楊新建 戴德 羅國慶
【摘要】 慢性炎癥在喉癌發(fā)病機制中起重要作用,尤其是CD4、CD8T細胞介導的腫瘤表面抗原提呈及病變細胞清除機制。腫瘤特異性CD4T細胞能產(chǎn)生多種趨化因子以增強CD8T細胞的聚集、增殖和效應功能,亦可部分逆轉(zhuǎn)免疫耐受,而CD4T細胞的Th17細胞和Treg細胞則介導多種腫瘤免疫抑制反應。多項研究表明,淋巴細胞數(shù)量相對減少與喉癌的不良預后和生存率相關(guān),而較高的CD8T細胞/Treg細胞比值通常與腫瘤良好的預后相關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 喉癌 免疫抑制 CD4T細胞 CD8T細胞 免疫抑制性T細胞
Potential Association with T Lymphocytes in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma/YANG Xinjian, DAI De, LUO Guoqing. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(05): -188
[Abstract] Chronic inflammation plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer, especially the mechanism of tumor surface antigen presentation mediated and the clearance of pathological cells by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Tumor-specific CD4 T cells can produce a variety of chemokines to enhance the aggregation, proliferation and effector function of CD8 T cells, and partially reverse immune tolerance, while Th17 cells and Treg cells of CD4 T cells mediate various tumor immunosuppressive responses. Several studies have shown that a relative decrease in lymphocyte count is associated with poor prognosis and survival in laryngeal cancer, while a higher CD8 T-cell/Treg ratio is generally associated with favorable tumor prognosis.
[Key words] Laryngeal cancer Immunosuppression CD4 T cells CD8 T cells Regulatory T cells
First-author’s address: Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.05.046
喉鱗狀細胞癌(laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma,LSCC)是頭頸部最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其5年生存率在局限性侵犯范圍患者約為75%,局部侵犯患者約為44%,遠處轉(zhuǎn)移患者約為35%[1]。國內(nèi)研究報道LSCC患者1、3、5年的生存率分別為96.29%、74.24%和42.14%[2]。在過去40年中,雖然LSCC總發(fā)病率在下降,但其5年生存率從66%下降到63%,這是少數(shù)幾個生存率下降的腫瘤疾病之一[3]。
喉癌的發(fā)病機制涉及多個危險因素。其中最重要的是吸煙與喝酒。吸煙與喉癌的發(fā)展呈線性關(guān)系,吸煙者患喉癌的風險是不吸煙者的10~15倍,最重度吸煙者患喉癌的風險高達30倍[4]。吸煙與喝酒引起的慢性炎癥在LSCC的發(fā)展中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。尤其是炎癥細胞中CD4、CD8T細胞介導的腫瘤表面抗原提呈與病變細胞清除作用,以及免疫抑制性T細胞(Treg)在腫瘤中由多種機制誘導的免疫抑制,以致無法識別及清除病變細胞。
腫瘤生長主要由CD4和CD8T細胞控制[5]。在腫瘤發(fā)展過程中,腫瘤相關(guān)免疫主要有三個階段,即消除、平衡和逃逸[6-8]。在細胞癌變轉(zhuǎn)化后,新生的腫瘤病變觸發(fā)免疫反應,機體免疫能特異性地清除這些病變,從而保護宿主免受癌癥的侵襲,這是指消除階段。然而,當免疫反應在平衡期時,則無法完全清除腫瘤細胞,但仍然可以阻止腫瘤持續(xù)生長,不完全清除腫瘤細胞的過程中促進了腫瘤細胞變異的產(chǎn)生,即免疫原性降低。Koebel等[9]在小鼠中證實了這一階段的存在,以及免疫系統(tǒng)維持隱匿性癌癥平衡狀態(tài)的能力,在這個免疫平衡狀態(tài)過程中,低免疫原性的腫瘤細胞最終發(fā)展為臨床表現(xiàn)的腫瘤。
1 CD8T細胞
CD8T細胞可分化為細胞毒性T細胞,對腫瘤細胞表現(xiàn)出細胞毒性。關(guān)于CD8T細胞向細胞毒性T細胞的分化具體機制如下,原代CD8T細胞通過T細胞受體(TCR)與抗原呈遞細胞(APC)上的肽-主要組織相容性復合體(MHC)相互作用,由共刺激信號和細胞外細胞因子的刺激下逐步活化。活化的CD8T細胞在依賴IL-2的機制下,最終分化為具有高度細胞毒性效應CD8T細胞[10-11]。
細胞毒性T細胞(CTL)通過其TCR識別腫瘤細胞上的抗原-MHC復合物,形成免疫突觸。CTL被激活后,CTL內(nèi)的顆粒進入免疫突觸,將其內(nèi)容物釋放進去。CTL內(nèi)的顆粒含有FAS配體、穿孔素和顆粒酶。CTL介導的細胞毒性對靶細胞有兩種不同的途徑。其中一條途徑是FAS配體與靶細胞上的FAS相互作用,通過激活caspase-8和caspase-3導致靶細胞凋亡。在另一種途徑中,穿孔素在靶細胞膜上打開通道,顆粒酶B通過通道進入細胞質(zhì),通過激活caspase-3導致靶細胞凋亡[12]。
2 CD4T細胞
CD8T細胞因為具有強大的細胞毒性,通常被視為對控制腫瘤生長至關(guān)重要的免疫細胞類型。相比之下,腫瘤特異性CD4T細胞則顯示出復雜的生物學特性,它們的作用遠遠超出了向CD8T細胞提供輔助信號的任務[13]。原代CD4T細胞能夠分化成多個效應子亞群,主要的輔助細胞亞型是Th1和Th2。Th1的分泌依賴于局部IL-12的分泌,而Th2細胞的產(chǎn)生依賴于IL-4和IL-12的缺乏。據(jù)報道,Th2細胞具有抗腫瘤作用[14]。移植的Th2細胞能夠根除小鼠皮下MHC Ⅱ類陰性骨髓瘤[15]。Th2細胞在體內(nèi)的持久性與長期免疫相關(guān)。然而,Th1細胞也被認為是癌癥免疫重要的輔助細胞類型,通過分泌激活腫瘤細胞表面死亡受體的細胞因子和誘導表位的擴散來參與腫瘤細胞的殺傷[16]。
3 CD4與CD8T細胞的相互作用
IFN-γ是一種由活化的CD4和CD8T細胞釋放的細胞因子。Kammertoens等[17]揭示了IFN-γ對腫瘤微環(huán)境(TME)的影響,并確定了腫瘤間質(zhì)中的腫瘤抑制效應。IFN-γ可誘導腫瘤血管系統(tǒng)退化,并且IFN-γ來源的T細胞也可以促進腫瘤緩解。在惡性間皮瘤模型中,當CD4和CD8T淋巴細胞共同轉(zhuǎn)移時,顯示出顯著增強的T細胞反應和腫瘤免疫反應,然而,僅轉(zhuǎn)移CD8T細胞則不足以誘導腫瘤的緩解[18]。Church等[19]證明了腫瘤特異性CD4T細胞有助于維持腫瘤誘導CD8T細胞免疫功能的作用??偟膩碚f,腫瘤特異性CD4T細胞通過產(chǎn)生趨化因子和IL-2,增強CD8T細胞的聚集、增殖和效應功能[20]。
CD4和CD8T細胞反應通過降低CD8T細胞表面的腫瘤免疫識別閾值而增強對腫瘤抗原的免疫應答,這些抗原在沒有CD4T細胞的情況下是不會觸發(fā)腫瘤緩解的。Surman等[21]研究表明,轉(zhuǎn)移Th1極化的CD4T細胞可誘導腫瘤特異性CD8T細胞反應和腫瘤緩解。在小鼠模型中,通過轉(zhuǎn)移TCR修飾的CD4T細胞,可以克服CD8T細胞對自身抗原MDM-2的耐受[22]。在具有弱免疫原性腫瘤的研究中,可以觀察到已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為耐受性CD8+T細胞,在CD4T細胞的輔助下,可部分逆轉(zhuǎn)免疫耐受[23]。
與Th1和Th2不同的另一個輔助細胞是Th17譜系,是由TGF-β和IL-6誘導激活[24]。Muranski等[25]研究報告表明,通過依賴IFN-γ的腫瘤特異性Th17可清除黑色素瘤。與Th17細胞相比,Th1極化細胞能夠分泌更高水平的IFN-γ,但研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)Th17細胞在介導晚期黑色素瘤的清除方面更具優(yōu)勢。事實上,Th17細胞在體外刺激時,除了分泌IL-17和TNF-α外,也會分泌IFN-γ[26]。Voo等[27]證明IL-17的表達并不局限于Th17細胞,抑制性Treg可同時表達轉(zhuǎn)錄因子RORγt(Th17)和Foxp3。此外,有證據(jù)表明,在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,Th17細胞有可能轉(zhuǎn)化為免疫抑制調(diào)節(jié)性T細胞[28]。
4 Treg細胞
根據(jù)免疫抑制調(diào)節(jié)性T細胞(Tregs)的生物學特性,可分為兩組:自然調(diào)節(jié)性T細胞(自然發(fā)生的Tregs,nTregs)和誘導性T細胞(誘導性Tregs,iTregs)。兩種類型的Treg均能普遍表達Foxp3[29]。nTreg在胸腺中自然發(fā)育,其抑制作用是通過細胞間接觸實現(xiàn)的。其主要功能是維持正常的免疫耐受和控制炎癥反應[30],iTregs來源于腫瘤微環(huán)境信號誘導的外周血中未成熟的T細胞[31]。
Tregs主要通過以下5種機制抑制免疫:(1)Tregs分泌IL-10、TGF-β、IL-35等抑制性細胞因子,通過IL-10等依賴途徑抑制免疫功能[32]。(2)Tregs通過分泌顆粒酶和穿孔素殺死效應細胞,穿孔素是介導CTL、NK等細胞毒性的主要分子[33]。(3)Treg通過以下三種方式干擾細胞代謝影響效應細胞功能:①消耗TME中的IL-2,效應細胞的增殖需要維持IL-2水平。Tregs與效應T細胞競爭并消耗大量IL-2,從而抑制效應T細胞的生長[34]。②Treg通過產(chǎn)生胞外酶CD39和CD73促進TME中腺苷的產(chǎn)生,腺苷是一種已知的抑制分子,并通過不同的腺苷受體(A、A、A和A)傳遞抑制信號[35]。③Treg通過縫隙連接將大量cAMP轉(zhuǎn)移到效應T細胞,以干擾其代謝[33]。(4)調(diào)節(jié)因子的分化和增殖,從而抑制NKT細胞的細胞毒性功能[36]。(5)MDSC和Treg產(chǎn)生的因子形成正反饋回路,以促進每個抑制種群的擴增并加強抑制環(huán)境[37]。
5 小結(jié)
正如從文獻中看到的,CD4T細胞介導的抗腫瘤免疫或促進腫瘤生長的免疫調(diào)節(jié),往往取決于腫瘤微環(huán)境和患者自身的免疫狀態(tài)。CD4T細胞能夠與多種類型免疫細胞和其他非造血細胞進行相互作用而調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤免疫。然而,惡性疾病通過大量的適應性,克服了宿主的多種腫瘤抑制機制。癌癥是一種不斷進化的疾病,逃避免疫系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測是腫瘤發(fā)展的重要環(huán)節(jié)。在癌癥晚期,當腫瘤被確診時,CD4和CD8T細胞的反應通常是無效的[38]。
CD8T細胞對腫瘤的浸潤大多被認為有利于患者的生存,CD8T細胞/Treg的比值被認為是不同類型癌癥的重要預后因素。較高的CD8+T細胞/Treg比值通常與腫瘤良好的預后相關(guān)[39]。宿主對腫瘤的免疫反應是淋巴細胞依賴性的。一些臨床研究已經(jīng)確定,淋巴細胞相對減少與LSCC的不良預后和生存率相關(guān)。中性粒細胞-淋巴細胞比例(NLR)升高的患者通常有相對的淋巴細胞減少,這可能反映了CD4T輔助細胞和細胞毒性CD8+細胞介導的腫瘤的免疫功能的減弱[40]。雖然已有眾多的回顧性研究分析表明LSCC患者術(shù)前NLR、MLR及PLR與患者的良好預后明顯相關(guān)[41-42],但還需要更多的前瞻性隨機研究來驗證淋巴細胞與LSCC的關(guān)系,甚至可以細分為CD4T輔助細胞、細胞毒性CD8T細胞和免疫抑制性T細胞在LSCC患者腫瘤的不同發(fā)展時期的數(shù)量變化,也有必要進行相關(guān)的基礎實驗來驗證其潛在的病理生理機制。
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(收稿日期:2022-01-07) (本文編輯:張爽)