非常重要。所謂泛聽(tīng)，一是聽(tīng)力材料的選擇范圍要廣（練習(xí)的選材不僅局限于課本，也要從書(shū)籍、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、app 等渠道獲取不同體裁不同題材的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)材料，涵蓋音頻視頻）；二是聽(tīng)力練習(xí)要保證一定的頻次和時(shí)長(zhǎng)，比如一周可以練習(xí)三至四次，每次堅(jiān)持半個(gè)小時(shí)（當(dāng)然每天能堅(jiān)持練習(xí)更好）；三是對(duì)于材料的理解不必做到逐字逐詞逐句都能理解，只要能掌握篇章大意以及重要細(xì)節(jié)即可。泛聽(tīng)練習(xí)有以下需要注意的方面：

一、增加輸入，積累詞匯。

詞匯就如蓋房子的磚瓦。沒(méi)有詞匯，英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)就無(wú)從談起。因此，要想提高英語(yǔ)各項(xiàng)技能，包括聽(tīng)力，都需要以積累詞匯為前提。詞匯既包括積極詞匯，也包括消極詞匯。所謂的積極詞匯就是在英語(yǔ)實(shí)際使用過(guò)程中能夠運(yùn)用的詞匯，這類詞匯在正常語(yǔ)速時(shí)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)就明白，想說(shuō)就能說(shuō)，想寫就能寫；消極詞匯一般是指在閱讀中碰到，經(jīng)過(guò)短時(shí)間思考，或者根據(jù)上下文能夠有把握地推斷出它的含義的詞匯。在日常學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)生可以通過(guò)大量閱讀來(lái)積累詞匯，進(jìn)而促進(jìn)聽(tīng)力水平的提高。

以下列聽(tīng)力文段為例：

Successful future professionals will be those who continuously learn and adapt both their skills and themselves.Based on global research and insights,we’ve identified future skills that matter: complex problem solving, creativity,emotional intelligence, cognitive flexibility, collaboration.With these, you’ll always be in demand.And you’ll need to adapt yourself to the new world of work.Have self-reliance, resilience.Self-promote, and constantly develop yourself but crucially don’t do it all on your own because networks will be even more critical.So if you can continuously adapt, the developments around you will no longer be a threat.Instead change becomes an opportunity.

如果學(xué)生熟悉professional、insight、identify、cognitive、flexibility、collaboration、self-reliance、resilience、threat 等詞匯，文段理解起來(lái)就會(huì)容易很多，反之就會(huì)聽(tīng)得比較吃力。

實(shí)際上，聽(tīng)力練習(xí)也能幫助學(xué)生積累詞匯。英語(yǔ)是音形合一的語(yǔ)言。在練習(xí)聽(tīng)力的過(guò)程中，學(xué)生可以積累一些對(duì)于文段理解很重要、但是自己又不認(rèn)識(shí)或者不熟悉的詞匯。例如，當(dāng)多數(shù)學(xué)生聽(tīng)到 [?ref??rend?m] 這個(gè)讀音，會(huì)覺(jué)得這是一個(gè)生詞，這時(shí)可以嘗試可以根據(jù)讀音把單詞拼寫出來(lái)。它可能會(huì)被拼寫為referendom 或 referendum，然后學(xué)生可查字典核實(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)其正確形式應(yīng)該是 referendum。通過(guò)這種方式習(xí)得的詞匯會(huì)深刻地儲(chǔ)存在記憶中。

另外，學(xué)生還可以嘗試根據(jù)話題搭建詞匯或語(yǔ)塊網(wǎng)絡(luò)。比如，在練習(xí)聽(tīng)了多篇關(guān)于“氣候變化及應(yīng)對(duì)”話題的新聞報(bào)道的基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)生可以收集到如下詞匯或語(yǔ)塊：氣候變化（continuous high temperature, greenhouse effect,glacier melting）、氣候變化的影響（pose severe challenges to human survival and development, break the ecological balance）、應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的努力（call on the international community to work together, to foster a community for man and nature with unprecedented ambition and action, jointly build a community of life for man and nature, be committed to harmony between man and nature, jointly advance global environmental governance）。這些詞匯和語(yǔ)塊的積累有助于學(xué)生提升對(duì)某個(gè)話題的熟悉程度，在聽(tīng)力練習(xí)或考試中更容易理解相關(guān)文段。

二、把握主題，掌握重要細(xì)節(jié)。

在泛聽(tīng)練習(xí)中，學(xué)生們需要注意：一定不能只聽(tīng)慢速英語(yǔ)或者大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)中發(fā)音和語(yǔ)調(diào)非常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、閱讀速度非常適中的聽(tīng)力材料，而是要適當(dāng)練習(xí)聽(tīng)一些發(fā)音語(yǔ)調(diào)可能不一定很標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、閱讀速度很快的聽(tīng)力材料。多聽(tīng)多練快速聽(tīng)力材料有助于提升整體的聽(tīng)力水平。

在練習(xí)這類材料的過(guò)程中，不要試圖逐字逐詞去理解，要嘗試把握段落主旨以及重要細(xì)節(jié)。例如：有一個(gè)對(duì)于Madonna 的英文采訪，語(yǔ)速較快，學(xué)生聽(tīng)起來(lái)會(huì)有一定困難。這時(shí)，不需要做到100%的理解，只要能把關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題以及答案識(shí)別出來(lái)即可。實(shí)際上，視頻只提出并回答了三個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題：

1) Why did Madonna think it a commitment to help those African children?

Because she connected the children’s experience to her own.She grew up as a motherless child and she could understand the sufferings of those children.

（Madonna grew up as a motherless child.Although she had roof over her head,she had food and she had school to go to, she still thought her world was going to collapse on her.Most of these children are orphans.Life is tougher for them.）

2) Why did Madonna undergo some changes in herself?

老賈取回自己手機(jī)，又一陣搗鼓，再遞給孟導(dǎo)時(shí)手機(jī)里顯示了一張‘乾隆通寶’專用的滿漢文的對(duì)照?qǐng)D，孟導(dǎo)拿出自己的手機(jī)讓老賈調(diào)出價(jià)格表的網(wǎng)頁(yè)，則辨認(rèn)起滿文來(lái)。

According to Madonna, having children and having a family forced one to think about people besides oneself.And she realized that she had had so much.It would be a tragedy if she did not use what she had to make the world a better place.

3) Was it complicated to adopt a child?

Yes.(Take Madonna’s case for example.She was not even granted full adoption.For the past eighteen months, she had been the foster parent.Every six months, she has been visited by social workers, who would visit her house to make sure she was being the good parent and the child was thriving and ask her a lot of invasive questions.She had been fingerprinted for about twenty times and undergone psychological evaluations.)

學(xué)生在聽(tīng)第一遍時(shí)，可以初步回答這些問(wèn)題。在聽(tīng)第二遍和第三遍時(shí)，可以抓住一些關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)，即上面答案中括號(hào)里面的內(nèi)容。

三、適時(shí)參照聽(tīng)力原文。

所謂適時(shí)，指的是在進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力練習(xí)時(shí)，不要一開(kāi)始就直接參考聽(tīng)力原文。

正確的做法：先專注認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)兩到三遍，把握文段主旨并抓住主要細(xì)節(jié)。在此過(guò)程中，記錄自己聽(tīng)力的難點(diǎn)在哪里、障礙在哪里。隨后可以參考聽(tīng)力原文，了解自己為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)障礙：是因?yàn)閷?duì)于某些詞匯不夠熟悉？或者是對(duì)某些長(zhǎng)句的理解上有困難？還是某些方面的背景知識(shí)不夠？最后，可以在分析問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)上找出相應(yīng)的提升策略。如果從一開(kāi)始就參照原文進(jìn)行練習(xí)，很容易產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺(jué)，即材料的所有內(nèi)容已經(jīng)聽(tīng)懂了。其實(shí)事實(shí)并非如此。以下列文段為例：

學(xué)生在練聽(tīng)上面文段的過(guò)程中，可能會(huì)因?yàn)椴皇煜つ承┰~匯產(chǎn)生理解障礙，比如 governance 和 multilateral；也可能由于對(duì)于時(shí)事新聞關(guān)注不足或者背景知識(shí)匱乏產(chǎn)生理解障礙，比如 peak carbon dioxide（碳達(dá)峰）和carbon neutrality（碳中和）。在分析清楚自己所存在問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)生可以找到相應(yīng)的對(duì)策。

四、注重聽(tīng)說(shuō)結(jié)合。

在日常學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)生要注意提升自己的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)。正確的發(fā)音語(yǔ)調(diào)可以幫助學(xué)生更快更準(zhǔn)確地聽(tīng)懂聽(tīng)力文段。所以，學(xué)生在平時(shí)要多多朗讀，對(duì)于不熟悉的詞匯要勤查詞典，把握重要詞匯的發(fā)音、拼寫、搭配和例句等。另外，要練習(xí)聽(tīng)一些慢速材料，注意把握語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)以及句子中的抑揚(yáng)頓挫。

此外，還可以進(jìn)行一些文段復(fù)述練習(xí)。在復(fù)述文段的過(guò)程中，要把握好文段的主旨和重要細(xì)節(jié)，同時(shí)理清文段的層次。比如，有一個(gè)關(guān)于“壓力”的視頻，視頻開(kāi)頭提出 stress may accelerate aging，隨后提及一個(gè)相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)，最后提出了壓力的應(yīng)對(duì)辦法。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)這個(gè)層次復(fù)述如下：

①Stress may accelerate aging.②In one study, 39 women with chronically ill children were compared to 19 women with healthy children.③They were asked to rate how overwhelmed they felt by daily life.④It was found that for the women with the highest stress, their cells did appear to be prematurely aged,around a decade older.⑤But what it matters is not the stress itself, but how one perceives stress.⑥How people perceive stress is a very important factor in protecting their health.⑦People have to find buffers to stress, like family,friends, meditation, exercise or even medicine.

以上這個(gè)短小的段落層次清晰：主旨句為第①句，第②-④句是例證，第⑤⑥句指出“人們?nèi)绾慰创龎毫κ怯绊懡】档闹匾蛩亍?，最后一句提出緩解壓力的方法?/p>

再例如，有一個(gè)關(guān)于“年輕人失業(yè)問(wèn)題”的視頻。學(xué)生也可以在聽(tīng)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行復(fù)述練習(xí)如下：

Youth unemployment is a global problem.It affects all types of economies in every region of the world.These days, young women and men are three times more likely to be unemployed than their older counterparts.In developed countries like the US, nearly one young person in every six is unemployed.Young people in the Middle East and North Africa have the highest rate of unemployment as there is a youth bulge in the Middle East.In Egypt, the government used to guarantee jobs for all graduates, but no longer.And many of the graduates are not qualified for the private sector jobs.Gender also plays a role in the Middle East.Fewer than one in three young women are employed even though women are generally more educated than men.The outlook for young people all of the world is bleak because they have two thrusts against them: they lack large network and also work experience.

以上段落的結(jié)構(gòu)非常清楚。首句為段落中心句，指出“年輕人失業(yè)是全球性的問(wèn)題”；中間部分通過(guò)舉例證明年輕人失業(yè)無(wú)論是在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都是嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題；末句指出：年輕人就業(yè)前景不佳，因?yàn)樗麄兗热狈ι鐣?huì)關(guān)系網(wǎng)，又缺乏工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

學(xué)生通過(guò)理清思路進(jìn)行這樣的復(fù)述練習(xí)，可以提高學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。在復(fù)述的過(guò)程中，學(xué)生可以盡可能使用原文詞語(yǔ)，來(lái)積累更多詞匯。學(xué)生也可以了解如何在語(yǔ)境中準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用這些詞匯。

最后，還需要指出一點(diǎn)：學(xué)生要通過(guò)大量閱讀擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面、積累學(xué)科知識(shí)，同時(shí)要關(guān)注時(shí)事新聞。這些都會(huì)助力聽(tīng)力水平的提高。 □