lNTRODUCTlON

Tuberculosis currently remains one of the most serious infectious diseases in the world, with

(MTB) infecting more than 2 billion people worldwide, and 10% of whom develop active tuberculosis[1]. Tuberculosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, especially in developing countries, and has tended to increase in recent years with the increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the emergence of multi-drug resistant MTB. Tuberculosis can involve all parts of the body, predominantly the lungs, and tuberculosis in the central nervous system is the rarest but most serious type, accounting for 5%-10% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and about 1% of all tuberculosis[1].

Central nervous system tuberculosis mainly includes tuberculous meningitis, tuberculoma, tuberculous abscess and spinal cord tuberculosis[2]. Intracranial tuberculoma is a granulomatous lesion formed by the hematogenous spread of MTB. Lacking specificity in the clinical presentation as well as imaging features of intracranial tuberculoma makes its diagnosis difficult in patients without evidence of MTB infection or a history of extracranial tuberculosis. Intracranial tuberculomas only in the cistern are extremely rare with only a few reported cases in the literature. We report a unique case of isolated tuberculoma in the suprasellar cistern with right ocular motility disorder and upper eyelid ptosis as the main symptoms and review the relevant literature.

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CASE PRESENTATlON

Chief complaints

A 5-year-old boy was admitted to the Neurosurgery Department of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital on February 2021 due to right ocular motility disorder and right upper eyelid ptosis.

History of present illness

The patient suffered from right ocular motility disorder, accompanied by right upper eyelid ptosis and diplopia without apparent cause for one month, which had recently worsened. He had no fever, and denied symptoms of headache, vomiting, convulsions, and limb weakness. In addition, he denied fatigue, night sweats, wasting and other tuberculosis symptoms.

History of past illness

The patient had no history of previous disease, including tuberculosis, and he was not taking any medication.

Personal and family history

Following surgery and 3 mo of anti-tuberculosis treatment, the symptoms of ocular motility disorder and ptosis were partially relieved. The right light reflex was normal, and pupil dilation disappeared completely. Follow-up brain contrast-enhanced MRI showed a significant decrease in the size of the residual lesion (Figure 3). Anti-tuberculosis treatment will continue to be administered and we will continue to follow his condition.

The patient’s clinical manifestations, physical signs, and imaging characteristics were combined to make a preliminary diagnosis of tumor; therefore, surgery was performed through an inferior temporal approach. A mass was observed above the petrous apex, with a small part protruding into the perimesencephalic cistern. The P2 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and oculomotor nerve were compressed and closely adhered to the mass. To avoid damage to blood vessels and nerves, the mass was not forcibly removed from the adhesion with PCA and the oculomotor nerve. The final diagnosis was made after surgery, based on a histopathological examination and PCR of the resected tumor. Grossly, the mass was slightly firm with white caseating contents. Histopathology of the mass showed epithelioid cell hyperplasia nodules without tumor cell proliferation. The center of the nodules showed caseous necrosis, surrounded by abundant lymphocyte infiltration and Langerhans giant cells, which suggested tuberculosis (Figure 2). MTB was found in the operative specimen by PCR, thus confirming the diagnosis of tuberculoma.

The “gold standard” for the diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma remains pathological diagnosis, relying primarily on stereotactic biopsy or surgery. Stereotactic biopsy was limited by the deep location of the lesion and the risk of neurovascular damage. Finally, the patient received surgery and was diagnosed with tuberculoma by the combination of histopathology and PCR. As the tuberculoma was tightly adhered to the P2 segment of PCA and oculomotor nerve, partial residual tuberculoma existed postoperatively; thus, the patient continued postoperative anti-tuberculosis treatment. The patient is now stable with partial relief of symptoms compared to before treatment.

Intracranial tuberculoma is a focal tuberculosis disease that develops from hematogenous dissemination from other parts of the body and disperses in the parenchyma, meninges or adjacent tissues, forming multiple small granulomatous lesions of different sizes. As tuberculosis develops, these foci continue to proliferate and aggregate, resulting in larger mature granulomatous lesions, or tuberculomas, with solid caseous necrosis in the center containing small amounts of MTB, surrounded by an envelope of epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and proliferating glial fibers[3]. Etiopathogenically, in the study of Rich and McCordock in 1933[4], the patient was infected by inhaling particles containing MTB. Many bacilli were killed but some survived, which were disseminated hematogenously to the central nervous system. Subsequently, mediated by complex cellular immunity, small lesions called "Rich foci" were formed in the suprasellar cistern. As these lesions did not rupture into the subarachnoid space, there was an absence of tuberculous meningitis.

Physical examination

The patient's vital signs were normal. Physical examination showed no remarkable findings of positive signs, including rales in both lungs, tenderness in the abdomen and palpable lymphadenopathy. Neurological examination showed right third cranial nerve palsy with restrictions of eye movements and ptosis, pupil dilation and negative light reflex. There were no meningeal signs. Muscle tone and tendon reflexes were normal. The patient was not found to have Marcus Gunn syndrome during the eye examination.

Laboratory examinations

Routine laboratory tests, including complete blood count, hepatic and renal function and electrolytes were all in the normal ranges. MTB and HIV serologies were negative.

Imaging examinations

The patient’s brain computed tomography (CT) scan showed a mixed density mass in the suprasellar cistern with poorly defined borders, and multiple patchy calcifications were observed within it, with intact adjacent bone structure (Figure 1). A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed that the lesion was approximately 1.6 cm × 2.2 cm × 1.5 cm, downward involving the prepontine cistern, with clear borders, and the lesion appeared isointense on T1-weighted images (T1WI) and hypointense to isointense on T2-weighted images (T2WI), with irregular ring-enhancement after injection of gadolinium (Figure 1). No abnormality was observed on a plain CT scan of the patient’s chest, therefore active pulmonary tuberculosis was not considered.

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Further diagnostic work-up

To determine the presence of MTB in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which suggested tuberculosis, the patient subsequently underwent lumbar puncture. The CSF was clear with normal pressure and negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for MTB.

FlNAL DlAGNOSlS

11. The door was not fastened, because the Bears were good Bears, who did nobody any harm, and never suspected that anybody would harm them: The Bears, through their innocence33, become the classic victims of a home intruder. Since they are good, they trust the world at large and neglect locking their door.Return to place in story.

TREATMENT

After surgery, the patient was advised to attend a specialist hospital to start anti-tuberculosis treatment. The patient received anti-tuberculosis treatment with rifampicin (225 mg QD), isoniazid (200 mg QD) and pyrazinamide (500 mg QD) for 3 mo.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient had no related personal and family history, and he denied any tuberculosis contact. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination was performed after birth.

DlSCUSSlON

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Intracranial tuberculoma is diagnosed mainly based on clinical and relevant imaging evidence. It often occurs in patients with signs of pulmonary tuberculosis infiltration or immunodeficiency[12]. However, immune function in our patient was normal, HIV was negative and his chest CT indicated no pulmonary tuberculosis infection. Therefore, the patient did not have a favorable condition for intracranial tuberculoma. In addition, the patient was negative for MTB, which may have been attributed to the fact that MTB entered the CSF circulation only when the tuberculoma envelope ruptured. As a result, the patient had no direct clinical evidence of tuberculosis infection.

Intracranial tuberculoma can be solitary or multiple, but most are isolated, and multiple lesions only account for 15%-34% of cases[5]. Tuberculomas can occur anywhere in the brain, with the frontoparietal lobe predominating supratentorially and the cerebellar hemispheres predominating subtentorially, commonly in the gray-white matter junctional area and around the ventricles, mainly because these areas have a rich blood supply and are the destination for hematogenous spread[6]. However, tuberculoma in the cistern alone is extremely rare, and we only found five published tuberculoma cases following a PubMed literature search. Three of these cases had multiple small tuberculomas mimicking aneurysms in the suprasellar cistern as reported by Gücüyener

[7], diffuse multiple tuberculomas in the suprasellar cistern and lateral fissure reported by Pinto

[8], and Fujii

[9] reported multiple old calcified nodular lesions within the suprasellar cistern. Two cases were solitary, as in our case, one had mediastinal tuberculosis with a right prepontine cistern tuberculoma reported by Agu

[10], while another was a suprasellar cistern tuberculoma involving the pituitary gland reported by Sundar

[11]. The clinical manifestations of intracranial tuberculoma mainly depend on its location, size and number. Most tuberculoma patients present with epilepsy, headache, and intracranial hypertension as the first symptoms, which may or may not be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats and wasting. In our case, only ocular symptoms were the main clinical manifestation, which is relatively rare and mainly due to compression of the right oculomotor nerve.

Tuberculoma may appear as iso- or mixed density on CT scan, and annular or irregular enhancement after contrast injection. A typical tuberculoma can show peripheral annular enhancement with calcification and a central hypodense zone, which is called the “target sign”[6]. The manifestation of tuberculoma on MRI depends largely on the presence of caseous necrosis. Non-caseating granulomas are hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI with uniform enhancement, while caseating granulomas are hypo- or isointense on T1WI and hypointense on T2WI with annular enhancement. A caseous granuloma has high iron and manganese content, resulting in hypointensity on T2WI[5]. The CT and MRI findings in the current patient were consistent with those of caseous granuloma. The brain MRI showed that the mass was adjacent to the right internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus, but the compression was not obvious. In addition, the radiation dose of CT angiography was high relative to the young age of the patient; therefore, CT angiography was not performed. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has adjunctive value in differentiating tuberculoma from other intracranial diseases, and typically shows elevated lipid and lactate peaks, more choline and less N-acetylaspartate and creatine[13]. Thus, the imaging findings in the patient were not specific and there were no clinically relevant indications of tuberculosis infection, so the diagnosis of tuberculoma was extremely difficult, which was also the reason for the initial diagnosis of tumor.

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CONCLUSlON

Intracranial tuberculoma is difficult to diagnose owing to the uncertainty and non-specificity of its clinical manifestations and imaging features. This case confirmed once again that an isolated intracranial tuberculoma can occur in the suprasellar cistern. Therefore, for space-occupying lesions in the suprasellar cistern, tuberculoma should be included in the differential diagnosis even if there is no history or indication of tuberculosis infection.

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FOOTNOTES

All authors provided intellectual contributions to this manuscript; Zhao BB drafted the manuscript, prepared the figures, conducted data acquisition and performed the background literature review; Fu LJ participated in the acquisition and interpretation of radiologic images; Zhang XB analyzed and confirmed the pathological results; Tian C reviewed and revised the manuscript and supervised the study; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Informed written consent was obtained from the patient’s parents for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

The authors have read the CARE Checklist (2016), and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist (2016).

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BYNC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is noncommercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

China

Bi-Bo Zhao 0000-0003-4692-2820; Chao Tian 0000-0003-1362-7630; Le-Jun Fu 0000-0003-0924-360X; Xue-Bin Zhang 0000-0003-0852-2551.

Fan JR

Webster JR

For the next half hour, I wandered through our home, collecting the precious bits of warmth and affection. On the bathroom mirror: I love you because you are beautiful. On my satchel14 of essays: I love you because you are a teacher. On the refrigerator: I love you because you are yummy. On the TV, on the bookcase, in the cupboards, on the front door: I love you because you are funny . . . you are smart . . . you are creative. you make me feel as if I can do anything . . . you are the mother of our son. Finally, on our bedroom door: I love you because you said yes.

Fan JR

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