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論巖漿熱液礦床的成礦期
——以南嶺地區(qū)燕山期鎢礦為例

2022-03-28 02:27汪相樓法生南京大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院南京210023江西省地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究院南昌330030
地質(zhì)論評 2022年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:白云母南嶺鎢礦

汪相,樓法生南京大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,南京,210023;江西省地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究院,南昌,330030

內(nèi)容提要: 中國巖漿熱液型鎢礦主要賦存在南嶺地區(qū)的燕山期花崗巖體內(nèi)部或周圍。目前,尚無法精準(zhǔn)地測定此類鎢礦的成礦年齡,統(tǒng)計(jì)上,得出了兩期鎢成礦作用:150~160 Ma(主成礦期)和130~140 Ma(次成礦期),然而,這困擾了對南嶺鎢礦成礦作用及其與花崗巖關(guān)系的理解。筆者等將綜合分析各種最新資料,對成礦母巖、深部巖漿房和成礦機(jī)制開展系統(tǒng)的討論,從而針對南嶺鎢礦的成礦模式給出明確的判斷:① 燕山早期呈巖基、巖株?duì)畹暮谠颇付L花崗巖不是南嶺鎢礦的成礦母巖,150~160 Ma的年齡值不是鎢成礦作用的年齡值;② 燕山晚期呈巖株、巖瘤、巖脈狀的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖是潛在的鎢源載體,但其體積太小,也無法滿足成礦母巖要求;③ 當(dāng)組合燕山早期主體花崗巖(黑云母二長花崗巖)、燕山晚期補(bǔ)體花崗巖(二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖)和燕山晚期鎢礦三者為一體時(shí),一種新穎的成礦模式被構(gòu)建起來:一個(gè)長期存活的深部巖漿房可以分異出富含成礦物質(zhì)的殘余巖漿;當(dāng)這種巖漿沿著張性斷裂快速侵位時(shí),將發(fā)生流體—熔體之間的溶離作用,堿性硅質(zhì)流體形成含黑鎢礦的石英脈,而強(qiáng)硅鋁質(zhì)熔體固結(jié)為二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖;④ 130~140 Ma的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖與黑鎢礦石英脈是一對同源分體,兩者的同步出現(xiàn)充分展示了成礦物質(zhì)“源—運(yùn)—儲(chǔ)”的完整過程。該認(rèn)識(shí)不僅可以合理地解釋與巖漿熱液礦床有關(guān)的多種地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象(如“小巖體成大礦”),而且更新了巖漿熱液成礦作用理論,更加重要的是為找礦勘探提供了確切的指導(dǎo)方向。

花崗巖漿的結(jié)晶分異作用導(dǎo)致親花崗巖的金屬元素(如:W、Sn、Be、Li、Mo、Nb、Ta等)從巖漿中伴隨著氣水溶液分泌出來(即成礦過程三部曲“源—運(yùn)—儲(chǔ)”之“源”),并在“運(yùn)與儲(chǔ)”的有利條件下,形成這些金屬元素的巖漿熱液礦床(翟裕生等,2011)。南嶺地區(qū)出露了巨量的燕山期花崗巖(中國科學(xué)院地球化學(xué)研究所,1979),其內(nèi)部(或外接觸帶)賦存了大量的巖漿熱液型鎢礦,因此,花崗巖與鎢礦之間被認(rèn)為有著直接的成因聯(lián)系(地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)部南嶺項(xiàng)目花崗巖專題組,1989)。

同一次造山運(yùn)動(dòng)可以形成兩期花崗巖:同造山花崗巖和造山后花崗巖(李獻(xiàn)華等,1997;肖慶輝等,2002)。在南嶺地區(qū),燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的同造山花崗巖發(fā)生在燕山早期,而造山后花崗巖發(fā)生在燕山晚期(李獻(xiàn)華等,1997;毛建仁等,1997;鄧平等,2002)。所謂“燕山早期”和“燕山晚期”,筆者等綜合構(gòu)造學(xué)和巖石學(xué)資料后認(rèn)為,南嶺地區(qū)燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)的擠壓作用始于~165 Ma(董樹文等,2007),構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場轉(zhuǎn)變(從擠壓向伸展)發(fā)生在~140 Ma(李獻(xiàn)華等,1997),伸展作用終于~130 Ma(許以明等,2011)。因此,南嶺地區(qū)的燕山早期介于~165 Ma與~140 Ma之間,而燕山晚期介于~140 Ma與~130 Ma之間。相對于南嶺燕山期花崗巖的侵入時(shí)間范圍,南嶺地區(qū)與花崗巖有關(guān)的鎢礦的形成年齡卻有著難以置信的跨度,其中最大成礦年齡為175.8±4.1 Ma(湖南宜章瑤崗仙鎢礦; 王登紅等,2009),最小成礦年齡為113.2±2.0 Ma(廣西鐘山長營嶺鎢錫礦; 李華芹等,1993)。尤其費(fèi)解的是,在單個(gè)鎢礦體內(nèi)也可測到差別極大的成礦年齡,如:江西大余西華山鎢礦“有三期成礦作用,分別為155 Ma、146 Ma和137 Ma”(李曉峰等,2008),江西崇義天門山鎢礦的“成礦時(shí)代跨度為133~156 Ma”(曾載淋等,2009),等等。這些離散的成礦年齡很難與成礦花崗巖的定位年齡精準(zhǔn)地對接起來,以致于至今無法確定一個(gè)真實(shí)的大規(guī)模成礦作用時(shí)間。造成這種困境的主要原因,可以歸結(jié)為目前的成礦年齡測定方法的精準(zhǔn)度較差,如:全巖或礦物Rb-Sr法和Sm-Nd法、長石或云母K-Ar法和Ar-Ar法、硫化物Re-Os法、礦石礦物(錫石、黑鎢礦、Nb—Ta氧化物)U-Pb法等,每種方法都有各自的弱點(diǎn)(如:同位素體系的低封閉溫度、所測同位素豐度偏低、離散的同位素初始值、易受后期熱液作用的擾動(dòng)等),這是目前礦床學(xué)成因研究中最大的瓶頸之一(楊岳衡等,2021)。

在上述情況下,許多作者對南嶺地區(qū)鎢成礦作用的年齡數(shù)據(jù)開展統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,從而獲得兩個(gè)成礦年齡峰值:一個(gè)在150~160 Ma之間,屬于燕山早期(毛景文等,2007;付建明等,2007;程順波等,2014);另一個(gè)在130~140 Ma之間,屬于燕山晚期(毛景文等,2004;付建明等,2013;程順波等,2014)。由于150~160 Ma成礦年齡的數(shù)據(jù)量遠(yuǎn)多于130~140 Ma成礦年齡的數(shù)據(jù)量,故兩者分別被稱為南嶺鎢礦的“主成礦期”和“次成礦期”(付建明等,2013;程順波等,2014)。然而,根據(jù)礦床學(xué)理論,“在一個(gè)成礦區(qū)域中,礦化往往集中地發(fā)生在某個(gè)地質(zhì)時(shí)期內(nèi)(本文按:成礦期)”(翟裕生等,2011360),而“成礦期是指在一個(gè)具有相同成巖成礦動(dòng)力學(xué)背景和物理化學(xué)條件的較長地質(zhì)作用中,形成礦床的成礦作用過程”(翟裕生等,201120)。基于同一次造山運(yùn)動(dòng)不可逆的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)演變(由擠壓轉(zhuǎn)為伸展,據(jù)Osmundsen and Andersen,1994),筆者等認(rèn)為,南嶺地區(qū)的燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)不可能造成兩期規(guī)模性的鎢成礦作用。換言之,上述兩期處于不同構(gòu)造背景下的成礦年齡,只有一期是正確的,另一期則是誤解的。

筆者等將利用近年來獲得的各種研究成果,從成礦母巖、深部巖漿房與成礦機(jī)制三個(gè)方面,分別展開探討性的評述,以確定南嶺地區(qū)僅有一期鎢成礦作用,從而推導(dǎo)出一個(gè)新型的區(qū)域性成礦模式。

1 成礦母巖

根據(jù)《礦床學(xué)》教科書的定義,以石英脈型和云英巖型為主要礦床類型的南嶺鎢礦在成因上屬于“內(nèi)生高溫巖漿熱液礦床”,“這類礦床的形成作用發(fā)生在巖漿結(jié)晶作用的末期和期后”,即“由巖漿分泌出來的含礦氣水溶液,在侵入體內(nèi)及其附近圍巖中,以交代和充填的成礦方式,將有用物質(zhì)聚集起來而形成的”(翟裕生等,2011136)。顯然,對應(yīng)于150~160 Ma成礦年齡的南嶺鎢礦,其成礦母巖必然是150~160 Ma成巖年齡的南嶺花崗巖。

眾所周知,在150~160 Ma南嶺地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了最大規(guī)模的花崗巖漿活動(dòng),構(gòu)成了許多燕山早期花崗巖基,如:金雞嶺、龍?jiān)磯?、姑婆山、佛岡、大東山、武平等花崗巖基(中國科學(xué)院貴陽地球化學(xué)研究所,1979;南京大學(xué)地質(zhì)系,1981;李獻(xiàn)華等,2007)。它們屬于鈣堿性準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)—弱過鋁質(zhì)花崗巖,在巖相學(xué)分類上它們主要為黑云母二長花崗巖,少量為花崗閃長巖(地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)部南嶺項(xiàng)目花崗巖專題組,1989)。它們的巖石化學(xué)特征反映出它們的母巖漿是未分異—低分異的,表現(xiàn)為:① 它們的主量元素以低SiO2(平均值為70.51%)和高FeOT+MgO+CaO(平均值為5.88%)為特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);② 它們的微量元素以貧不相容元素(Be、Bi、Li、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sn、Ta、U、Y、W、Y)和富相容元素(Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Hf、Ni、Sr、Th、V、Zn、Zr)為特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);③ 它們的球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土配分模式為輕度Eu負(fù)異常的“右傾型”(圖1a)。尤其是,它們的母巖漿在定位后的冷凝結(jié)晶過程中幾乎未顯示出任何程度的分離結(jié)晶作用,故這些花崗巖:① 幾乎不含揮發(fā)分礦物(如:電氣石、螢石、黃玉、方解石等)和礦石礦物(如:黑鎢礦、錫石、Nb—Ta氧化物、黃銅礦、晶質(zhì)鈾礦等);② 幾乎不具有文象結(jié)構(gòu)和晶洞構(gòu)造;③ 在其巖體中從未見高熔點(diǎn)礦物(如:Fe—Ti氧化物、暗色礦物、鈣質(zhì)斜長石、鋯石、磷灰石等)下沉、聚集而造成水平狀的巖性分層。按照巖漿熱液礦床的成礦模式(翟裕生等,2011),這種未分異—低分異的花崗巖不具備成為南嶺鎢礦成礦母巖的必要條件——曾經(jīng)歷過高度的分離結(jié)晶作用。理論上,如按瑞利分離結(jié)晶模型計(jì)算(Hulsbosch et al.,2014),W豐度為5.9×10-6的南嶺地區(qū)黑云母二長花崗巖(中國科學(xué)院貴陽地球化學(xué)研究所,1979)不可能通過低限度的分離結(jié)晶作用分異出萬噸級以上的大型鎢礦;事實(shí)上,在許多巨型花崗巖基(如:龍?jiān)磯巍⒎饘然◢弾r基)的內(nèi)部(或外接觸帶)甚至未出現(xiàn)過鎢礦化點(diǎn)(除非巖基內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)燕山晚期的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖,詳細(xì)解釋見下)。因此,這種未分異—低分異的黑云母二長花崗巖不可以被認(rèn)作為南嶺鎢礦的鎢源載體。

圖1 南嶺地區(qū)燕山早期黑云母二長花崗巖(a)和燕山晚期二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(b)的球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土配分型式。數(shù)據(jù)來源:Wang Xiang 等(2016);球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)據(jù)取自Taylor and McLennan(1985)Fig. 1 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of early Yanshanian biotite monzogranites (a) and late Yanshanian two-mica/muscovite alkali-feldspar granites (b) in the Nanling Ranges. Data are from Wang Xiang et al. (2016). Chondrite REE values are from Taylor and McLennan (1985)

然而,在具體的礦區(qū)范圍內(nèi),黑云母二長花崗巖與鎢礦之間卻有著極其緊密的空間關(guān)系,表現(xiàn)為許多鎢礦脈確實(shí)賦存在黑云母二長花崗巖體內(nèi)部(或外接觸帶)(陳依壤,1981;朱焱齡等,1981;葉際祎等,2000;盧友月等,2019)。一個(gè)最典型的實(shí)例是湖南宜章縣瑤崗仙鎢礦,礦脈基本上賦存在黑云母二長花崗巖內(nèi)部,部分礦脈可以向外延伸到泥盆系圍巖中(圖2a)。從剖面上看,部分主脈群從上往下收斂歸并成一條礦脈,可在黑云母二長花崗巖體內(nèi)“延深達(dá)數(shù)百米,甚至達(dá)千余米”(陳依壤,1981)。這種鎢礦脈“向下至巖體內(nèi)逐漸尖滅”的現(xiàn)象常見于南嶺地區(qū)許多鎢礦中,如:江西崇義縣淘錫坑鎢礦(陳鄭輝等,2006)、江西全南縣大吉山鎢礦(夏衛(wèi)華,1985)、江西于都縣鐵山垅鎢礦(夏衛(wèi)華,1985)和盤古山鎢礦(葉際祎等,2000)、江西大余縣西華山鎢礦(周玉振等,2010)、廣西賀州市爛頭山鎢礦(蔡明海等,2012)。據(jù)此,上述作者把黑云母二長花崗巖認(rèn)作為鎢礦的成礦母巖。然而,這些礦脈的產(chǎn)狀(圖2b)無疑地說明,含礦熱液是以充填的方式注入到在早已固結(jié)的黑云母二長花崗巖中產(chǎn)生的裂隙內(nèi)的,即:黑云母二長花崗巖與鎢礦脈并不是同時(shí)形成的。顯然,這種現(xiàn)象有悖于巖漿熱液礦床的產(chǎn)出方式:“當(dāng)溶液分出后,未經(jīng)長距離的搬運(yùn),即在酸性巖體的頂部或其上覆圍巖中沉淀成礦”(翟裕生等,2011138)。換言之,盡管礦脈賦存在黑云母二長花崗巖中,但是兩者之間并沒有“源”的成因關(guān)系,故從野外觀察到的客觀現(xiàn)象也可以判別,燕山早期黑云母二長花崗巖不可能是鎢礦的成礦母巖。

圖2 湖南宜章縣瑤崗仙鎢礦的地質(zhì)圖(a)與礦區(qū)內(nèi)燕山早期黑云母二長花崗巖與燕山晚期鎢礦脈接觸關(guān)系的照片(b)(據(jù)Wang Xiang and Ren Minghua,2018修改)Fig. 2 Geological map of the Yaogangxian tungsten deposit, Yizhang, Hunan Province (a) and contact relationship between the early Yanshanian biotite monzogranite and the late Yanshanian tungsten-ore vein in this deposit (b) (modified from Wang Xiang and Ren Minghua, 2018)

相反,許多作者發(fā)現(xiàn),南嶺鎢礦的成礦母巖屬于“燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)晚階段”的花崗巖(李華芹等,2006;陳鄭輝等,2006;豐成友等,2007;付建明等,2007;蔡明海等,2012;祝新友等,2012;馬星華等,2016);而更多的作者確定,南嶺鎢礦的成礦母巖形成于“燕山晚期”(中國科學(xué)院地球化學(xué)研究所,1979;南京大學(xué)地質(zhì)系,1981;夏宏遠(yuǎn)和梁書藝,1987;地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)部南嶺項(xiàng)目花崗巖專題組,1989;蔡錦輝等,2004;羅漢民等,2006;劉國慶等,2008;周玉振等,2010;程順波等,2014;廖靜等,2018;楊明桂和王光輝,2020)。大量的野外現(xiàn)象與年齡數(shù)據(jù)(表1)充分說明,南嶺鎢礦的成礦大爆發(fā)應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在燕山晚期,即130~140 Ma之間。

“燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)晚階段”或“燕山晚期”的花崗巖基本上是呈巖株、巖瘤、巖脈狀侵入的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(中國科學(xué)院地球化學(xué)研究所,1979;南京大學(xué)地質(zhì)系,1981;地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)部南嶺項(xiàng)目花崗巖專題組,1989;祝新友等,2012;Wang Xiang et al.,2017;楊明桂和王光輝,2020),它們是南嶺鎢礦潛在的成礦母巖,因?yàn)樗鼈兙邆淙缦掠欣臈l件:

(1)本文的統(tǒng)計(jì)工作顯示,南嶺地區(qū)二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖定位于130~140 Ma之間(表1),與上述130~140 Ma“次成礦期”的成礦年齡完全吻合。舉一個(gè)很有代表性的實(shí)例,來確鑿地說明兩者的同時(shí)性。江西大余縣西華山鎢礦是贛南“四大鎢礦”之一,礦區(qū)的花崗巖可分作四個(gè)階段:161~180 Ma、150~160 Ma、148 Ma和最后的花崗斑巖(未測年)(翟裕生等,2011138)。根據(jù)鎢礦脈切穿了第三階段花崗巖體(翟裕生等,2011138),可以說明成礦作用晚于148 Ma,應(yīng)該與第四階段的花崗斑巖有成因關(guān)系。后來的測年分析證實(shí),西華山花崗斑巖的成巖年齡為136.0~140.0 Ma(表1),而西華山鎢礦的成礦年齡為130.3~139.8 Ma(表1),兩者基本上吻合。最新的一個(gè)實(shí)例來自湖南茶陵縣鄧阜仙鎢礦的研究,Xiong Yiqu 等(2020)利用錫石U-Pb法測定白云母堿長花崗巖和鎢礦脈的形成年齡分別為138.0 Ma和136.8 Ma,兩者也基本一致。早在20世紀(jì),赫英(1991)在總結(jié)南嶺鎢礦研究工作后就指出,“細(xì)?;◢弾r(本文按:即細(xì)粒二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖)的形成年齡約為135~139 Ma,與礦脈的年齡互有交叉”。

(2)除了上述文獻(xiàn)提到的鎢礦與“燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)晚階段”或“燕山晚期”二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖在空間上的伴生關(guān)系,本文還可以明確下列特征性的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象:①石英脈型或云英巖型鎢礦石總是出現(xiàn)在二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖體的正上方(赫英,1991;蔡錦輝等,2004;陳鄭輝等,2006;郭偉革等,2010;蔡明海等,2012;Xiong Yiqu et al.,2020),正如許多文章中的礦區(qū)剖面圖所示(圖4)。②在柿竹園、瑤崗仙、鄧阜仙、黃沙、西華山、蕩坪和大龍山等鎢礦床中,許多作者都觀察到從上往下由黑鎢礦—石英脈到偉晶巖脈或細(xì)晶巖脈再到二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖脈,三者呈連續(xù)過渡的漸變關(guān)系(梅勇文,1985;陳依壤,1988;赫英,1991)。赫英(1990)曾指出,“細(xì)粒花崗巖(本文按:即細(xì)粒二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖)代表分離出揮發(fā)分溶液(本文按:即成礦熱液)以后的殘留部分”。③有時(shí),黑鎢礦呈浸染狀分布在二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖中(赫英,1991;張文蘭等,2006;郭偉革等,2010),甚至呈黑鎢礦—毒砂—云母—長石—石英組合的囊狀體封閉在二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖中(梅勇文,1985;陳依壤,1988;常海亮等,2007;張文蘭等,2009),導(dǎo)致花崗巖本身構(gòu)成鎢礦石。值得強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,上述第②種和第③種現(xiàn)象從未出現(xiàn)在與鎢礦伴生的燕山早期黑云母二長花崗巖中。

(3)根據(jù)“巖漿熱液礦床的形成作用發(fā)生在巖漿結(jié)晶作用的末期和期后”(翟裕生等,2011136),它們的成礦母巖必然經(jīng)歷過高度的分離結(jié)晶作用。南嶺地區(qū)的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(其斜長石牌號小于An10; 祝新友等,2012;Wang Xiang et al.,2017)的巖石化學(xué)特征反映出它們的母巖漿是高度分異的,表現(xiàn)為:①它們的主量元素以高SiO2(平均值為75.86%)和低FeOT+MgO+CaO(平均值為1.52%)為特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);②它們的微量元素以富不相容元素(Be、Bi、Li、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sn、Ta、U、W、Y)和貧相容元素(Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Hf、Ni、Sr、Th、V、Zn、Zr)為特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);③它們的球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土配分模式為高度Eu負(fù)異常的“海鷗型”(圖1b)。同時(shí),這些花崗巖富含揮發(fā)分礦物(如:螢石、電氣石、黃玉、白云母、鐵鋰云母、方解石等)和礦石礦物(如:黑鎢礦、錫石、Nb—Ta氧化物、黃銅礦、磷釔礦、晶質(zhì)鈾礦等)(Wang Xiang et al.,2017),局部可聚集成直徑為幾十厘米左右的囊狀體(梅勇文,1985;陳依壤,1988;常海亮等,2007;張文蘭等,2009)。它們常具有文象結(jié)構(gòu)和雪球結(jié)構(gòu)(章錦統(tǒng)和夏衛(wèi)華,1988)、晶洞構(gòu)造和流動(dòng)構(gòu)造(常海亮等,2007)。上述特征說明它們的母巖漿高度富集揮發(fā)分和金屬元素,是成礦熱液的潛在供體。

(4)由于鋯石具有高度的抗蝕性和耐磨性,可以長期地保存它結(jié)晶時(shí)的原生信息,因此它已成為最佳的地球化學(xué)分析樣品。通過測量鋯石的n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)和n(176Lu)/n(177Hf)比值與結(jié)晶年齡,可以計(jì)算出n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)初始比值,來判斷鋯石結(jié)晶介質(zhì)的起源特征(汪相等,2003)。最新發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù)表明,南嶺地區(qū)四個(gè)脈型鎢礦(蕩坪、鐵山垅、淘錫坑和瑤崗仙鎢礦)的白云母堿長花崗巖和礦脈中的鋯石具有相同的n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)初始比值,證明了白云母堿長花崗巖與脈型鎢礦之間存在親緣性(Wang Xiang et al.,2017)。在許多南嶺鎢礦區(qū),晚期侵入的花崗巖與礦石中的硫化物具有完全相同的δ34S值(梅勇文,1985),或兩者中的石英具有完全相同的δ18O值(常海亮等,2007),說明它們是同源的。大量的礦石鉛、硫、氫、氧同位素研究結(jié)果表明,南嶺鎢礦的成礦物質(zhì)(熱液)直接來自高分異的花崗巖(陳依壤,1988;郭偉革等,2010)。

然而,在南嶺地區(qū)那些成礦的燕山晚期二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖的出露面積通常小于1 km2(章錦統(tǒng)和夏衛(wèi)華,1988;祝新友等,2012),它們的平均W含量為243.3×10-6(中國科學(xué)院貴陽地球化學(xué)研究所,1979)。通過質(zhì)量平衡計(jì)算不難證明,如此小體積的富鎢花崗巖也是不可能分異出萬噸級以上的大型鎢礦的。因此,也不能稱它們?yōu)槌傻V母巖,即:成礦物質(zhì)(鎢、助溶劑、流體)不可能從這些小體積巖漿的“巖漿結(jié)晶作用的末期和期后”(翟裕生等,2011136)分離出來的。事實(shí)上,南嶺地區(qū)燕山晚期二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖的基質(zhì)都是細(xì)?;蛭⒘=Y(jié)構(gòu)(圖3),說明它們的母巖漿是快速定位和結(jié)晶的,即:它們沒有充分的時(shí)間“將有用物質(zhì)聚集起來”(翟裕生等,2011136)。那么,南嶺鎢礦有無成礦母巖呢? 筆者等認(rèn)為,南嶺地區(qū)的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖與鎢礦是一對同源分體,兩者皆來自深部巖漿房的殘余巖漿。

圖3 燕山晚期二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖中斑晶礦物的熔蝕結(jié)構(gòu)的正交偏光顯微照片:(a)(湖南茶陵縣)鄧阜仙細(xì)粒白云母堿長花崗巖中的斑晶白云母(Ms);(b)(江西大余縣)漂塘花崗斑巖中的斑晶鉀長石(Kf);(c)(江西于都縣)鐵山垅細(xì)粒白云母堿長花崗巖中的斑晶鈉長石(Ab);(d)(湖南宜章縣)瑤崗仙細(xì)粒白云母堿長花崗巖中的斑晶石英(Qz)Fig. 3 Photomicrographs (crossed polars) of resorption texture of phenocryst minerals in the late Yanshanian two-mica/muscovite alkali-feldspar granite:(a) phenocryst muscovite (Ms) in the Dengfuxian fine-grained muscovite alkali-feldspar granite (Chaling, Hunan Province);(b) phenocryst potassic feldspar (Kf) in the Piaotang granite porphyry (Dayu, Jiangxi Province);(c) phenocryst of albite (Ab) in the Tieshanlong fine-grained muscovite alkali-feldspar granite (Yudu, Jiangxi Province);(d) phenocryst quartz (Qz) in the Yaopgangxian fine-grained muscovite alkali-feldspar granite (Yizhang, Hunan Province)

2 深部巖漿房

在南嶺地區(qū),(燕山早期)150~160 Ma的黑云母二長花崗巖普遍被認(rèn)為是殼源S型花崗巖(地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)部南嶺項(xiàng)目花崗巖專題組,1989;翟裕生等,1999;鄧平等,2002;蔣國豪等,2004)。殼源S型花崗巖形成于同造山的擠壓構(gòu)造背景(李獻(xiàn)華等,1997;Yenes et al.,1999),即:在地殼加厚過程中地殼深部發(fā)生部分熔融作用,形成黑云母二長花崗巖漿房(Yenes et al.,1999);當(dāng)該巖漿房受到進(jìn)一步擠壓時(shí),黑云母二長花崗巖漿沿著逆沖斷層,主動(dòng)侵位到地殼上部(Castro and Fernandez,1998;Yenes et al.,1999),形成黑云母二長花崗巖(巖基或巖株)(圖4)。構(gòu)造學(xué)研究顯示,華南地塊在中—晚侏羅世受到伊澤奈崎板塊的俯沖—擠壓,造成了燕山早期殼源S型花崗巖漿的形成和定位(毛建仁等,1997;翟裕生等,1999;鄧平等,2002),因此,南嶺地區(qū)燕山早期的黑云母二長花崗巖屬于同造山花崗巖(Yenes et al.,1999;Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。

圖4 (燕山早期)主體花崗巖、(燕山晚期)補(bǔ)體花崗巖和(燕山晚期)鎢(錫)礦脈的地質(zhì)剖面圖。(a)含礦的芙蓉復(fù)式花崗巖體(據(jù)蔡錦輝等,2004修改);(b)含礦的瑤崗仙復(fù)式花崗巖體(據(jù)郭偉革等,2010修改)Fig. 4 Geologicalsection drawings of (early Yanshanian) main intrusive granite, (late Yanshanian) subsequent intrusive granite and (late Yanshanian) tungsten (tin)-ore veins. (a) Furong ore-bearing granitic complex (modified from Cai Jinhui et al., 2004&);(b) Yaogangxian ore-bearing granitic complex (modified from Guo Weige et al., 2010&)

同樣在南嶺地區(qū),燕山晚期出現(xiàn)了大量的堿長花崗巖(地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)部南嶺項(xiàng)目花崗巖專題組,1989;Wang Xiang et al.,2017),這些花崗巖的基質(zhì)部分呈現(xiàn)為細(xì)?;蛭⒘=Y(jié)構(gòu),因此在野外常被稱為“(斑狀)細(xì)?;◢弾r”(梅勇文,1985;赫英,1991;李華芹等,1993;常海亮等,2007;郭偉革等,2010;肖榮等,2011;蔡明海等,2012;祝新友等,2012;武國忠等,2014;丘增旺等,2017)或“花崗斑巖”(華仁民,2005;陳毓川等,2006;李華芹等,2006;邱檢生等,2006;李光來等,2011;丘增旺等,2017)?;◢彴邘r與細(xì)?;◢弾r之間有過渡關(guān)系,花崗斑巖實(shí)際上就是細(xì)?;◢弾r(赫英,1991)。這種細(xì)?;蛭⒘=Y(jié)構(gòu)是由于花崗巖漿沿著張性構(gòu)造快速定位導(dǎo)致溫壓驟降(及流體出溶)條件下形成的(Wang Xiang et al.,2017),故這些細(xì)?;◢?斑)巖呈現(xiàn)為被動(dòng)侵位的構(gòu)造屬性(Castro and Fernandez,1998)。目前,國內(nèi)地質(zhì)界普遍認(rèn)為,在~140 Ma華南構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場從擠壓向伸展轉(zhuǎn)變(李獻(xiàn)華等,1997;劉義茂等,2003)。因此,南嶺地區(qū)燕山晚期的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖可被稱為造山后花崗巖(柏道遠(yuǎn)等,2005;Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。

作為“成礦母巖”的細(xì)粒斑狀二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖普遍具有兩個(gè)基本特征:① 它們的斑晶顯示出熔蝕邊界(圖3);② 它們與圍巖呈侵入接觸關(guān)系(圖4)。這些特征說明,它們的母巖漿來自深部巖漿房,并快速上升定位和冷凝結(jié)晶形成花崗巖(Müller et al.,2005)。這一點(diǎn)暗示了,這類花崗巖漿的高分異演化作用發(fā)生在深部巖漿房中。那么,它們的初始花崗巖漿是什么?需要多長時(shí)間才能完成高度的巖漿分異作用?

至此,筆者等可以指出,燕山晚期的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖與燕山早期的黑云母二長花崗巖來自同一個(gè)深部巖漿房,證據(jù)如下:

(1)燕山晚期的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖普遍以補(bǔ)體花崗巖的形式,侵入在主體花崗巖(即燕山早期黑云母二長花崗巖)之中或周圍(圖4),構(gòu)成南嶺地區(qū)大量存在的燕山期復(fù)式花崗巖體(表2)。這種空間上的耦合關(guān)系表明,兩者的巖漿房應(yīng)該處于同一垂線上。

(2)主體與補(bǔ)體花崗巖的侵入作用都受到相同的北東向(北北東向到北東東向的變化范圍內(nèi))斷裂的控制(李中蘭和梅勇文,1999),說明兩種巖漿是經(jīng)過相同的通道上升定位的。

(3)礦物學(xué)和巖石化學(xué)研究顯示,這兩種花崗巖之間具有明顯的演化關(guān)系,即兩者被認(rèn)為是同一巖漿在不同演化階段的產(chǎn)物(陳依壤,1988;喻良桂,2007;郭偉革等,2010;朱金初等,2011),甚至部分作者認(rèn)為二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖漿是通過分離結(jié)晶作用由黑云母二長花崗巖漿直接分異出來的(赫英,1991;李中蘭和梅勇文,1999;葉際祎等,2000)。

(4)Wang Xiang 等(2021)揭示,南嶺地區(qū)二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖的熱液鋯石中包裹的殘留鋯石具有巖漿結(jié)晶鋯石的標(biāo)志性特征:① 發(fā)育{211} 錐面;② 強(qiáng)CL亮度;③ 中等含量的Hf與很低含量的U+Th+Y,完全相同于黑云母二長花崗巖中的巖漿鋯石。事實(shí)上,它們的結(jié)晶年齡介于154.9±1.2 Ma和156.1±1.5 Ma之間(Wang Xiang et al.,2021),也與南嶺地區(qū)黑云母二長花崗巖中巖漿鋯石的結(jié)晶年齡(155±5 Ma,據(jù)華仁民,2005;李獻(xiàn)華等,2007)完全一致。因此,二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖漿侵位時(shí)捕獲黑云母二長花崗巖的巖漿鋯石的存在,說明兩者經(jīng)過了相同的通道。

(5)最直接的證據(jù)是,二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖中鋯石的熱液增生邊(結(jié)晶于該花崗巖漿定位時(shí))與殘留鋯石(結(jié)晶于黑云母二長花崗巖漿定位時(shí))具有相同的n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)初始比值(Wang Xiang et al.,2021),說明兩者是同源的。事實(shí)上,南嶺地區(qū)的黑云母二長花崗巖與二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖具有相同的n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)初始比值和δ18O值,也說明兩者來自同一巖漿源區(qū)(沈渭洲等,1994;蔣國豪等,2004)。

筆者等認(rèn)為,南嶺地區(qū)的黑云母二長花崗巖(主體花崗巖)與二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(補(bǔ)體花崗巖)代表來自同一巖漿房中的兩次花崗巖漿侵入作用,第一次為~155.0 Ma的同造山花崗巖(Wang Xiang et al.,2021),第二次為~133.4 Ma的造山后花崗巖(Wang Xiang et al.,2017),兩者共同演繹了一次構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)(即燕山運(yùn)動(dòng))的兩個(gè)重要的時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn):擠壓作用高潮和伸展作用高潮。相似的實(shí)例也見于世界各地,如:① 在Quérigut復(fù)式花崗巖體內(nèi)(比利牛斯山,法國)二長花崗巖(主體花崗巖)的定位年齡為303~312 Ma,而中心的淺色花崗巖(補(bǔ)體花崗巖)的定位年齡為270~280 Ma(Auréjac et al.,2004);② 在David Lake復(fù)式花崗巖體內(nèi)(新斯科舍省,加拿大)二長花崗巖(主體花崗巖)的定位年齡為366 Ma,而周圍的淺色花崗巖(補(bǔ)體花崗巖)的定位年齡為344 Ma(Kontak and Chatterjee,1992);③ 在Guilleries復(fù)式花崗巖體(北東伊比利亞半島,西班牙)中補(bǔ)體淺色花崗巖(定位年齡為305.3~299.0 Ma)比主體閃長巖(定位年齡為323.6 Ma)晚20 Ma左右定位(Martínez et al.,2008)。正像南嶺地區(qū)兩類花崗巖具有相同的同位素特征(見上述),在Budduso復(fù)式花崗巖體(撒丁島,意大利)中,黑云母二長花崗巖(主體花崗巖)與淺色花崗巖(補(bǔ)體花崗巖)有著完全相同的n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)初始比值和εNd(t)值,說明兩者也是同源的(Barbey et al.,2008)。這暗示了一個(gè)非常奇特的構(gòu)造—巖石學(xué)現(xiàn)象:地殼深部的花崗巖漿房可以存活20 Ma以上! 有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為,巖漿房可以存活1.4 Ma以下的時(shí)間(Morgan and Blake,2006);但是,Coleman 等(2004)通過一系列同源巖漿侵入體的鋯石年齡確定,巖漿房最大的存活時(shí)間可以達(dá)到10 Ma左右。最近,Wang Xiang 等(2021)通過熱力學(xué)計(jì)算獲得,當(dāng)?shù)貧ぶ?0 km深處的巖漿房(萬天豐等,2008)的體積大于475 km3時(shí)(本文按:佛岡巖體的出露面積>6000 km2; 據(jù)李獻(xiàn)華等,2007),從初始巖漿溫度(950°C,Hall,1996)下降到固相線溫度(600°C,London et al.,1989)需要20 Ma以上。因此,如果說黑云母二長花崗巖代表巖漿房中部分初始巖漿侵位后的結(jié)晶產(chǎn)物,那么二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖則代表巖漿房中大量的初始巖漿經(jīng)過20 Ma 以上的分離結(jié)晶作用后的殘余巖漿侵位后的結(jié)晶產(chǎn)物。

3 成礦機(jī)制

在中侏羅世,伊澤奈崎板塊開始向歐亞板塊俯沖,至晚侏羅世它的俯沖速度達(dá)到最大值(Maruyama et al.,1997),造成華南地塊處于最大擠壓應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。具體地說,在~155 Ma,地殼深部的部分熔融作用產(chǎn)生花崗巖漿房,部分花崗巖漿沿著逆沖斷層主動(dòng)侵位形成南嶺地區(qū)大規(guī)模的同造山黑云母二長花崗巖巖基、巖株(中國科學(xué)院貴陽地球化學(xué)研究所,1979;毛建仁等,1997;翟裕生等,1999;鄧平等,2002;Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。至~140 Ma,由于伊澤奈崎板塊俯沖方向的改變(Maruyama et al.,1997),華南構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場從擠壓向伸展轉(zhuǎn)變(李獻(xiàn)華等,1997;劉義茂等,2003),原來北東向(北北東向到北東東向的變化范圍內(nèi))的壓扭斷裂轉(zhuǎn)為張扭斷裂(李中蘭和梅勇文,1999)。至~133 Ma,伸展作用達(dá)到高潮(Li Jianhui et al.,2013),深部巖漿房中的殘余巖漿沿著相同的通道被動(dòng)侵入,形成細(xì)粒二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(或花崗斑巖)(Wang Xiang et al.,2017)。

然而,在二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖定位之前,深部巖漿房經(jīng)歷了20 Ma以上的分離結(jié)晶作用,即:初始的黑云母二長花崗巖漿中持續(xù)不斷地晶出高熔點(diǎn)礦物(Fe—Ti氧化物、鋯石、磷灰石等副礦物,輝石、角閃石、黑云母等暗色礦物和鈣質(zhì)較高的斜長石)。這些高熔點(diǎn)礦物具有兩個(gè)基本特征:① 幾乎不含揮發(fā)分(H2O、F、B、Cl、CO2等);② 比重大于花崗巖漿。因此,這些高熔點(diǎn)礦物趨于下沉和聚集在巖漿房底部,從而導(dǎo)致巖漿房上部的殘余巖漿中高度富集親石元素(Si、Al、Na、K)、不相容微量元素(Be、Bi、Li、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sn、Ta、U、W、Y)和揮發(fā)分(H2O、F、B、Cl、CO2等)。在深部巖漿房較大的靜巖壓力條件下,殘余巖漿中越來越富集的揮發(fā)分(作為絡(luò)陰離子)和堿性元素(作為電價(jià)平衡陽離子)與鎢發(fā)生絡(luò)合作用,形成易溶于流體的堿—鎢絡(luò)合物(如:[WO3F]-、[WO2F4]2-、[WO3(OH)]-等; 據(jù)Wood and Samson,2000),或者堿—鎢酸絡(luò)合物(如:[WO4]2-、[H(WO4)]-、[H10(WO4)6]2-等,據(jù)Wood and Samson,2000),使得鎢高度地富集在含流體的殘余巖漿中(Bailey,1977)。這種由分離結(jié)晶作用導(dǎo)致的殘余花崗巖漿富集成礦物質(zhì)的演化已經(jīng)被許多實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果所證實(shí)(Clarke et al.,2010)。許多作者已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),“成礦物質(zhì)來自在巖漿房中充分分異后的巖漿巖”(蔡錦輝等,2004;祝新友等,2012),但是他們都沒有意識(shí)到:一個(gè)萬噸級鎢礦的成礦物質(zhì)(鎢、助溶劑、流體)需要在深部巖漿房中經(jīng)歷20 Ma以上的分離結(jié)晶作用才可富集起來。本文的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是對于巖漿熱液鎢礦形成過程中鎢富集機(jī)制作出的最新穎的也是最合理的解釋。

當(dāng)殘余巖漿沿著張性斷裂快速定位到某一高度時(shí),由于壓力的急劇下降(包括溫度的急劇下降),殘余巖漿中的流體的溶解度急劇下降,導(dǎo)致流體—熔體之間發(fā)生溶離作用(fluid—melt immiscibility),殘余巖漿驟然分解為兩部分:堿性硅質(zhì)流體和強(qiáng)硅鋁質(zhì)熔體(Veksler,2004)。由于前者有很低的密度和黏度,它率先到達(dá)張性體系的上端,形成含黑鎢礦的石英脈;而后者充填張性體系的余下空間,固結(jié)為二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(圖4)。

至此,我們就能容易地理解伴隨著與高分異花崗巖漿有關(guān)的鎢成礦過程及其地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象:

(1)成礦過程包括金屬元素的“源—運(yùn)—儲(chǔ)”三部曲(翟裕生等,1999)。其實(shí),它漏掉了最關(guān)鍵的一個(gè)階段:一個(gè)金屬元素在地殼中的豐度為10-6數(shù)量級,它如何借助于花崗巖漿作用富集成萬噸級的礦床?Wang Xiang 等(2021)的研究揭示,在燕山早期出現(xiàn)的巖漿房中,巨量的黑云母二長花崗巖漿經(jīng)歷了20 Ma以上的分離結(jié)晶作用,才可產(chǎn)生極度富集成礦物質(zhì)(鎢、助溶劑、流體)的殘余巖漿,從而在張性環(huán)境中上升、定位而發(fā)生成巖—成礦作用。根據(jù)礦床學(xué)分類,南嶺鎢礦屬于“巖漿期后熱液礦床”(陳依壤,1988;池云星,2005;翟裕生等,2011),因?yàn)椤盁嵋毫黧w完全形成于冷卻的巖漿體內(nèi)”(肖慶輝等,2002257)。然而,侵入到上地殼的花崗巖漿,在較快的冷凝過程中“不可能結(jié)晶分離和演化”(張旗,2012),故所謂的“巖漿期后熱液礦床”因巖漿冷凝結(jié)晶階段(本文注:巖漿溫度越低,巖漿黏度越大)缺乏重力對流(比重大的高熔點(diǎn)礦物下沉而比重輕的氣液組分上浮)而無法產(chǎn)生富集成礦物質(zhì)的熱液(詳見本文第2節(jié)第2段),故“巖漿期后熱液礦床”應(yīng)該是不成立的。在此,筆者等提出的溶離作用機(jī)制揭示了南嶺鎢礦之“源”的內(nèi)涵。

(2)在20世紀(jì)60年代冶金部地質(zhì)局的姚培慧總工程師就指出:“70%的礦與小巖體有關(guān)”(張旗,2013)。后來,“小巖體成大礦”這一經(jīng)驗(yàn)性認(rèn)識(shí)得到普遍的認(rèn)可(赫英,1991;許以明等,2011;祝新友等,2012)。所謂“小巖體”,就是指呈巖株、巖瘤、巖脈狀產(chǎn)出的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(經(jīng)常呈補(bǔ)體花崗巖產(chǎn)于主體花崗巖之中或周圍),在南嶺地區(qū)它們的出露面積通常小于1 km2(章錦統(tǒng)和夏衛(wèi)華,1988;祝新友等,2012)。經(jīng)過20 Ma以上的分離結(jié)晶作用產(chǎn)生的殘余巖漿,雖然體積很小但攜帶了巨量的成礦物質(zhì)(鎢、助溶劑、流體),在其上升定位過程中發(fā)生了熔體與流體之間的溶離作用,溶離后的熔體和流體分別形成二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖和脈型鎢礦(本文注:礦脈的體積遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于巖體的體積,見圖4)。因此,所謂的“小巖體成大礦” 暗含了“成礦母巖”與“礦床子體”之間在成因關(guān)系上的誤解,正確的理解應(yīng)該為:由殘余巖漿一分為二的“小巖體”與“大礦”屬于時(shí)空上緊密共生在一起的兩個(gè)同源分體。在此,本文提出的殘余巖漿被動(dòng)侵位方式解釋了南嶺鎢礦之“運(yùn)”的本質(zhì)。

(3)無論南嶺鎢礦表現(xiàn)為何種礦床類型(如:石英脈型、花崗巖型、偉晶巖型、云英巖型、矽卡巖型、破碎帶型,據(jù)盛繼福等,2015),它們都是從上升定位的殘余巖漿中溶離出來成礦熱液冷凝結(jié)晶形成的。所以,礦床類型的不同僅僅反映了形成環(huán)境的不同:①石英脈型:成礦熱液向上進(jìn)入張性裂隙后,冷凝而成含黑鎢礦石英脈,如湖南宜章縣瑤崗仙鎢礦;②花崗巖型:成礦熱液彌散在燕山早期的二長花崗巖中發(fā)生礦化,花崗巖即為礦體,如福建清流縣行洛坑鎢礦;③偉晶巖型:成礦熱液聚集在二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖上方的張性空間,冷凝結(jié)晶成偉晶巖,偉晶巖即礦體,如江西崇義縣茅坪鎢礦;④云英巖型:成礦熱液對頂部花崗巖交代同時(shí)形成云英巖和黑鎢礦,云英巖即為礦體,如江西崇義縣牛角窩鎢礦;⑤矽卡巖型:成礦熱液進(jìn)入碳酸鹽巖,發(fā)生矽卡巖化交代作用,同時(shí)白鎢礦沉淀下來,矽卡巖即為礦體,如湖南郴州市柿竹園鎢礦;⑥隱爆角礫巖型:殘余巖漿快速向上侵位時(shí),由于溫壓驟降導(dǎo)致溶離出來的氣體急劇膨脹而引起爆炸,通道周圍的巖石被炸成棱角狀碎塊,成礦熱液充填在角礫的空隙中形成礦石,如江西大余縣八仙腦鎢礦。在此,本文提出的伸展環(huán)境中成礦熱液的終端行為演繹了南嶺鎢礦之“儲(chǔ)”的形式。

(4)所有的南嶺鎢礦都或多或少地富集其它共生金屬元素(Sn、Bi、Mo、U、Nb、Ta等),構(gòu)成鎢—多金屬礦床,如:千里山W—Sn礦、師姑山W—Bi礦、黃沙坪W—Mo礦、石人嶂W—U礦、大吉山W—Nb—Ta礦。這些共生金屬元素?zé)o一例外都是花崗巖漿分離結(jié)晶作用過程中的不相容元素,從而在一定溫壓條件下與某些揮發(fā)分發(fā)生絡(luò)合作用(如:B與Sn、S與Mo、CO3與U、F與Nb—Ta等),造成鎢—多金屬共同富集在殘余花崗巖漿中,后者上升定位后形成鎢—多金屬礦床。宏觀地說,在燕山晚期(130~140 Ma)南嶺地區(qū)爆發(fā)了一次大規(guī)模的與燕山晚期花崗巖有關(guān)的多金屬(W、Sn、Bi、Mo、U、Nb、Ta等)成礦作用(表1)。

(5)華仁民(2005)認(rèn)為,“花崗巖是地殼物質(zhì)部分熔融—侵位的產(chǎn)物,而礦床則是在一定的構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)條件下由于熱和流體的作用使巖石中分散的金屬元素遷移—集中的產(chǎn)物,因此,可以產(chǎn)生較大的‘成巖—成礦時(shí)差’”,其數(shù)值可以為:10 Ma(西華山鎢礦; 據(jù)華仁民,2005)、>10 Ma(大吉山鎢礦; 據(jù)華仁民,2005)、13 Ma(西華山鎢礦; 據(jù)劉家齊等,2002)、10~20 Ma(芙蓉錫礦和柿竹園多金屬礦; 據(jù)華仁民,2005)、20 Ma(芙蓉錫礦; 據(jù)蔣少涌等,2006。塘唇鎢礦; 據(jù)盧友月等,2019)、>20 Ma(爛頭山錫礦; 據(jù)華仁民,2005)。對照表2中的花崗巖和礦床的形成年齡,筆者等認(rèn)為,如果把(燕山早期的)黑云母二長花崗巖(主體花崗巖)當(dāng)作“成礦母巖”(見第1節(jié)內(nèi)的參考文獻(xiàn))就會(huì)產(chǎn)生“成巖—成礦時(shí)差”(本文注:成礦年齡測定方法的精度問題導(dǎo)致了上述大小不等的“成巖—成礦時(shí)差”,但是,它們的最大值正好接近于表2中燕山早期主體花崗巖與燕山晚期鎢礦形成年齡的差值);相反,如果把(燕山晚期的)二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖(補(bǔ)體花崗巖)當(dāng)作“成礦母巖”(見第1節(jié)內(nèi)的參考文獻(xiàn)),就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生“成巖—成礦時(shí)差”,正如馬星華等(2016)提到的,“部分學(xué)者開始注意到補(bǔ)體花崗巖的侵位往往比主體花崗巖晚十幾至二十個(gè)Ma, 成礦與補(bǔ)體花崗巖侵位年齡接近”。

(6)因?yàn)槌傻V熱液來自巖漿房中的殘余花崗巖漿,而后者又來自150~160 Ma形成的巖漿房中的黑云母二長花崗巖漿,所以,成礦物質(zhì)很可能繼承了初始的黑云母二長花崗巖漿中的同位素成分,導(dǎo)致許多成礦年齡顯現(xiàn)為150~160 Ma。另外,許多鎢礦產(chǎn)出在150~160 Ma的黑云母二長花崗巖中,它們的同位素成分也不同程度地受到該花崗巖的同化混染。一個(gè)有力的證據(jù)是,鎢礦脈中的熱液鋯石常常包裹了155 Ma黑云母二長花崗巖中的巖漿鋯石(Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。在此,筆者等舉一個(gè)很有代表性的實(shí)例,來說明150~160 Ma成礦年齡產(chǎn)生的可能原因。張文蘭等(2009)利用(礦石)輝鉬礦Re-Os法測定(江西)木梓園鎢鉬礦的成礦年齡,獲得三組不同的年齡:150.5~155.0 Ma、142.0~147.0 Ma、132.0±6.3 Ma。盡管該文的結(jié)論是,“可能反應(yīng)了木梓園鎢鉬礦存在著三個(gè)成礦階段”(張文蘭等,2009),但是,根據(jù)木梓園礦區(qū)“三位一體”(即:黑云母二長花崗巖—白云母堿長花崗巖—鎢鉬礦)的地質(zhì)情況(張文蘭等,2009),筆者等合理地推測:150.5~155.0 Ma代表黑云母二長花崗巖漿產(chǎn)生或/和定位的年齡、142.0~147.0 Ma代表兩期巖漿活動(dòng)的混合(混染)年齡、132.0±6.3 Ma代表真正的成礦年齡(即二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖的結(jié)晶年齡)。完全相同的情況也出現(xiàn)在西華山鎢礦和天門山鎢礦,前者有155 Ma、146 Ma和137 Ma“三期成礦作用”(李曉峰等,2008),后者具有133~156 Ma的“成礦年齡”(曾載淋等,2009)。還有更多的作者發(fā)現(xiàn)南嶺鎢礦具有與上述情況近似的“二期成礦作用年齡”,如:柿竹園鎢錫礦的153.4±0.2 Ma和134.0±1.6 Ma成礦年齡(毛景文等,2004)、茅坪鎢礦的152.5±1.3 Ma和130.1±1.2 Ma成礦年齡(Legros et al.,2020),等等。筆者等認(rèn)可150~160 Ma“成礦年齡”的大量存在,這必然是有原因的(如上述),但未必真是成礦作用的年齡(如前述)。關(guān)鍵在于,能否對這個(gè)“主成礦期”給出一個(gè)自洽性的解釋?即:能否建立一個(gè)與這個(gè)“主成礦期”匹配的包含“源—運(yùn)—儲(chǔ)”成礦過程的成礦模式(即使針對其中的某一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié))?

盡管大量的150~160 Ma成礦年齡被認(rèn)為是南嶺鎢礦的“主成礦期”(毛景文等,2007;付建明等,2007;程順波等,2014),但是基于南嶺地區(qū)構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場轉(zhuǎn)變(從擠壓向伸展)發(fā)生在~140 Ma(李獻(xiàn)華等,1997),筆者等認(rèn)為,南嶺鎢礦的“次成礦期”(即130~140 Ma,據(jù)付建明等,2013;程順波等,2014)代表真正的成礦時(shí)代。鄧晉福等(1999)認(rèn)為,“最宏偉的成礦流體系統(tǒng)應(yīng)來自一個(gè)地區(qū)巖漿活動(dòng)旋回的晚期和末期,深部巖漿房接近全部固結(jié)的時(shí)候”。而Mitcheoo and Garson(1981)、Fogliata 等(2012)、Wang Xiang 等(2017, 2021)認(rèn)為, 鎢錫成礦作用僅與造山后花崗巖有關(guān), 因?yàn)閷?dǎo)致造山后花崗巖侵位的張性斷裂也為成礦物質(zhì)的“運(yùn)與儲(chǔ)”提供了最有利的空間條件(Groves and Bierlein,2007;Basto Neto et al.,2009)。

4 結(jié)論

根據(jù)南嶺地區(qū)的燕山期花崗巖產(chǎn)狀和巖性特征及其與構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)系,筆者等認(rèn)為,燕山早期黑云母二長花崗巖和燕山晚期二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖來自同一巖漿房,這意味著它們的巖漿房經(jīng)歷了20 Ma以上的分離結(jié)晶作用,從而在巖漿房上端分異出富含成礦物質(zhì)的殘余花崗巖漿。在燕山晚期,南嶺地區(qū)的伸展作用達(dá)到高潮,該殘余花崗巖漿沿著張性斷裂快速侵位而發(fā)生了流體—熔體之間的溶離作用,其流體部分形成含黑鎢礦的石英脈,而其熔體部分固結(jié)為二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖。因此,130~140 Ma的二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖與鎢礦是一對同源分體,兩者的同步出現(xiàn)展示了(成礦物質(zhì))“源—運(yùn)—儲(chǔ)”完整的成礦過程。

本文提出的,廣泛出現(xiàn)于南嶺地區(qū)的燕山早期主體花崗巖(黑云母二長花崗巖)—燕山晚期補(bǔ)體花崗巖(二云母/白云母堿長花崗巖)—燕山晚期鎢礦“三位一體”的成礦模式,不僅可以合理地解釋與巖漿熱液礦床有關(guān)的許多地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象(如:“小巖體成大礦”),而且更新了巖漿熱液成礦作用理論(本文的假說具有更好的“源—運(yùn)—儲(chǔ)”成礦過程的自洽性),故在今后的(深部)找礦勘探中將顯現(xiàn)出不可估量的指導(dǎo)意義。

致謝:在成文過程中,審稿專家和章雨旭研究員提供了寶貴的意見;南京大學(xué)陸建軍教授對修改稿作了大量的潤色工作;本課題的前期工作得到南京大學(xué)陳潔、黃品赟和王耀研究生的有力幫助,在此一并表示衷心的感謝!謹(jǐn)以此文獻(xiàn)給南京大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院和中國地質(zhì)學(xué)會(huì)100華誕。

注 釋/Notes

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