◎供稿:高 潔
考點詳解
在復合句中修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句,定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。定語從句是中考必考考點之一,主要考查的是時態(tài)及賓語從句的語序,有時也會考查定語從句的引導詞。其中,關系代詞引導的定語從句最為常見,也是考試重點??疾榈闹饕问绞菃雾椞羁?、完形填空、短文填空和完成句子,閱讀理解和書面表達中也會考查到定語從句。因此,我們要熟練掌握定語從句的用法。
1.定語從句的關系詞
定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。引導定語從句的關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞,常見的關系代詞包括that、which、who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關系副詞包括where、when、why等。關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又是定語從句的重要成分。如:
2.定語從句的分類
根據定語從句與先行詞的關系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去;非限制性定語從句的主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明的作用,從句若省去,意思仍完整。
3.關系代詞的基本用法
作主語 作賓語 作定語指人 who/that who/whom/that/省略 whose指物 which/that which/that/省略
The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong.
會上發(fā)言的人來自香港。
The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital.
在建的這幢建筑將用作醫(yī)院。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world.
我拜訪了一位世界知名的科學家。
【典例】—I heard that Shao Yifu passed away.
—Yes, he is a great man ___________ donated billions of dollars to charity, schools and hospitals.
A. who B. whom C. which D. /
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——我聽說邵逸夫去世了?!堑?,他是一個偉大的人,捐贈了數十億美元給慈善機構、學校和醫(yī)院。這是一個定語從句,先行詞是人,故用who/whom引導,在從句中作主語時用who,故選A。
【注意】
1. 當關系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持主謂一致。
He is one of the boys who like playing basketball.
他是喜歡打籃球的男孩子之一。
He is the one of the boys who likes playing basketball.
他就是那個喜歡打籃球的男孩子。
2. 通常在以下七種情況下只能用that而不能用which。
(1)先行詞為all、much、something、everything、nothing、little、none、the one等代詞時。如:
That is all that I want to say.
那就是我想要說的。
(2)先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或先行詞本身是序數詞、基數詞、形容詞最高級時。如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一個通過考試的人。
This is the most wonderful film that I have seen.
這是我看過的最精彩的電影。
(3)以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重復,只能用that。如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
(4)先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last、little、few等詞修飾時。如:
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.
史密斯先生是他唯一認識的外國人。
(5)先行詞里同時含有人或物時。如:
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.
我們訪問過的老師和學校給我們留下了深刻的印象。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個房間見到的人和一些照片。
(6)先行詞在主句中作表語,或關系代詞在從句中作表語時。如:
It’s a book that will help you a lot.
這是一本對你很有幫助的書。
(7)主句是there be 結構,修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which。如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
3. 關系詞只能用which而不用that的情況。
(1)先行詞為that、those時。如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那個東西是什么?
(2)關系代詞前有介詞時。如:
This is the room in which he lives.
這是他居住的房間。
(3)引導非限制性定語從句時。如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
1.當先行詞為地點名詞時,如果關系詞在從句中作主語或賓語,則用that或which引導。
This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.
這是我爺爺在40年前建造的房子。(定語從句中缺少主語,所以要用
which/that,而不用where)
2. position、point、case、stage、situation、atmosphere等表示抽象地點的名詞充當先行詞時,若定語從句中缺少狀語,則用where來引導。
It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.
把孩子們放在一個能夠讓他們從不同角度看待自己的環(huán)境中對他們很有幫助。
3.關系副詞why指原因,代替先行詞并在定語從句中作原因狀語,其先行詞一般是reason。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our help?
這是他拒絕我們幫助的理由嗎?
【典例】We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ___________ the weather may be better.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我們將把公園的野餐推遲到下個星期,那時天氣可能會更好。這是一個定語從句,先行詞是next week,定語從句中缺少時間狀語,所以用關系副詞when引導,故選D。
4.當先行詞是時間名詞時,既可以用when引導定語從句,也可以用that或which引導定語從句,關鍵要看關系詞在從句中作何種成分。若關系詞在定語從句中充當狀語,用when引導;若關系詞在從句中充當主語或賓語,則用that或which引導。
Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?
你還記得我們整夜聊天的那些日子嗎?(when在從句中作狀語)
Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?
你還記得我們在農場一起度過的那些日子嗎?(that或which作spent的賓語)
1.限制性定語從句是不能去掉的,否則剩下的部分就失去意義而不能成立。非限制性定語從句則不然,它只對所修飾的詞做進一步說明,去掉之后并不影響整個句子的含義。在形式上,非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常必須有逗號隔開。
Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present.
最后我們參觀了長江三峽大壩,它是目前世界上最大的水利樞紐工程。2.引導非限制性定語從句的which可以指代前面的先行詞,也可以指代前面整個句子。
That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
彼特要娶愛麗斯這件事還沒宣布,卻已被傳得沸沸揚揚。
3.除which外,還可用when、where、who、whom等關系副詞或關系代詞引導非限制性定語從句。
After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
畢業(yè)后,我決定留在重慶,在那里我度過了我的童年和四年大學生活。
【注意】that不能引導非限制性定語從句。
4.在限制性定語從句中,如果先行詞作賓語時,引導詞可以省略;但引導非限制性定語從句的引導詞不能省,同時關系代詞whom不能用who替換。
練習
1. I shall never forget those days _______ I lived on the farm with the local farmers.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
2. There are many works of art in the museum _______ we will visit tomorrow.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
3. —The TV showSay Hello to Lifeis popular recently.
—Yes. It’s the only program _______ I watched this month.
A. that B. who C. what D. which
4. The attitude you put on life is the attitude you point to yourself. Remember: Attitude does make a difference in everything _______ you do.
A. which B. what C. that D. who
5. In 2020, Ho Hung-sun _______ died at the age of 98 this year. In 2003, he gave away the pig-head statue (雕像) of the Old Summer Palace to the mainland.
A. whom B. whose C. that D. /
6. —What are the girls doing over there?
—They are talking about the boy _______ short videos are very popular on Douyin.
A. whose B. who C. that D. /
7. He doesn’t like people in the company _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. which C. who D. that
8. I’m looking for a place _______ I can live.
A. which B. that with it C. where D. /