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蘋果樹栽植機幼苗夾持裝置改進與試驗

2021-12-28 11:48林悅香尚書旗連政國王明成張敬國
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報 2021年19期
關(guān)鍵詞:開溝株距合格率

林悅香,尚書旗,連政國,王明成,張敬國

·農(nóng)業(yè)裝備工程與機械化·

蘋果樹栽植機幼苗夾持裝置改進與試驗

林悅香1,尚書旗1※,連政國1,王明成2,張敬國3

(1. 青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)機電工程學(xué)院,青島 266109;2. 東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)工程學(xué)院,哈爾濱 150030;3. 濰坊市高密中等專業(yè)學(xué)校,濰坊 261501)

為了解決現(xiàn)行矮砧密植栽培模式下蘋果樹幼苗栽植過程所存在的人工栽植效率低、樹苗直立度不理想、夾持皮帶滑移導(dǎo)致株距變異系數(shù)高等問題,該研究以農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合技術(shù)為指導(dǎo),研制了兩點夾持式蘋果樹幼苗栽植機。該機具在現(xiàn)有連續(xù)開溝定距栽植機的基礎(chǔ)上,對樹苗實施上、下兩點夾持,克服了原來一點夾持使得高株苗木相對地面初始角度難以保證的問題,以提高栽植后的直立度;對夾持輸送形式進行改進,采用2條同步帶代替原來V型帶夾持輸送蘋樹苗木以降低滑移率和株距變異系數(shù);對動力匹配進行優(yōu)化,加裝限深輪提高栽植深度穩(wěn)定性。根據(jù)不同品種蘋果苗木栽植要求,開溝深度及寬度可調(diào),栽植株距也可按需調(diào)節(jié)。田間試驗表明:栽植后的蘋果苗木直立度合格率由原來的90.63%提高至97.14%,平均栽植深度合格率由91.43%提升為93.33%,平均栽植株距變異系數(shù)由原來的5.03%降為3.74%,栽植效率由11.89株/min提升到12.26株/min,是人工栽植的37倍。對比現(xiàn)有機具,該研究改進機具的各項性能指標得到改善提升,為后續(xù)蘋果生產(chǎn)全程機械化打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

農(nóng)業(yè)機械;試驗;蘋果苗木;栽植;兩點夾持;直立度

0 引 言

作為水果中銷量最大的蘋果,已成為人們的日常需求產(chǎn)品[1]。蘋果中含有豐富的維生素、礦物質(zhì)等人體所需的微量元素,經(jīng)常食用可以提高免疫力[2-3]。蘋果渣作為飼料,可以緩解國內(nèi)玉米、豆粕的不足[4-5]。蘋果矮砧密植栽培模式有利于全程機械化作業(yè),但苗木栽植需要大量的勞動力[6-8],農(nóng)村勞動力的短缺與需求形成矛盾,迫切需要實現(xiàn)蘋果樹栽植環(huán)節(jié)的機械化[9-10]。

蘋果樹栽植機研制在國內(nèi)起步較晚,時間較短[11-14]。山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)研制的原位混肥挖坑回填復(fù)式果樹栽植機在解決反復(fù)耕種的土地上栽植蘋果樹需要很好的混肥效果上具有突出優(yōu)勢,但機械內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,維護難度高,且不具備定距栽植功能,栽植效率較低,應(yīng)用范圍較小[15-16]。河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)研制的蘋果苗木栽植機,采用犁鏵式開溝器,整機采用三級連接機構(gòu),有利于機械的維護和轉(zhuǎn)運[17-19];另研制的蘋果苗木夾盤式移栽機,該機采用滾動夾苗裝置,栽植機性能穩(wěn)定,但不能保證栽種后蘋果苗木的直立度[20]。山東理工大學(xué)研制的2PZ-4000型蘋果多功能栽植機能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)蘋果樹苗的壟上定距栽植,并且具備同步水肥和鎮(zhèn)壓功能[21-23]。但該機以起壟栽植的方式作業(yè),在栽植作業(yè)前需要對地塊進行旋耕松土,才能保證栽植效果,使得蘋果苗在長出新根之前會因外力作用出現(xiàn)歪斜,影響后續(xù)生長,且定距實施過程需靠人工輔助控制,定距效果不太理想。2017年,在蘋果生產(chǎn)機械化項目支持下,青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)會同合作企業(yè)-高密市益豐機械有限公司研發(fā)出第一代矮砧密植蘋果樹連續(xù)開溝定距栽植機,極大提高了栽植效率和栽植合格率,但對較大型的高株苗木,栽植后的直立度不太理想,且V型帶夾持輸送時存在少許滑移,株距變異系數(shù)還有改進空間[24]。針對一代機存在的問題,本文對原有設(shè)備進行機構(gòu)改進,研制了第二代兩點夾持式蘋果樹幼苗栽植機。提出樹苗上下兩點夾持方案,改進夾持輸送方案,優(yōu)化動力配置等。并通過田間試驗,對主要性能指標進行驗證,以更好地適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代果園機械化生產(chǎn)需要。

1 整機結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理

1.1 整機結(jié)構(gòu)

蘋果栽植機主要由兩點夾持輸送裝置、定距栽植裝置、連續(xù)開溝裝置、覆土鎮(zhèn)壓裝置以及其他輔助裝置組成,具體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。

1.2 工作原理

作業(yè)時,配套拖拉機后動力輸出軸為V型雙圓盤開溝器提供動力,開溝器連續(xù)開出梯形栽植溝,擋土板清理栽植溝內(nèi)的碎土,修整溝形。地輪經(jīng)各級傳動帶動兩點夾持裝置中的同步帶輪轉(zhuǎn)動,以相同的線速度運動,保障夾持同步皮帶的線速度大小與機組前進速度的大小相等,進而保障夾持輸送中的蘋果樹幼苗與地面保持相對靜止。兩夾持點上、下平行分布,人工輔助將蘋果樹幼苗根部放置于擋土底板,并將幼苗樹干緊靠在上下兩定位柵桿處,隨著機具前進,安裝在株距定位桿上的光電傳感器監(jiān)測到已栽植的樹苗位置后,將信號傳遞,并通過電磁繼電器控制夾持氣缸動作,推動夾持前支架轉(zhuǎn)動,同時帶動定位柵桿轉(zhuǎn)開,柵桿不再與樹干接觸,樹苗此時被同步皮帶夾持住,并隨之向與機組前進方向相反的方向輸送,在輸送過程中,覆土板將土壤回填,樹苗脫離同步帶夾持后,鎮(zhèn)壓輪隨即鎮(zhèn)壓樹苗兩側(cè)附近的土壤。

1.3 主要改進機構(gòu)

為適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代果樹栽植要求和提高栽植后的苗木直立度,對上一代蘋果栽植機的樹苗夾持機構(gòu)及輸送裝置進行改進。

樹苗夾持機構(gòu)的改進:上一代機夾持點只有一個,在栽植較大的高株樹苗時,難以保障在夾持輸送過程中樹苗相對于地面的初始角度不變,栽植后的蘋果樹苗直立度不高。本文提出上、下兩點夾持方案,在一代機夾持輸送裝置的上方增加一層夾持輸送裝置,兩者的動力來源相同,且同步帶輪型號相同,布置在同一立軸上,保障了同步帶的速度相等,可以保障栽植后的樹苗有更好的直立度。

樹苗輸送裝置的改進:上一代機在夾持輸送樹苗時采用普通V型帶,這種皮帶由于結(jié)構(gòu)缺陷,在傳動過程中會有一定的滑移率,并且滑移率不確定,這導(dǎo)致栽植后的樹苗株距與定距裝置設(shè)定好的株距有一定的差距,本文采用滑移率更低的同步帶夾持輸送蘋果樹幼苗,可在保證夾持過程中對樹苗損失較小的條件下縮小栽植后的樹苗株距與設(shè)定的株距差異。

1.4 技術(shù)參數(shù)

整機主要參數(shù)如表1所示。

表1 兩點夾持式蘋果樹栽植機主要技術(shù)參數(shù)

旋耕開溝機機組的前進速度V(m/h)、拖拉機功率(kW)和開溝截面積0(m2)三者之間的關(guān)系符合式(1)。

式中η為拖拉機動力輸出軸的功率輸出系數(shù);η為傳動效率;k為銑刨單位土方的功能消耗(kW·h/m3)。經(jīng)計算開溝需不少于110 kW的拖拉機為動力機械,考慮栽植機還要完成土壤回填、鎮(zhèn)壓等功能,本文選用135 kW的金威盛JWS-1804拖拉機。

1.5 蘋果栽植農(nóng)藝要求

1.5.1 栽植密度

蘋果矮化栽培模式下單株蘋果產(chǎn)量低于傳統(tǒng)喬化栽培模式,但通過合理密植可以提高單位面積的蘋果產(chǎn)出率。栽植密度應(yīng)根據(jù)蘋果品種和當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀画h(huán)境以及果園管理水平綜合考慮,確定適宜的栽植密度[25-28]。矮砧密植模式株、行距一般在(0.8~1.5)m′(3.5~4.0)m之間,據(jù)此確定栽植機株距控制機構(gòu)的株距定位桿位置參數(shù)(可以在0.8~1.5 m之間調(diào)節(jié),以適應(yīng)不同蘋果品種),并確保整機結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)適應(yīng)行距要求。

1.5.2 栽植深度

矮砧蘋果樹栽植時接穗部分不能埋入土壤中,否則蘋果樹將失去矮化作用,一般要求接橞與砧木的嫁接口在地表之上5~10 cm處,嫁接口一般位于根部之上35~40 cm處,栽植后淺培土以保護砧段部分[29],由此設(shè)計栽植機開溝裝置,深度依品種需要可調(diào),調(diào)節(jié)范圍為0~40 cm。

2 兩點夾持輸送裝置設(shè)計

兩點夾持輸送裝置是蘋果苗栽植后有良好直立度的重要保障。圖2為兩點夾持輸送裝置示意圖。

所謂兩點夾持,指的是上下兩層夾持裝置,樹苗輸送過程的任一位置,都由上下兩點夾持。兩層夾持裝置豎直方向上的距離需要根據(jù)蘋果樹幼苗的情況確定。經(jīng)大量調(diào)研,栽植時蘋果樹幼苗高度在2 m左右,下層的夾持輸送裝置的位置保持和一代機相同,根據(jù)樣機試制過程中的栽植效果最終確定上下兩層的距離為50 cm。

株距精確度的保障:夾持過程中的蘋果苗木相對于地面的速度為0,也就是需要夾持皮帶向后運行的速度與栽植機組前進速度大小相等方向相反。采用同步帶傳送即可避免滑移,確保樹苗相對地面速度為0,保證設(shè)計株距。

選用鎮(zhèn)壓輪為兩點夾持機構(gòu)提供動力,鎮(zhèn)壓輪提供的動力經(jīng)鏈傳動傳遞到夾持換向箱,經(jīng)夾持換向箱實現(xiàn)動力換向并通過換向箱輸出鏈輪帶動安裝在夾持中間軸上的從動鏈輪轉(zhuǎn)動,夾持中間軸隨著從動鏈輪轉(zhuǎn)動,帶動上下兩個同步帶輪轉(zhuǎn)動,同步帶輪帶動同步皮帶運動,完成動力傳遞,并實現(xiàn)夾持皮帶與機組等速反方向運動。

栽植機的其他工作部件沿用一代機的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,經(jīng)使用驗證,各結(jié)構(gòu)符合栽植機的作業(yè)要求。如覆土裝置,覆土量適宜,覆土后土壤均勻分布[30-32]。

3 田間試驗

3.1 試驗條件與方法

2021年3月18日,在高密市益豐機械有限公司試驗場地內(nèi)進行兩點夾持式蘋樹苗木栽植機的栽植試驗。試驗樣機為青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)與高密益豐機械有限公司聯(lián)合研制的2PZ-1B果樹開溝栽植機。主要試驗?zāi)康氖菣z驗栽植機栽植直立度情況、株距穩(wěn)定性等。

試驗場地選取長180 m,寬30 m的空地。經(jīng)測量,地塊的土壤堅實度700~950 kPa,土壤含水率小于20%,土壤狀況良好,其他條件也滿足栽植要求。準備480棵可用于正常栽植的紅富士矮化砧木蘋果樹苗。使用金威盛JWS1804作為試驗樣機的配套動力。拖拉機行進速度為1.2 km/h,栽植開溝深度為30 cm,栽植株距為1.2 m。

將準備的蘋果苗木按3個栽植行程栽植,每個栽植行程栽植150棵。按栽植順序,將3個行程編為1、2、3號。為減小非客觀因素對試驗的影響,去除每個行程的前端和后端各5棵蘋果苗木,作為栽植試驗樣本。安排3人進行人工挖坑栽植作為對照。人工栽植與栽植機作業(yè)同步。啟動拖拉機,一人操作拖拉機前進,兩人站立在栽植機上輪流輔助喂苗。測量員手持秒表跟隨栽植機行進,記錄每個栽植行程所用的時間。3個栽植行程全部栽植完畢,逐棵測量栽植直立度、栽植深度、株距,并記錄。圖3為田間試驗現(xiàn)場。

3.2 評價指標

針對蘋果苗木栽植機目前沒有專門的評價標準。參考農(nóng)業(yè)機械推廣大綱DG37/T010-2016《旱地栽植機械》,LY/T 1518-2012《林業(yè)機械開溝式栽植機》,以及課題驗收標準,選取栽植直立度合格率,栽植深度合格率,株距變異系數(shù),栽植效率4個指標作為栽植機作業(yè)質(zhì)量和精度的評價指標。

3.3 試驗結(jié)果與分析

利用上述測定和計算方法,對栽植機栽植效率、栽植株距、栽植直立度和栽植深度指標進行統(tǒng)計分析,結(jié)果如表2~表4所示。

表2 栽植效率試驗結(jié)果

表2結(jié)果表明,在配套拖拉機行進速度為1.2 km/h,栽植株距為1.2 m時。兩點夾持式蘋果苗木栽植機平均栽植效率約為12棵/min,換算得栽植效率為720棵/h。人工作業(yè)栽植效率19棵/h。栽植機栽植效率約是人工的37倍。

表3 栽植株距試驗結(jié)果

表3結(jié)果表明,栽植株距變異系數(shù)平均值為3.74%。

表4 栽植直立度和栽植深度試驗結(jié)果

表4結(jié)果表明,栽植直立度平均合格率為97.14%,高于課題驗收標準要求的95%,合格率符合要求。栽植深度平均合格率為93.33%,高于標準要求的75%。

表5 改進機型與一代機型性能對比

對比結(jié)果表明:改進機型比一代機型栽植效率提高3.1個百分點、直立度合格率提升6.61個百分點、株距變異系數(shù)降低1.29個百分點(株距更加穩(wěn)定了),深度合格率提升1.9個百分點。

4 結(jié) 論

1)對蘋果苗木實施兩點夾持的方案,提升了樹苗栽植后的直立度;采用兩條同步帶夾持輸送蘋果苗木,減少滑移,降低株距變異系數(shù)。栽植機的性能得到進一步提高,栽植后的蘋果樹苗更符合農(nóng)藝要求。

2)田間試驗結(jié)果表明:蘋果栽植機具有良好的栽植效果,蘋果苗木直立度合格率平均為97.14%,栽植深度合格率平均為93.33%,栽植株距變異系數(shù)平均為3.74%,栽植效率為720棵/h,是人工栽植的37倍。

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Improvement and experiment of the seedling clamping device of apple tree planting machines

Lin Yuexiang1, Shang Shuqi1※, Lian Zhengguo1, Wang Mingcheng2, Zhang Jingguo3

(1.,266109,;2.,150030,;3,261501,)

At this stage, the domestic development of apple tree seedling planting machines is still in its infancy, and few planting machines had been developed for apple trees. Planting apple trees requires a large amount of labor, but the current shortage of labor is a prominent contradiction. The problem of non-mechanized planting of apple tree seedlings urgently needs to be solved. In order to solve the problems in the apple planting process under the current high density dwarfing orchard cultivation mode: low manual planting efficiency, unsatisfactory erection of fruit seedlings with the developed machines, and slightly higher coefficient of variation of plant spacing caused by the slippage of the clamping belt. Under the guidance of agricultural machinery and agronomic integration technology, a two-point clamping apple seedling planting machine was developed by a combination of extensive research, virtual design, prototype manufacturing, and field trials. This machine is based on the existing continuous ditching fixed-distance planting machine previously developed by the same team, and implements structural improvements and performance optimization. Firstly, the fruit seedling clamping device is improved, and the fruit seedlings are clamped at the upper and lower points. On top of the previous generation planting machine, a layer of clamping and conveying device is installed above the lower clamping and conveying device, and the upper and lower layers are perpendicular to each other. The distance is set to be 50 cm, which is based on the comprehensive consideration of the height and status of the apple tree seedlings and the comparison of the planting effectiveness at different distances. The upper and lower clamping points work with each other during the transportation of apple tree seedlings to clamp the apple tree seedlings together. The apple tree seedlings will not rotate during operation and maintain a good initial status. It overcomes the problem that it is difficult to guarantee the initial angle of the tall seedlings relative to the ground because of the original one-point clamping, and significantly improves the perpendicularity after planting; Secondly, the transportation method is improved and the coefficient of variation of plant spacing is reduced. Considering that the trunk and bark of apple tree seedlings should not be damaged during the clamping and conveying process of the transplanter, the solution was still sought in the belt category. The initial idea was to add more tension wheels to change the belt slippage. However, the experimental results observed showed that this method makes almost no effect on reducing the belt slip rate. The timing belt can ensure that the apple tree seedlings are protected from damage during the clamping and conveying process, and it has a good transmission effect with little sliding. In order to improve clamping, the conveying mode adopts two synchronous belts to clamp and convey apple seedlings, which has a lower slip rate than the original V-belt clamping and conveying, and significantly reduces the coefficient of variation of the plant spacing; in addition, the power matching is optimized by the corresponding calculation formula. The depth-limiting wheel is installed to improve the stability of the planting depth, and the ditching machine, plant spacing control and other parts follow the first-generation machine plan. According to the planting requirements of different varieties of seedlings, the depth and width of the ditch can be adjusted, and the planting distance can also be adjusted as needed, and the adjustment is simple and convenient. Field tests showed that the qualified rate of apple seedlings planted by the machine is increased from 90.63% to 97.14%, the average planting depth qualified rate is increased from 91.43% to 93.33%, and the average plant spacing coefficient of variation is reduced from 5.03% to 3.74%, and the planting efficiency is increased from 11.89 plants/min to 12.26 plants/min, which was 37 times faster than that of manual planting. Compared with the existing machines, all performances have been improved, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent mechanization of apple's production.

agricultural machinery;experiment; apple seedlings; planting; two-point clamping; perpendicularity

林悅香,尚書旗,連政國,等. 蘋果樹栽植機幼苗夾持裝置改進與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2021,37(19):1-6.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.19.001 http://www.tcsae.org

Lin Yuexiang, Shang Shuqi, Lian Zhengguo, et al. Improvement and experiment of the seedling clamping device of apple tree planting machines[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(19): 1-6. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.19.001 http://www.tcsae.org

2021-08-06

2021-09-28

山東省農(nóng)機裝備研發(fā)創(chuàng)新計劃項目“蘋果生產(chǎn)全程機械化技術(shù)與裝備研發(fā)(2017YF006)”;蘋果開溝栽植關(guān)鍵技術(shù)與裝備優(yōu)化提升(SD2019NJ001-1)

林悅香,副教授,研究方向為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機械裝備工程。Email:yxlin@qau.edu.cn

尚書旗,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向為農(nóng)業(yè)機械化工程。Email:sqingnong@126.com

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.19.001

S233.2

A

1002-6819(2021)-19-0001-06

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