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A型肉毒毒素治療膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎疼痛的效果

2022-04-12 00:00:00趙蒙石奇琳付奕翎王琳李鐵山

[摘要]目的探討A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)治療膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(KOA)病人疼痛的效果及其可能的機制。方法本研究為單中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑平行對照研究,共納入79例病人,退出試驗9例,揭盲后試驗組和安慰劑組各35例,分別給予BTX-A 100 U和生理鹽水3 mL單次注射,兩組分別于治療前和注射后2、4、8周評估視覺模擬評分(VAS評分)、西大略湖和麥克馬斯特骨關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù)(WOMAC指數(shù))、40 m步行時間和膝關(guān)節(jié)及脛骨前肌壓痛閾值,并觀察有無不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果治療后,兩組病人組內(nèi)不同時間點VAS評分、WOMAC指數(shù)、40 m步行時間差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=19.24~265.99,Plt;0.01);兩組間相同時間點比較,BTX-A組病人VAS評分、WOMAC指數(shù)、40 m步行時間較安慰劑組有顯著改善,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=2.15~105.74,Plt;0.05)。治療后,兩組病人組內(nèi)不同時間點膝關(guān)節(jié)及脛骨前肌壓痛閾值均有改善,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=11.24~318.39,Plt;0.01);兩組間相同時間點比較,BTX-A組膝關(guān)節(jié)及脛骨前肌壓痛閾值較安慰劑組顯著改善,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=4.39~95.78,Plt;0.05)。研究過程中兩組病人均未出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)論BTX-A可能通過改善KOA病人的神經(jīng)敏化、提高壓痛閾,緩解疼痛和改善功能障礙。

[關(guān)鍵詞]關(guān)節(jié)痛;骨關(guān)節(jié)炎,膝;肉毒毒素類;中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)致敏

[中圖分類號]R684.3[文獻標志碼]A[文章編號]2096-5532(2022)02-0253-05

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.044[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標識碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220311.1335.013.html;2022-03-1414:41:47

CLINICAL EFFECT OF BOTULINUM TOXIN A IN TREATMENT OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS" ZHAO Meng, SHI Qilin, FU Yiling, WANG Lin, LI Tieshan (Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)

[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical effect and possible mechanism of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) in the treatment of pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). MethodsThis study was a single-center randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial. A total of 79 patients were enrolled, among whom 9 withdrew from the trial, and there were 35 patients in the trial group and 35 in the placebo group after unblinding. The patients in the trial group were given a single injection of BTX-A 100 U, and those in the placebo group were given a single injection of normal saline 3 mL. Before treatment and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection, the two groups were observed in terms of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC),40-meter walking time, and tenderness thresholds of peri-knee and anterior tibial muscles, and adverse reactions were also evaluated. ResultsAfter treatment, both groups had significant changes in VAS score, WOMAC index, and 40-meter walking time at different time points (F=19.24-265.99,Plt;0.01); compared with the placebo group, the BTX-A group had significant improvements in VAS score, WOMAC index, and 40-meter walking time at each time point (F=2.15-105.74,Plt;0.05). After treatment, both groups had significant improvements in the tenderness thresholds of knee joint and anterior tibial muscles (F=11.24-318.39,Plt;0.01); compared with the placebo group, the BTX-A group had significant improvements in the tenderness thresholds of knee joint and anterior tibial muscles at each time point (F=4.39-95.78,Plt;0.05). No adverse reactions were observed during the study. ConclusionBTX-A can alleviate pain and improve dysfunction in patients with KOA, possibly by improving nerve sensitization and tenderness threshold.

[KEY WORDS]arthralgia; osteoarthritis," knee; botulinum toxins; central nervous system sensitization

膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(KOA)是老年人最常見的關(guān)節(jié)疾病,臨床表現(xiàn)為關(guān)節(jié)腫痛及活動受限,嚴重者會造成關(guān)節(jié)畸形[1-3]。其中疼痛是KOA最突出的臨床表現(xiàn),同時也是病人選擇就診的最主要原因[4-6]。目前KOA尚無有效治愈方法,臨床中對于疼痛的控制成為重要的治療目標之一。臨床中常見的有效緩解KOA疼痛的治療措施包括物理療法、口服藥物、注射治療及關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)等[7-11],這些方法各有利弊[12-13],臨床中需探索更好的治療KOA病人疼痛的方法。臨床中治療KOA的最優(yōu)原則應(yīng)符合治療次數(shù)少、鎮(zhèn)痛時間長、經(jīng)濟負擔小、鎮(zhèn)痛效果強等。關(guān)節(jié)腔注射A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)因具有只需要單次注射且鎮(zhèn)痛時間長的優(yōu)點,逐漸成為一種潛在的治療KOA疼痛的方法。BTX-A是由革蘭陽性厭氧芽孢肉毒桿菌在生長繁殖過程中產(chǎn)生的一種細菌外毒素,能通過水解突觸前膜相關(guān)膜蛋白抑制周圍運動神經(jīng)末梢突觸前膜乙酰膽堿釋放,引起肌肉的松弛性麻痹,其臨床效果可持續(xù)3~9個月[14]。本研究通過隨機、雙盲、安慰劑、平行對照研究,探討B(tài)TX-A治療KOA疼痛的有效性及其可能機制。

1資料與方法

1.1研究對象

采用單中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑平行對照研究方法,選取2017年9月—2019年12月我院收治的KOA病人79例作為研究對象,退出試驗9例,揭盲后按照1∶1的比例將病人隨機分配到試驗組和安慰劑組中。納入標準:①符合美國風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會和歐洲抗風(fēng)濕聯(lián)盟制定的標準[15],滿足下列診斷標準中的A,同時滿足B、C、D、E中的任意2條,可診斷為KOA(A:近1個月內(nèi)反復(fù)膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛;B:X線平片(站立位或負重位)示影像學(xué)改變;C:年齡≥48歲;D:晨僵時間≤30 min;E:活動時有骨摩擦音(感));②經(jīng)保守治療效果不佳、注射治療意愿強烈的病人。排除標準:①病變關(guān)節(jié)合并感染、關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤或結(jié)核;②凝血功能異常;③存在嚴重心肺疾病及嚴重肝、腎功能不全;④合并認知障礙及精神障礙,不能配合治療及隨訪;⑤影像學(xué)K-L分級4級及膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)治療史。本研究通過了青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會審查,研究對象自愿接受治療并簽署知情同意書。

1.2超聲引導(dǎo)下注射BTX-A治療方法

采用柯尼卡SONIMAGE HS1彩色超聲系統(tǒng),高頻線陣探頭(8~12 MHz)引導(dǎo)注射。兩組均選擇病人一個膝關(guān)節(jié)作為分析樣本,優(yōu)先納入優(yōu)勢手一側(cè)的膝關(guān)節(jié),病人均取統(tǒng)一體位(平臥位,膝下墊枕使膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲30°)。常規(guī)消毒皮膚,超聲引導(dǎo)下采用平面內(nèi)進針,穿刺平面為髕上囊平面,膝關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)入路進針,超聲引導(dǎo)下注射BTX-A 100 U或安慰劑(均用3 mL生理鹽水稀釋);注射后休息30 min,觀察是否出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)。注射方案采用單次注射,觀察8周。所有病人均由同一位具備資質(zhì)、經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的康復(fù)科醫(yī)師進行注射。

1.3評價指標

兩組分別于治療前及注射后2、4、8周,進行以下指標評價:①疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS)[16];②西大略湖和麥克馬斯特骨關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù)[17](WOMAC指數(shù));③40 m步行時間;④壓痛閾值[18](PPT)測定;⑤不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。

1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理

應(yīng)用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行分析。符合正態(tài)分布計量資料采用±s表示,數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用雙因素重復(fù)測量方差分析;計數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組病人基本資料比較

兩組年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、BMI、病程、K-L分級等比較,差異均無顯著性(Pgt;0.05)。見表1。

2.2兩組治療前后VAS評分、WOMAC指數(shù)和40 m步行時間比較

兩組不同時間點VAS評分、WOMAC指數(shù)、40 m步行時間比較,差異有顯著性(F時間=24.26~333.04,F(xiàn)組別=5.30~30.27,F(xiàn)時間×組別=10.61~57.90,Plt;0.05)。組內(nèi)比較,兩組治療后2、4、8周VAS評分、WOMAC指數(shù)、40 m步行時間較治療前均有顯著改善,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=19.24~265.99,Plt;0.01);兩組治療后2、4、8周各指標兩兩比較,差異亦有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.01)。兩組間比較,治療前各指標差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);治療后BTX-A組病人3項指標較安慰劑組均有顯著改善,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=2.15~105.74,Plt;0.05)。提示隨訪期間病人的疼痛持續(xù)緩解,BTX-A組疼痛緩解程度優(yōu)于安慰劑組。見表2~4。

2.3兩組治療前后不同時間點膝關(guān)節(jié)及脛骨前肌壓痛閾值比較

兩組不同時間點膝關(guān)節(jié)及脛骨前肌壓痛閾值比較,差異有顯著意義(F時間=419.02、367.88,F(xiàn)組別=18.96、18.92,F(xiàn)時間×組別=192.00、176.42,Plt;0.01)。組內(nèi)比較,兩組治療后2、4、8周膝關(guān)節(jié)及脛骨前肌壓痛閾較治療前均有顯著改善,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=11.24~318.39,Plt;0.01);兩組治療后2、4、8周兩兩比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.01)。兩組間比較,治療前差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);治療后BTX-A組病人膝關(guān)節(jié)及脛骨前肌壓痛閾較安慰劑組有顯著改善,差異有顯著性(F=4.39~95.78,Plt;0.05)。提示隨訪期間BTX-A組病人壓痛閾持續(xù)改善且改善程度優(yōu)于安慰劑組。見表5、6。

2.5不良事件發(fā)生情況

所有KOA病人在注射及隨訪期間均未有不良事件發(fā)生。

3討論

KOA給中老年人的生活帶來了極大的負擔,而且隨著我國逐步步入老齡化社會,其患病率逐年遞增。因此,對KOA的診斷、治療及綜合管理提出了更高的要求[19-20]。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療后不同時間點BTX-A組病人VAS評分、WOMAC指數(shù)、40 m步行時間均較治療前顯著改善,且改善程度優(yōu)于安慰劑組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;提示關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BTX-A對KOA的疼痛治療有效,且療效優(yōu)于安慰劑組。這與國外的一些研究結(jié)果一致。近年來有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BTX-A對于關(guān)節(jié)疼痛具有良好的鎮(zhèn)痛作用[18-21]。NAJAFI等[22]給予24名女性KOA病人100 U BTX-A單次注射,4周后病人疼痛均有顯著改善,說明BTX-A是一種有效的治療KOA疼痛的方法。最近一項關(guān)于BTX-A治療KOA疼痛的Meta分析中,研究者篩選了8篇隨機對照試驗進行研究,得出如下結(jié)論:BTX-A治療KOA疼痛具有短期效果[23]。但是關(guān)于BTX-A治療KOA疼痛的研究仍有爭議。最近的一項研究中,研究者對121例KOA病人行關(guān)節(jié)腔BTX-A注射,結(jié)果顯示,傷害性痛亞組病人給予BTX-A較安慰劑臨床療效差異有顯著性,整個人群中療效差異則無顯著性,認為KOA的疼痛具有異質(zhì)性,BTX-A可能作用于某些特定的KOA疼痛機制,從而緩解病人疼痛[24]。

SIMPSON[25]對壓痛閾值測量顯示,受累關(guān)節(jié)的局部疼痛與外周敏感有關(guān),而在起病部位附近或遠離起病部位的疼痛與中樞敏感有關(guān)。FINGLETON等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(OA)病人不同解剖部位的壓痛閾值的平均值為1.81~5.22 kg/cm2,而健康對照組為3.40~11.20 kg/cm2,提示OA病人受累關(guān)節(jié)及遠離關(guān)節(jié)的部位存在壓痛閾值下降的表現(xiàn),受累關(guān)節(jié)壓痛閾降低提示外周敏化,遠離受累關(guān)節(jié)部位壓痛閾下降提示中樞敏化。本研究中膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛區(qū)域壓痛閾值的改變代表外周敏化的改變,脛骨前肌的壓痛閾的改變代表中樞敏化的改變。

越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外周和中樞神經(jīng)的敏化是導(dǎo)致KOA疼痛的機制[27-28],在KOA慢性、持續(xù)性疼痛中發(fā)揮了重要作用。相關(guān)研究認為BTX-A可能通過改善KOA的神經(jīng)敏化進而改善疼痛。BACH-ROJECKY等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在KOA相關(guān)大鼠模型中,BTX-A可以通過降低TRPV1受體的表達,減少P物質(zhì)和CGRP的釋放,降低外周敏化,顯著改善大鼠爪子的機械和熱敏感性,證實了BTX-A可以改善KOA外周敏化[29-35]。MATAK等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠外周或神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)注射肉毒素均可緩解甲醛誘導(dǎo)的面部疼痛,并在三叉神經(jīng)核發(fā)現(xiàn)了被BTX-A剪切的SNAP-25,證實了BTX-A可以通過軸突逆向運輸?shù)街袠猩窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)。另外,LEE等[37]研究顯示,鞘內(nèi)注射肉毒素可能抑制神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和(或)傷害性傳入神經(jīng)中樞終端釋放的神經(jīng)肽,減少中樞敏化,進一步證明BTX-A可以直接抑制中樞敏化。已有隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照研究結(jié)果顯示,BTX-A可以通過改善病人中樞敏化緩解慢性頭痛的皮膚異位性疼痛癥狀,證明BTX-A可以通過改善神經(jīng)敏化進而改善疼痛[38]。本研究結(jié)果與其一致。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,隨著治療后時間變化,BTX-A組病人疼痛閾值逐漸升高,疼痛持續(xù)緩解,且優(yōu)于安慰劑組。因此推測,BTX-A改善KOA疼痛的機制之一可能是通過抑制外周痛覺感受器參與痛覺的其他遞質(zhì)(如P物質(zhì)、降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽、谷氨酸等)的釋放,直接阻斷外周神經(jīng)敏化,間接阻斷中樞神經(jīng)敏化,減輕KOA病人疼痛;同時還可能通過軸突逆向運輸?shù)缴窠?jīng)中樞,減少神經(jīng)肽的釋放直接抑制中樞敏化,進而改善KOA病人的疼痛。

綜上所述,BTX-A可以作為治療KOA病人疼痛的一種方法,BTX-A改善KOA病人疼痛的機制之一可能是通過改善神經(jīng)敏化,提高壓痛閾值,從而緩解疼痛和改善功能障礙。但是本研究樣本量較小,只觀察了短期療效和安全性,沒有觀察長期療效;下一步研究還需和臨床常見的KOA治療方法進行比較;此外還需對病人進行亞群分析,探討B(tài)TX-A治療KOA的適宜人群。

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(本文編輯黃建鄉(xiāng))

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