浙江 南 紅

高考聽(tīng)力的推理判斷題是高考英語(yǔ)的必考題，考查數(shù)量較多，是決勝聽(tīng)力的關(guān)鍵。聽(tīng)此類材料時(shí)，考生要在聽(tīng)懂事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的同時(shí)，對(duì)信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的加工，作出合理的推斷。這類題目的聽(tīng)力材料內(nèi)容組織巧妙，材料的重要信息有些“隱蔽”，選項(xiàng)干擾性強(qiáng)，難度稍大，試題做起來(lái)不容易。教師總結(jié)歸納此類題型的規(guī)律，給予學(xué)生相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對(duì)策略，有利于提升其聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的效果，幫助其增強(qiáng)自信，使其面對(duì)推理判斷題型時(shí)更加得心應(yīng)手，從而在高考中占得優(yōu)勢(shì)。

一、聽(tīng)力之推理判斷題型的應(yīng)對(duì)策略

1.熟悉題干，精準(zhǔn)定位

推理判斷題型是聽(tīng)力中比較復(fù)雜的題型，學(xué)生在聽(tīng)錄音的過(guò)程中，要注意捕捉關(guān)鍵詞，理解說(shuō)話人的言外之意，還要注意說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)調(diào)，降調(diào)表示贊同、肯定，升調(diào)表示懷疑、驚訝或否定。同時(shí)學(xué)生要熟悉此類題型的題干特點(diǎn)，題干通常有：

①What can we say about the woman?（2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，2）

②Where does the conversation probably take place?（2019年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，1）

③What is Mark’s attitude towards Cathy’s decision?（2020年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，9）

④Who might be able to help Tom this week?（2020年7月浙江卷，7）

⑤What does the woman seem to suggest Bill do？（2020年7月浙江卷，13）

⑥How does the man feel now?（2021年1月浙江卷，5）

⑦Why should you listen to experts according to the speaker?（2021年新高考Ⅰ卷，19）

⑧What is the man most likely to have for dinner?（2021年1月浙江卷，7）

⑨What is the probable relationship between the speakers?（2021年1月浙江卷，6）

⑩ What do most people think is very important in spoken communication?（2021年6月浙江卷，18）

由于此類題型的材料內(nèi)容有些繞彎，因此熟悉此類題型的題干，是精準(zhǔn)定位并作出推理判斷的前提，在此基礎(chǔ)上才能正確解題。學(xué)生在平時(shí)的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練中，要養(yǎng)成快速定位的習(xí)慣，可以將Who（人物），What（事件），When（時(shí)間），Where（地點(diǎn)），Why（原因），How（方式），How long/How soon/How often/How many/How much（程度），Which（選擇）和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞加下劃線，提醒自己聽(tīng)力時(shí)將注意力集中在對(duì)整體內(nèi)容的理解上，不要強(qiáng)求聽(tīng)懂每一個(gè)詞，集中精力關(guān)注與標(biāo)有下劃線的內(nèi)容相關(guān)的重要信息，邊聽(tīng)邊把材料要點(diǎn)和關(guān)鍵詞記下來(lái)，這樣學(xué)生在做題時(shí)才能有的放矢，有理有據(jù)，精準(zhǔn)推理，正確判斷。

2.精通類型，抓準(zhǔn)信息詞

迅速明確推理判斷的類型，能給學(xué)生足夠的預(yù)判信心。聽(tīng)力的推理判斷題主要有以下幾種類型，每種類型都有相應(yīng)的信息詞，抓住信息詞就能明確關(guān)系。

（1）對(duì)人物關(guān)系的判斷

常見(jiàn)的人物關(guān)系有husband-wife，teacher-student，classmates，colleagues，doctor-patient，waiter-customer等。在熟悉了常見(jiàn)的人物關(guān)系類型后，學(xué)生還要了解相關(guān)關(guān)系的信息詞，比如：同學(xué)關(guān)系的信息詞有course，assignment，term，paper，exam，final，grade，quiz，professor，vacation等；顧客與服務(wù)員關(guān)系的信息詞有menu，order，dessert，delicious，taste，bill等；同事關(guān)系的信息詞有company，boss，department，office，document等；醫(yī)生與病人關(guān)系的信息詞有headache，pill，catch a cold，fever，temperature，medicine，treatment，recover，operation等。學(xué)生在聽(tīng)錄音時(shí)要積極捕捉稱謂名詞、職業(yè)名詞及與活動(dòng)地點(diǎn)和活動(dòng)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的詞，這些詞都含有指向信息，如：

【例1】（2019年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，7）What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

A.Husband and wife.

B.Employer and employee.

C.Shop assistant and customer.

W:I’m going out for shopping.Do you need anything?

M:Oh,yeah，I can’t find my umbrella.Can you buy one?

W:Shouldn’t it be in the cupboard?

M:I just checked.It wasn’t there.

W:Impossible.That was where I usually put it.Did you check the balcony?

M:Yes,of course.Couldn’t find it.Well,just get a new one then.

通過(guò)抓住關(guān)鍵信息“Shouldn’t it be in the cupboard?”和“That was where I usually put it.Did you check the balcony?”可以判斷出對(duì)話雙方是夫妻關(guān)系。

【例2】（2021年1月浙江卷，6）What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

A.Husband and wife.

B.Hostess and guest.

C.Chef and customer.

M:I’m starving.What arewehaving for dinner tonight,Jane?

...

W:Actually,I was thinking of making something healthy,say...fish and vegetables.

M:Well,in that case,I’ll have whatever you make.

通過(guò)抓住對(duì)話用語(yǔ)“I’m starving.”和“say”，可見(jiàn)對(duì)話雙方關(guān)系比較親密，再加上“we”的使用，可以判斷出對(duì)方雙方是夫妻關(guān)系。

【例3】（2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，5）What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

A.Classmates.

B.Teacher and student.

C.Doctor and patient.

W:Hi,Andy.I didn’t see you inProfessorSmith’sclassyesterday.What happened?

M:Well,I had a headache.So,I called him and asked forsick leave.

通過(guò)抓住稱謂名詞“Professor”，活動(dòng)內(nèi)容“class”和“sick leave”可以判斷出對(duì)話雙方是師生關(guān)系。

（2）對(duì)談話場(chǎng)景、地點(diǎn)的判斷

所考場(chǎng)景詞若未曾出現(xiàn)在音頻中，學(xué)生要靠活動(dòng)內(nèi)容的指向來(lái)判斷。多個(gè)線索所指向的共同點(diǎn)則是答案。捕獲記錄到最關(guān)鍵的線索是成功解題的關(guān)鍵。例如：

同時(shí)學(xué)生要熟悉提問(wèn)的方式，比如：Where does this conversation probably take place? Where did it happen? Where is...? Where will she go? Where did she go?關(guān)注題干中的when，who和where，聽(tīng)錄音時(shí)捕捉相關(guān)的信息，依據(jù)合理的指向信息作出正確的判斷，如：(2019年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，1）Where does this conversation take place?

A.In a classroom. B.In a hospital. C.In a museum.

W:Excuse me,Sir.Visiting hoursare over now.Your wife must get some rest.

M:Oh,I’m sorry,doctor.I didn’t hear the bell，or I would’ve left earlier.

學(xué)生在聽(tīng)這個(gè)對(duì)話時(shí)只要抓住了時(shí)間“Visiting hours”和人物“doctor”，就能判斷出對(duì)話是在醫(yī)院發(fā)生的。

（3）對(duì)談話人行為狀態(tài)的推測(cè)

暗示重點(diǎn)的信息詞一般都是承接上下文的詞匯，如and，so，but，as a result，however，or，otherwise，while，since，finally，next，in conclusion。通過(guò)這些信息詞可以看出說(shuō)話人的思路，這些信息詞表示時(shí)間、空間、舉例、比較、分析和總結(jié)等邏輯關(guān)系。具體可以分為以下幾類：

①表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞有：but，although，though，yet，even though等；

②表示時(shí)間順序的詞有：first，second，third，next，after that，then，last，finally等；

③表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞有：indeed，anyway，in fact，as a matter of fact等；

④表示原因和結(jié)果的詞有：because，as，for，since，so，as a result等；

學(xué)生可以關(guān)注這些信息詞，明確意義指向，作出精準(zhǔn)判斷，如：

【例1】（2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，1）What will the woman do this afternoon?

A.Do some exercise.

B.Go shopping.

C.Wash her clothes.

M:Let’s go for a nice walk into the country this afternoon.

W:I certainly could enjoy the exercise,butI’ve agreed to go with Alice to buy some clothes.

通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)折信息詞“but”可以看出說(shuō)話人的意圖在“but”之后，很明顯女人是要去購(gòu)物。

【例2】（2020年7月 浙 江 卷，20）What will the speaker do next?

A.Ask a few questions.

B.Show some notes.

C.Make a summary.

W:Today,let’s begin with note-taking techniques.Note-taking is an important skill not only for taking classes,but also for doing your job in the future.I’d like to draw your attention to certain points about taking notes.First,remember that note-taking should be 75% listening and only 25% writing,so don’t try to write down every single word the teacher says.Ignore what is unimportant and write in phrases,not complete sentences.Second,leave spaces and lines between main ideas.You may want to add some information later.I find that some of you are very good at making use of color,mapping web,and symbols such as arrows,circles and boxes.I highly recommend these tools to all of you,because the use of them makes the outline more easily readable and interesting than the blocks of text.It also makes sure that important words stand out.Here are some examples.

雖然有“Here are some examples.”這樣比較明顯的提示，但如果學(xué)生關(guān)注這篇講話稿最后幾句話里的邏輯關(guān)系信息詞“because”和“also”的使用，就可以更加明確地看出，因果關(guān)系和并列關(guān)系的使用是在說(shuō)明使用這些工具的好處，為“Here are some examples.”做好鋪墊，因此接下來(lái)要展示作品了。

（4）對(duì)數(shù)字的推理判斷

學(xué)生要培養(yǎng)瞬間記憶的能力，邊聽(tīng)邊記，用自己認(rèn)識(shí)的符號(hào)來(lái)標(biāo)記，保留聽(tīng)力過(guò)程，如：

【例1】（2019年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，3）How much will the man pay?

A.$20.

B.$80.

C.$100.

M:How much is that in total?

W:100 dollars.But if you have a membership card,I can give youa 20% discount.

M:Great! This is my membership card.

通過(guò)記錄原始數(shù)字100，然后再根據(jù)“打八折”，計(jì)算出最后結(jié)果為80美元。

【例2】（2020年7月浙江卷，16）How much time does the man have to read the book?

A.Two weeks.

B.Three weeks.

C.Four weeks.

...

W:I wanted to let you know about a book club I joined a few months ago.I know you do a lot of reading,so I thought you might want to come with me next month.

M:Oh,that sounds like fun.When does the group meet?

W:Usually the last Saturday of the month at 7:30 in the evening.Is that too late for you?

M:No,I think that’s okay.What do you talk about in the group?

W:Well,every month we choose a new book.And then during the next meeting,we discuss it.

...

M:That sounds interesting.I’d love to come.

W:Great!The next meeting will be held in two weeks,so you still have time to read the book.

通過(guò)最后一句話“ The next meeting will be held in two weeks”可以推斷，在下次會(huì)議舉行之前，還有兩周的時(shí)間來(lái)看書(shū)。

（5）對(duì)談話者態(tài)度的判斷

高考聽(tīng)力測(cè)試不但要求考生能聽(tīng)懂錄音原文，還要能聽(tīng)出“弦外之音”。在對(duì)話中，說(shuō)話者通常不直接說(shuō)出自己的觀點(diǎn)，而常以委婉甚至拐彎抹角的方式間接作答，這樣就能較有效地測(cè)試考生捕捉有用信息，并運(yùn)用所聽(tīng)信息進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力，如：

【例1】（2021年1月山東卷，7）How does the man sound？

A.Impatient.

B.Confused.

C.Humorous.

M:Come on.It’s time to go.We promised Mom not to be late.

W:Just hold your horses.What’s the hurry anyway?

M:Well,I’ve to get to stop and put gas in the car first.

W:That won’t take long.

M:Well,it won’t if there is no line there.

W:But I’m not quite ready.

M:I’ll give you five more minutes.Then I’m going on without you.

W:You wouldn’t do that to me.

M:Oh,yes,I would.

根據(jù)女士的話“Just hold your horses.”可知，女士讓男士別著急，但是學(xué)生可能不清楚這個(gè)句子表達(dá)的意思，還要結(jié)合后面的“I’ll give you five more minutes.（我再給你五分鐘）”去理解，其再次說(shuō)明男士很著急，最后男士的回答“Oh,yes,I would.”，也說(shuō)明男士真的很著急，因此可以判斷出男士已經(jīng)不耐煩了。

【例2】（2017年11月浙江卷，11）What does Maria think of the soup?

A.Tasteless.

B.Just fine.

C.Thick.

W:I’m not sure about this soup,Carl.It hasno taste.

M:No! I don’t think so,Maria.It tastes fine to me.We’ve been to this place before,and I don’t feel the soup tastes any different.

W:Well,I still think itneeds something.Salt?

M:No,certainly not.What aboutpepper? If anything,I think it could use a little more of that.

W:Now you are talking.That’s exactly what it needs.And how about some moreonionstoo?

M:I don’t know about that.You seem to be starting to like food withwrong tastesrecently.

W:Oh,really?

這個(gè)對(duì)話有些繞，最后也沒(méi)有明確地說(shuō)Maria口味變重了，但是實(shí)際的觀點(diǎn)通過(guò)一些關(guān)鍵詞體現(xiàn)出來(lái)了，如no taste，needs something，Salt，pepper，“Now,you are talking.”，onions，wrong tastes，雖然對(duì)話繞來(lái)繞去，態(tài)度好像不明確，但是學(xué)生可以推斷出Maria的口味變重了，那么湯就是無(wú)味的。

二、聽(tīng)力之推理判斷題型訓(xùn)練技巧

1.積累含蓄的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式

聽(tīng)力中對(duì)話者會(huì)采用比較含蓄的方式表達(dá)意圖，學(xué)生需要了解語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)和重讀等語(yǔ)音手段，否定、反問(wèn)、比較、虛擬、轉(zhuǎn)折等語(yǔ)法手段以及它們所表示的懷疑、肯定、否定、贊同、感嘆等意思。如，2020年7月浙江卷第8段材料，“So you have to wait for about two hours? I don’t think there’s scenery to look at.”用了否定表示懷疑；2021年1月山東卷第6段材料，“You wouldn’t do that to me.Oh,yes,I would.”用了反問(wèn)句表示肯定；2021年6月浙江卷第6段材料，“That way,they are less exciting,though.”用了比較表示否定；2020年7月浙江卷第2段材料，“If I were you,I’d just walk to work.It would take you about 20 minutes.”用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示贊同；2021年6月浙江卷第6段材料，“That way,they are less exciting,though.”用了轉(zhuǎn)折表示感嘆。學(xué)生可以利用語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)法和常識(shí)等進(jìn)行邏輯推理和判斷，辨別說(shuō)話人的意圖、暗示、態(tài)度和要求等。

2.培養(yǎng)逆向或正向思維能力

學(xué)生要抓住聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容里的關(guān)鍵信息，比如，一些表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系和數(shù)據(jù)的信息，還要利用逆向或正向思維，推斷出聽(tīng)力材料中所隱含的信息，這將有助于他們快速抓住聽(tīng)力材料的要點(diǎn)和中心思想，避免其掉入細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)的陷阱，同時(shí)為得出正確答案提供必要依據(jù)。

3.增強(qiáng)對(duì)生活常識(shí)的運(yùn)用

在日常生活中所積累的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，有助于學(xué)生在聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中確認(rèn)答案，學(xué)生所擁有的生活常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)越豐富，對(duì)背景知識(shí)的整體把握就越到位，因此答對(duì)題目的概率就越高。

4.以讀促聽(tīng)提升英語(yǔ)素養(yǎng)

擴(kuò)大閱讀量或經(jīng)常收聽(tīng)（看）英語(yǔ)節(jié)目，豐富英美背景知識(shí)，熟悉英美習(xí)慣表達(dá)，提升英語(yǔ)的綜合素養(yǎng)，試著用英語(yǔ)思考和解決問(wèn)題，培養(yǎng)好的思維習(xí)慣，都有利于學(xué)生解決比較復(fù)雜的推理判斷題。

總而言之，推理判斷題是高考聽(tīng)力中的難點(diǎn)，教師需要有針對(duì)性地研究，對(duì)學(xué)生常錯(cuò)易錯(cuò)題型進(jìn)行歸納和分析，并提出相應(yīng)的訓(xùn)練方法，這是提高學(xué)生聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練效率的必要舉措。