莊俊紅
摘要:目的:研究腫瘤患者外周血中淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)及CD39分子表達(dá)水平和腫瘤患者臨床信息及預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。方法:選取宮頸癌患者共43例,收集腫瘤患者外周血并用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)和分析外周血中淋巴細(xì)胞亞群7項(xiàng)指標(biāo)及CD39分子表達(dá)水平,同時(shí)收集腫瘤患者的臨床信息,分析兩者是否具有相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:研究發(fā)現(xiàn)宮頸癌患者外周血中淋巴細(xì)胞亞群7項(xiàng)指標(biāo),其中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)數(shù)及CD4/CD8比值同患者的臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān);此外在宮頸癌中CD4陽(yáng)性和CD8陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞表面CD39分子的表達(dá)水平同患者的臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。結(jié)論:本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)宮頸癌早中期患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量較晚期患者明顯增多,提示腫瘤患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量同患者的預(yù)后相關(guān);此外早中期宮頸癌患者CD4陽(yáng)性和CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平明顯低于晚期患者,提示CD39分子可能同晚期患者CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少相關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:淋巴細(xì)胞亞群,流式細(xì)胞術(shù),細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞
Abstract:Objective? The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between lymphocyte subsets, CD39 expression level in peripheral blood of tumor patients and their clinical information and prognosis. Methods Initially, We chose 134 patients who have one of the following cancers: lung cancer, cervical cancer, or breast cancer and collected their clinical information and peripheral blood. Furthermore, we detected 7 indicators of lymphocyte subsets and CD39 expression level in their peripheral blood by flow cytometry and analyzed the correlation between those indicator values of each individual and its corresponding clinical information. Results According to our study, correlation did exist between the absolute counts of CD8+ T cells, the ratio of CD4/CD8 and clinical stages, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis;and also there is correlation between the CD39 expression level and clinical stages, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis. Conclusion The number of CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with cervical cancer in the early and middle stage is significantly higher than that inthe advanced stage, suggesting that the number of CD8+ T cells is associated with the prognosis of patients. In addition, the expression levels of CD39 molecules on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with early and middle stage cervical cancer were significantly lower than those in advanced patients, suggesting that CD39 molecules may be related to the decrease in the number of CD8+ T cells in advanced patients
Key Words:lymphocyte subsets, flow cytometry, cytotoxic T cell
【中圖分類號(hào)】R711.74???????????? 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A???????????? 【文章編號(hào)】2107-2306(2021)12--03
人口的增長(zhǎng)和老齡化,以及多種不良生活方式導(dǎo)致癌癥患者數(shù)量越來越多,全球癌癥負(fù)擔(dān)持續(xù)增加。癌癥的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與機(jī)體的免疫狀態(tài)密切相關(guān)。機(jī)體抗腫瘤免疫中免疫細(xì)胞起主導(dǎo)作用,能夠識(shí)別和清除腫瘤細(xì)胞。流式淋巴細(xì)胞亞群作為一種常規(guī)檢查,是反映細(xì)胞免疫功能的重要指標(biāo),在腫瘤免疫監(jiān)測(cè)具有重要意義,進(jìn)一步為患者的臨床治療方案提供參考依據(jù)。代謝組學(xué)和免疫學(xué)一直是醫(yī)學(xué)生物學(xué)的前言領(lǐng)域。已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境中腺苷是一個(gè)較為重要的免疫抑制分子,它能夠促進(jìn)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的生成,同時(shí)影響免疫微環(huán)境中的其他免疫細(xì)胞,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的逃逸。而CD39作為腺苷代謝途徑中的起始分子,在腺苷產(chǎn)生過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。本研究一方面通過分析患者外周血中CD3陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞,CD4陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞,CD8陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞,B淋巴細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞占淋巴細(xì)胞的比例及絕對(duì)數(shù),并將這些指標(biāo)相結(jié)合,從而評(píng)估機(jī)體的免疫功能狀態(tài);另一方面通過檢測(cè)T細(xì)胞上CD39分子的表達(dá)水平,同時(shí)結(jié)合腫瘤患者的臨床信息,進(jìn)行相關(guān)性研究,從而探索腺苷代謝途徑的關(guān)鍵分子CD39影響腫瘤患者免疫功能的機(jī)制。
1.材料與方法
1.1材料
采集天津市腫瘤醫(yī)院空港醫(yī)院放療科住院患者EDTA抗凝外周血2ml。所有患者采血前均未接受過腫瘤治療,并且具有完整的臨床相關(guān)資料。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
取100ul外周血樣本加入流式管中,標(biāo)記CD3/CD19/CD16+CD56/CD45和CD3/CD4/CD8/CD45抗體(Beckman Coulter公司),室溫孵育15分鐘,加入500ul溶血素(Beckman Coulter公司),室溫靜置10分鐘,PBS洗滌細(xì)胞后上機(jī)。流式數(shù)據(jù)用Kaluza軟件(Beckman Coulter公司)進(jìn)行分析。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS statistics 21軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。當(dāng)樣本數(shù)據(jù)符合正態(tài)分布時(shí),獨(dú)立樣本之間采用t檢驗(yàn)或者單因素分析檢驗(yàn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法;當(dāng)樣本數(shù)據(jù)不符合正態(tài)分布時(shí),樣本之間采用非參數(shù)t檢驗(yàn)和Kruskal-Wallis檢驗(yàn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.結(jié)果
2.1宮頸癌患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞亞群同其臨床信息的相關(guān)性分析
為了進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證我們上述的結(jié)論,我們?cè)俅问占瘜m頸癌患者43例,年齡分布25-69歲,病理類型都為鱗癌。根據(jù)TNM分期,本研究分別將患者外周血中淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的指標(biāo)與患者臨床信息進(jìn)行分析。
結(jié)果顯示其中CD3陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞和CD4陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞占淋巴細(xì)胞百分比和絕對(duì)數(shù)與患者的所有臨床信息都無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,沒有相關(guān)性,CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞占淋巴細(xì)胞百分比與患者的臨床信息同樣無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。宮頸癌患者外周血中淋巴細(xì)胞亞群指標(biāo)CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)數(shù)及CD4/CD8比值則同宮頸癌患者的臨床T分期,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),如圖3表2所示。有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的宮頸癌患者其外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量較沒有淋巴結(jié)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的患者要少(圖1A和1C),同時(shí)CD4/CD8比值明顯升高(圖1B和1D)。根據(jù)單因素分析我們發(fā)現(xiàn)宮頸癌患者外周血中CD4/CD8比值同T分期具有相關(guān)性,但是CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)數(shù)則和T分期無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(表1)。進(jìn)一步分析T1-T4期宮頸癌患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)數(shù)和CD4/CD8比值同T分期的相關(guān)性,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)T4期宮頸癌患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量要少于T3期(如圖2E所示,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異)和T1-T2期(如圖2E所示,無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。猜測(cè)由于樣本數(shù)量不夠,導(dǎo)致其沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異)。而T4期患者的CD4/CD8比值要明顯高于T1-3期患者(如圖1F所示,均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異)。因此早中期宮頸癌患者較晚期宮頸癌患者外周血中具有更多的CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量和較低的CD4/CD8比值;而有淋巴結(jié)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的宮頸癌患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量低于無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移的宮頸癌患者,CD4/CD8比值則較高。
通過上述結(jié)果,我們證實(shí)了宮頸癌患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)數(shù)與患者的腫瘤進(jìn)展具有相關(guān)性,晚期患者其CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞較少,自身的免疫功能較弱,更有利于腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)移,同時(shí)也具有更差的預(yù)后。那與CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)數(shù)該指標(biāo)相關(guān)聯(lián)的指標(biāo)CD4/CD8比值也能夠從另一個(gè)側(cè)面反應(yīng)肺癌患者的免疫功能狀態(tài),提示預(yù)后。兩者相結(jié)合從而給臨床一個(gè)重要的信息,方便患者的后續(xù)治療。腫瘤患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)數(shù)及其相關(guān)聯(lián)的指標(biāo)CD4/CD8比值同腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),同時(shí)這兩個(gè)指標(biāo)也是腫瘤患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素。外周血中具有較多數(shù)量的CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞(CD4/CD8比值相對(duì)較低)的腫瘤患者具有更好的預(yù)后。
2.2宮頸癌患者外周血中T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同臨床信息相關(guān)性分析
腺苷作為免疫微環(huán)境中重要的負(fù)性調(diào)控分子,對(duì)機(jī)體免疫具有一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用。而CD39分子作為腺苷代謝途徑的關(guān)鍵分子是否也對(duì)機(jī)體免疫具有調(diào)節(jié)作用?本研究檢測(cè)了宮頸癌患者外周血中T淋巴細(xì)胞表面CD39分子的表達(dá)水平,同時(shí)與臨床信息進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。
結(jié)果顯示CD4和CD8陽(yáng)性的T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同同宮頸癌患者的臨床T分期,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移具有相關(guān)性,如圖2所示。不管CD4陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞還是CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平在有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移患者要明顯高于沒有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的患者。此外CD39分子表達(dá)水平也同宮頸癌T分期相關(guān),在T4期表達(dá)水平最高,在T1期表達(dá)水平最低。因此得出結(jié)論早中期宮頸癌患者T淋巴細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平要明顯低于晚期宮頸癌患者。
圖2宮頸癌患者外周血中T淋巴細(xì)胞表達(dá)CD39分子表達(dá)水平同T分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性
A. CD4陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性;B. CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性;C. CD4陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性;D.CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性;E. CD4陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同臨床T分期的相關(guān)性;F. CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平同臨床T分期的相關(guān)性
結(jié)合前面的結(jié)論,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)晚期宮頸癌患者的由于CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量的減少,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)展,進(jìn)而引起預(yù)后不佳。而晚期宮頸癌患者其T淋巴細(xì)胞表面CD39分子表達(dá)水平要明顯高于早中期患者。提示CD39分子表達(dá)水平與CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量具有負(fù)相關(guān)性。作為免疫負(fù)調(diào)控因子腺苷代謝途徑的關(guān)鍵分子,CD39也具有負(fù)調(diào)控性能,能通過某些分子機(jī)制引發(fā)CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的耗竭,從而減少CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,最終使得腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)展。結(jié)合已有的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,本研究通過分析宮頸癌患者不同時(shí)期T淋巴細(xì)胞絕對(duì)數(shù)及其表面負(fù)性調(diào)控分子CD39表達(dá)水平,提出及證實(shí)了CD39分子同CD8陽(yáng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞的功能具有負(fù)相關(guān)性。我們也將繼續(xù)對(duì)其具體分子機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究探索。
3.討論
免疫系統(tǒng)是機(jī)體執(zhí)行免疫應(yīng)答及免疫功能的重要系統(tǒng),具有監(jiān)視、防御和調(diào)控的作用。如何使機(jī)體有效識(shí)別腫瘤細(xì)胞并對(duì)其進(jìn)行清除是腫瘤治療的核心問題之一。淋巴細(xì)胞作為主要的免疫細(xì)胞,在免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮功能的過程中起重要作用。淋巴細(xì)胞包括輔助性T細(xì)胞,記憶型T細(xì)胞,調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞等等。因此我們通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)腫瘤患者外周血中CD3陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞,CD4陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞,CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞,B淋巴細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞來評(píng)估腫瘤患者的一個(gè)免疫功能狀態(tài),從而為臨床提供有用的信息。T淋巴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞免疫是機(jī)體主動(dòng)的免疫應(yīng)答,T淋巴細(xì)胞具有多種生物學(xué)功能,如直接殺傷靶細(xì)胞、輔助B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體以及產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子等。而CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞是細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞,能夠直接殺傷靶細(xì)胞。因?yàn)楸狙芯繖z測(cè)和分析T淋巴細(xì)胞及其亞群同臨床的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果顯示腫瘤患者外周血中同細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞相關(guān)的兩個(gè)指標(biāo)CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞絕對(duì)數(shù)和CD4/CD8比值同腫瘤患者的臨床信息相關(guān),早中期腫瘤患者外周血中細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量要高于晚期患者,提示細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量與腫瘤患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)。腫瘤患者外周血中具有較多數(shù)量的細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞,其具有更好的預(yù)后。本研究很好的詮釋了細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞作為機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞的主要執(zhí)行者,只有這類淋巴細(xì)胞基數(shù)達(dá)到一定數(shù)量時(shí),機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)才有可能去殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞;而如果這類細(xì)胞的數(shù)量基數(shù)都很低,機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)就無(wú)法去殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞,從而影響后續(xù)的治療包括一些免疫單抗治療,如PD-1,CTLA-4等。外周血淋巴細(xì)胞亞群雖然不能夠準(zhǔn)確反應(yīng)腫瘤原位中淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的狀態(tài),但是外周血樣本取材方便,檢測(cè)準(zhǔn)確的特點(diǎn),同時(shí)同一患者外周血和腫瘤原位淋巴細(xì)胞亞群變化具有一致性,使得外周血淋巴細(xì)胞亞群分析成為目前最為可行的評(píng)估腫瘤患者免疫狀態(tài)。
已有研究報(bào)道CD39分子的表達(dá)能夠鑒別CD8+ T細(xì)胞是否耗竭,同時(shí)其他研究也證實(shí)了CD39和PD-1分子能夠共表達(dá)與T淋巴細(xì)胞表面。而CD39分子能夠誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化和生成。結(jié)合本研究的發(fā)現(xiàn),我們可以大膽的猜測(cè),作為負(fù)性調(diào)控分子的CD39,其表達(dá)于CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的表面,能夠通過某些信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而引發(fā)CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的耗竭,使得CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量減少。此外,CD39的表達(dá)還可通過某些信號(hào)通路進(jìn)一步引發(fā)T細(xì)胞一些免疫檢查點(diǎn)的表達(dá),比如PD-1,進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮其負(fù)向免疫調(diào)控作用。
通過本研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的絕對(duì)數(shù)同患者的臨床分期,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),提示可能是腫瘤患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立因素之一。腫瘤患者外周血中CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量越多,患者具有更好的預(yù)后。我們希望通過檢測(cè)腫瘤患者外周血中淋巴細(xì)胞亞群,為臨床提供有價(jià)值的信息,進(jìn)而使臨床能夠根據(jù)每個(gè)患者的免疫功能狀態(tài)制訂個(gè)體化的治療策略,也使每個(gè)患者能夠從各項(xiàng)檢測(cè)中得到最優(yōu)化的獲益。此外本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)了CD39分子表達(dá)水平同CD8陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞數(shù)量具有負(fù)相關(guān)性,為后續(xù)闡明CD39分子負(fù)向調(diào)控分子機(jī)制提供了基礎(chǔ)。
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