高 豐,周 菲,陳紅珊,亓金釵,李 桐,張梓杰,楊笑云,蔡德生,戴子琦,徐 冰,雷海民
(北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),北京 102488)
惡性腫瘤嚴(yán)重威脅人類的生命并降低生活質(zhì)量,世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明,2020年全球新發(fā)癌癥病例1 929萬例,死亡病例996萬例,是目前世界上主要的公共衛(wèi)生問題之一[1]。目前對(duì)于惡性腫瘤的主要治療方法包括手術(shù)治療、放化療等,而細(xì)胞毒類藥物仍是臨床一線化療藥物的主體,但由于其毒性和不良反應(yīng)大、耐藥性強(qiáng),已經(jīng)難以滿足臨床治療的需求[2-3]。近年來,對(duì)從天然產(chǎn)物中提取分離得到的有效成分進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)修飾已成為國內(nèi)外抗腫瘤藥物研究的熱點(diǎn)[4-8]。三萜類化合物是指具有6個(gè)異戊二烯基本結(jié)構(gòu)單元的化合物,廣泛分布于自然界中,其具有廣泛的藥理活性[9-10]。甘草次酸(GA)作為中藥甘草中主要成分甘草酸的苷元[11],是最常見的五環(huán)三萜類化合物,廉價(jià)易得[12-13],但其母核抗腫瘤活性不強(qiáng),高劑量長時(shí)間使用會(huì)導(dǎo)致如假性醛固酮增多癥等不良反應(yīng),因此需要進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)修飾來改善其活性[14-16]。
本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在三萜類化合物中引入氨基酸片段可顯著提高其抗腫瘤活性及水溶性[17-18],同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),GA母核C-30處酯化可以提高其抗腫瘤活性,特別是在C-30處引入芐基酯抗腫瘤活性最好[19-21]。研究表明,化合物的鍵合方式可能會(huì)影響其抗腫瘤活性,酰胺鍵既能提高衍生物的活性,又能提高其代謝穩(wěn)定性[22-24]。
本研究以GA為母核,基于拼合原理,設(shè)計(jì)、合成出6個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)新穎的GA衍生物,通過四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(MTT)法評(píng)價(jià)了其體外抗腫瘤活性,篩選出優(yōu)勢化合物;同時(shí)初步討論了其構(gòu)效關(guān)系;進(jìn)一步通過4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色法觀察了其對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞形態(tài)的影響,研究思路和研究結(jié)果可為GA的后續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)修飾改造提供參考。
1.1儀器 磁力攪拌器(德國IKA公司);SARRORIUS-BS124S型電子分析天平(德國賽多利斯股份有限公司);N-1300D-W型旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀(東京理化器械株式會(huì)社);X-5型顯微熔點(diǎn)測定儀(北京泰克儀器有限公司);Bruker Avance 400型核磁共振儀(瑞士Bruker公司);SGW-2自動(dòng)旋光儀(美國魯?shù)婪蚬?;Agilent Q-TOF質(zhì)譜儀(美國安捷倫科技有限公司);Thermo 3111型CO2培養(yǎng)箱和Multiskan GO 酶標(biāo)儀,均購自美國賽默飛世爾科技公司;Olympus倒置熒光顯微鏡(奧林巴斯株式會(huì)社)。
1.2試藥 甘草次酸(GA,批號(hào)FY20Y011201,質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為98%,南通飛宇生物科技有限公司);1-boc-N-fmoc-L-組氨酸(批號(hào)GLS180111-36704,上海吉爾生化有限公司);氰基硼氫鈉(批號(hào)C11502500,上海麥克林生化科技有限公司);溴化芐(批號(hào)KYEKR17)、醋酸銨(批號(hào)20110107)、三氧化鉻(批號(hào)A14105)和1-羥基苯并三唑(HOBt,批號(hào)KSCIT12),均購自北京伊諾凱科技有限公司;1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亞胺鹽酸鹽(EDCI,批號(hào)C1926072)和哌啶(批號(hào)104094-4X100ML),均購自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP,批號(hào)1224275,上海晶純生化科技股份有限公司);N,N-二異丙基乙胺(DIPEA,批號(hào)P1234338,上海阿達(dá)馬斯試劑有限公司);二氯甲烷、無水硫酸鈉、碳酸氫鈉、三氟乙酸、濃硫酸、碳酸鉀、二甲基亞砜(DMSO)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)等均為分析純,均購自北京化工廠;四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(MTT,批號(hào)20200606,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司);RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基(批號(hào)AF29584257)、DMEM培養(yǎng)基(批號(hào)8120350)、2.5 g·L-1胰蛋白酶溶液(批號(hào)2122153)、磷酸鹽緩沖鹽(PBS,批號(hào)2177715)、胎牛血清(批號(hào)20030502)和4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI染料,批號(hào)6709771),均購自北京拜爾迪生物科技有限公司;硅膠G薄層板(青島海洋化工有限公司)。
1.3細(xì)胞株 人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2、人肺癌細(xì)胞A549、人結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞HCT-116、人正常肝細(xì)胞L02和大鼠心肌細(xì)胞H9C2,均購自北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院細(xì)胞資源中心。
2.1化學(xué)合成
2.1.1中間體30芐基酯甘草次酸(GA-BN) 稱取GA (2 g,4.25 mmol)、溴化芐 (872.30 mg,5.1 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,加入DMF 20 mL,隨后加入碳酸鉀 (1 762.18 mg,12.75 mmol),80 ℃加熱回流3 h,薄層色譜(TLC)監(jiān)測GA反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);DMF減壓濃縮后加二氯甲烷溶解,將溶液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,依次用水和飽和食鹽水 (15 mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即GA-BN。
2.1.2化合物1稱取2.1.1項(xiàng)下制備的GA-BN (800 mg,1.43 mmol)和1-boc-N-fmoc-L-組氨酸 (819.41 mg,1.72 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,加入EDCI (412.16 mg,2.15 mmol)和DMAP (17.10 mg,0.14 mmol),室溫?cái)嚢? h,TLC監(jiān)測GA-BN反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,依次用水和飽和食鹽水 (15 mL) 洗滌,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即化合物1。
2.1.3化合物2稱取化合物1(800 mg,0.78 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,隨后加入無水二氯甲烷 (15 mL)溶解,并在冰浴條件下緩慢加入三氟乙酸 (4 mL),TLC監(jiān)測化合物1反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,用飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液萃取2次,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即化合物2。
2.1.4化合物3稱取化合物2(400 mg,0.44 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,加入DMF 20 mL和哌啶2 mL,室溫?cái)嚢?,TLC監(jiān)測化合物2反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,依次用水和飽和食鹽水 (15 mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即化合物3。見圖1。
圖1 化合物1~3的合成路線
2.1.5中間體30-芐基酯-3-羧基甘草次酸 (GO-BN) 稱取GA-BN (1 g,1.79 mmol)及三氧化鉻、濃硫酸,置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,加入H2O 10 mL,冰浴下攪拌30 min,TLC監(jiān)測GA-BN反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,依次用水和飽和食鹽水 (15 mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即中間體GO-BN。
2.1.6中間體30-芐基酯-3-氨基甘草次酸(GN-BN) 稱取2.1.5項(xiàng)下制備的GO-BN (800 mg,1.43 mmol)和氰基硼氫鈉 (108.11 mg,1.72 mmol)及醋酸銨 (1 102.24 mg,14.30 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,加無水甲醇 (20 mL),室溫下攪拌12 h,TLC監(jiān)測GO-BN反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,依次用水和飽和食鹽水 (15 mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即中間體GN-BN。
2.1.7化合物4稱取2.1.6項(xiàng)下制備的GN-BN (600 mg,1.07 mmol)和1-boc-N-fmoc-L-組氨酸 (612.47 mg,1.29 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,加入EDCI (306.56 mg,1.61 mmol)和HOBt (216.87 mg,1.61 mmol)及DIPEA (345.08 mg,2.68 mmol),室溫?cái)嚢?2 h,TLC監(jiān)測GN-BN反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,依次用水和飽和食鹽水 (15 mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即化合物4。
2.1.8化合物5稱取化合物4(300 mg,0.29 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,隨后加入無水二氯甲烷15 mL溶解,并在冰浴條件下緩慢加入三氟乙酸4 mL,TLC監(jiān)測化合物4反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,用飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液萃取2次,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即化合物5。
2.1.9化合物6稱取化合物5(200 mg,0.25 mmol),置于50 mL茄形反應(yīng)瓶中,加入DMF 20 mL和哌啶2 mL,常溫?cái)嚢?,TLC監(jiān)測化合物5反應(yīng)完全,停止反應(yīng);將反應(yīng)液轉(zhuǎn)移至分液漏斗,依次用水和飽和食鹽水 (15 mL)洗滌,無水硫酸鈉脫水,減壓濃縮后將產(chǎn)物置于硅膠柱上分離,得白色固體,即化合物6。見圖2。
圖2 化合物4~6的合成路線
2.2體外抗腫瘤活性篩選 取處于對(duì)數(shù)生長期的細(xì)胞接種于96孔板中,每孔3×103個(gè),將96孔板置于37 ℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5% CO2的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。24 h后,給藥組每孔加入100 μL含不同質(zhì)量濃度化合物的培養(yǎng)液,空白組加入100 μL空白培養(yǎng)基,每組設(shè)置3個(gè)復(fù)孔,于培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)72 h后每孔加入20 μL質(zhì)量濃度為5 mg·mL-1的MTT溶液,于培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h,棄去上清液,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,輕度振蕩溶解后,用酶標(biāo)儀在490 nm波長處測定吸光度值A(chǔ)。用公式抑制率=[1-(A給藥組-A空白組)÷(A對(duì)照組-A空白組)]×100%計(jì)算細(xì)胞生長抑制率。采用Graphpad Prism 5.0軟件計(jì)算半數(shù)抑制濃度IC50值,實(shí)驗(yàn)平行重復(fù)3次。
2.3DAPI染色觀察細(xì)胞核形態(tài)變化 取處于對(duì)數(shù)生長期的人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2接種于24孔板中,每孔1.5×104個(gè)細(xì)胞,置于37 ℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%CO2的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h后,加入化合物6,終濃度分別為1、3、5 μmol·L-1,每組平行3個(gè)復(fù)孔,于培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)72 h,棄去培養(yǎng)基,用PBS緩沖液漂洗2遍,加入體積分?jǐn)?shù)為4%的多聚甲醛固定10 min,隨后棄去多聚甲醛,用PBS緩沖液漂洗2遍,加入DAPI染液,作用3 min,棄去剩余染液,PBS緩沖液漂洗2遍,于倒置熒光顯微鏡100倍下觀察細(xì)胞核形態(tài)并拍照。
3.1結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定
化合物13β-[1-boc-N-fmoc-L-組氨酸]-11-氧代-齊墩果烷-12-烯-30-芐基酯 (benzyl 3β-[1-boc-N-fmoc-L-histidine]-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oate):白色固體,收率為57.1%;熔點(diǎn)為122.8 ℃,[α]D=+ 124 (c=0.3 mg·mL-1,MeOH);1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm) 8.04 (s,1H,-NCHN-),7.77(d,2H,H-Ar of fmoc,J=8 Hz),7.61(m,2H,H-Ar of fmoc),7.41~7.26 (m,9H,H-Ar and 2×-CH2-of fmoc),7.18(s,1H,-CCHN-),5.53(s,1H,H-12),5.18,5.10(d,each,1H,Bn-CH2,J=12.0 Hz),4.66(m,1H,-NHCHCO-),4.52(m,1H,H-3),4.34(m,2H,-CHCH2O-),4.24 (m,1H,-CH-of fmoc),3.18~2.99 (m,2H,-CH2-of histidine),2.33(s,1H,H-9),2.04(m,1H,H-18),2.01~1.64,1.57~1.35,1.31~1.19,1.06~1.01(m,18H,methylene and methine of triterpenoid structure),1.61(brs,9H,3×-CH3of boc),1.33 (s,3H,H-29),1.16(s,3H,H-27),1.12(s,1H,H-25),1.09(s,3H,H-28),0.97(m,1H,H-5),0.84(s,3H,H-24),0.81(s,3H,H-23),0.73(s,3H,H-26)。13C NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm)200.1 (C-11),176.3(C-30),171.4(his-COO),169.2(C-13),156.2 (boc-COO),146.9(fmoc-COO),144.1(-C=CCH-of fmoc),141.4 (-C=CCH- of fmoc),138.7(-CH=C-N-),136.9(-N=CH-N-),136.3 (Bn-Car),128.7 (Bn-Car),128.6,128.5(Bn-Car),128.4 (Bn-Car),127.8(fmoc-Car),127.2(fmoc-Car),125.4(fmoc-Car),120.1 (fmoc-Car),114.9 (-C=CNH-),85.9,82.2 (boc-q.C),67.3 (-CH2- of fmoc),66.3(Bn-CH2),61.7,55.7,54.2 (his-CHNH),48.4,47.3 (-CH- of fmoc),45.5,44.1,43.3,41.2,38.8,38.2,37.8,37.0,32.8,31.9,31.0,30.1,28.5,28.4,28.1,28.0,26.6,26.5,23.5,23.4,18.8,17.4,16.8,16.5。HRMS (ESI)m/z:1 020.570 6 [M+H]+,calcd.for C63H78N3O91 020.573 8。
化合物23β-[N-fmoc-L-組氨酸]-11-氧代-齊墩果烷-12-烯-30-芐基酯 (benzyl 3β-[N-fmoc-L-histidine]-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oate):白色固體,收率為55.3%;熔點(diǎn)為119.0 ℃,[α]D=+92 (c=0.3 mg·mL-1,MeOH);1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm) 7.69 (m,2H,H-Ar of fmoc),7.50 (m,2H,H-Ar of fmoc and -CCHN-),7.39~7.29,7.24~7.17 (m,9H,H-Ar and 2×-CH2- of fmoc),5.57 (s,1H,H-12),5.20,5.10 (d,each,1H,Bn-CH2,J=12.0 Hz),4.57 (m,2H,-NHCHCO- and H-3),4.30 (m,2H,-CHCH2O-),4.12 (m,1H,-CH- of fmoc),3.42-2.90 (m,2H,-CH2- of histidine),2.33 (s,1H,H-9),2.06 (m,1H,H-18),2.03~1.35,1.29~1.20,1.04~1.00 (m,18H,methylene and methine of triterpenoid structure),1.31 (s,3H,H-29),1.15 (s,6H,H-27 and H-25),1.08 (s,3H,H-28),0.97 (m,1H,H-5),0.80 (s,6H,H-23 and H-24),0.72 (s,3H,H-26)。13C NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm) 200.8 (C-11),176.4 (C-30),170.5 (his-COO),170.3 (C-13),143.7 (fmoc-COO),143.6 (-C=CCH- of fmoc),141.4 (-C=CCH- of fmoc),139.1 (-CH=CNH-),136.2 (Bn-Car),133.6 (-N=CH-NH-),128.7 (Bn-Car),128.6 (C-12),128.5 (Bn-Car),128.4 (Bn-Car),127.9 (fmoc-Car),127.2 (fmoc-Car),125.1 (fmoc-Car),120.1 (fmoc-Car),117.1 (-CH=CNH-),83.4 (C-3),67.6 (-CH2- of fmoc),66.4(Bn-CH2),61.7,55.0,53.6 (his-CHNH),48.4,47.0 (-CH- of fmoc),45.6,44.1,43.4,41.2,38.7,38.2,37.8,37.0,32.7,31.9,31.3,28.6,28.4,28.2,28.1,26.5,26.5,23.5,23.4,18.8,17.4,16.7,16.5。HRMS (ESI)m/z:920.519 0 [M+H]+,calcd.for C58H70N3O7920.521 4。
化合物33β-[L-組氨酸]-11-氧代-齊墩果烷-12-烯-30-芐基酯 (benzyl 3β-[L-histidine]-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oate):白色固體,收率為59.2%;熔點(diǎn)為156.2 ℃,[α]D=+ 116.67 (c=0.3 mg·mL-1,MeOH);1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm) 7.54 (s,1H,-CCHN-),7.36 (m,5H,H-Ar),5.54 (s,1H,H-12),5.18,5.10 (d,each,1H,Bn-CH2,J=12.0 Hz),4.54 (m,1H,H-3),3.80 (m,2H,-NHCHCO-),2.82 (m,2H,-CH2- of histidine),2.33 (s,1H,H-9),2.04 (m,1H,H-18),2.01~1.34 (m,18H,methylene and methine of triterpenoid structure),1.15 (s,6H,H-29 and H-27),1.10 (s,3H,H-25),0.98 (m,1H,H-5),0.88 (s,3H,H-24),0.80 (s,3H,H-23),0.73 (s,3H,H-26)。13C NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm) 200.1 (C-11),176.3 (C-30),170.5 (his-COO),169.4 (C-13),136.3 (-CH=CNH-),136.2 (Bn-Car),135.1 (-N=CH-NH-),128.7 (Bn-Car),128.6 (C-12),128.4 (Bn-Car),119.7 (-CH=CNH-),82.0,66.4 (Bn-CH2),61.8,55.1,54.7 (His-CHNH),48.4,45.5,44.1,43.3,41.2,38.9,38.3,37.8,37.0,32.8,31.9 31.3,29.8,28.6,28.4,28.2,26.6,26.5,23.8,23.4,18.8,17.5,17.0,16.5。HRMS (ESI)m/z:698.452 5 [M+H]+,calcd.for C43H59N3O5697.445 5。
化合物43β-[(1-boc-N-fmoc-L-組氨酸)?;鵠-11-氧代-齊墩果烷-12-烯-30-芐基酯 (benzyl 3β-[(1-boc-N-fmoc-L-histidine)amino]-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oate):白色固體,收率為51.4%;熔點(diǎn)為139.5 ℃,[α]D=+124 (c=0.3 mg·mL-1,MeOH);1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm) 8.05 (s,1H,-NCHN-),7.77 (d,2H,H-Ar of fmoc,J=8.0 Hz),7.60 (m,2H,H-Ar of fmoc),7.44~7.28 (m,9H,H-Ar and 2×-CH2- of fmoc),7.20 (s,1H,-CCHN-),5.53 (s,1H,H-12),5.21,5.10 (d,each,1H,Bn-CH2,J=12.0 Hz),4.48 (m,1H,-NHCHCO-),4.37 (m,2H,-CHCH2O-),4.23 (m,1H,-CH- of fmoc),3.60 (m,1H,H-3),3.12 (m,1H,-CH2- of histidine),2.98 (m,1H,-CH2- of histidine),2.33 (s,1H,H-9),2.04 (m,1H,H-18),2.01~1.65,1.58~1.38,1.32~1.20,0.93~0.76 (m,18H,methylene and methine of triterpenoid structure),1.60 (brs,9H,3×-CH3of boc),1.34 (s,3H,H-29),1.16 (s,6H,H-27 and H-25),1.09 (s,3H,H-28),1.08 (s,3H,H-24),0.97 (m,1H,H-5),0.72 (s,3H,H-23),0.65 (s,3H,H-26)。13C NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm) 200.2 (C-11),176.4 (C-30),170.5 (his-CONH),169.2 (C-13),156.3 (boc-COO),146.9 (fmoc-COO),144.0 (-C=CCH- of fmoc),141.4 (-C=CCH- of fmoc),139.3 (-CH=C-N-),136.9 (-N=CH-N-),136.3 (Bn-Car),128.7 (Bn-Car),128.6 (C-12),128.5 (Bn-Car),128.4 (Bn-Car),127.9 (fmoc-Car),127.2 (fmoc-Car),125.3 (fmoc-Car),120.1 (fmoc-Car),115.0 (-C=CNH-),86.0 (boc-q.C),67.3 (-CH2-of fmoc),66.3 (Bn-CH2),61.8,56.7,55.6,55.2 (his-CHNH),48.4,47.2 (-CH-of fmoc),45.4,44.1,43.3,41.2,39.8,38.2,37.8,37.0,32.8,31.9,31.3,30.5,28.6,28.4,28.4,28.0,26.5,25.3,23.4,23.4,18.8,17.8,16.5,16.4。HRMS (ESI)m/z:1 019.587 2 [M+H]+,calcd.for C63H79N4O81 019.589 8。
化合物53β-[(N-fmoc-L-組氨酸)?;鵠-11-氧代-齊墩果烷-12-烯-30-芐基酯 (benzyl 3β-[(N-fmoc-L-histidine)amino]-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oate):白色固體,收率為80.2%;熔點(diǎn)為122.5 ℃,[α]D=+120 (c=0.3 mg·mL-1,MeOH);1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm) 7.77 (d,2H,H-Ar of fmoc,J=8.0 Hz),7.59 (m,2H,H-Ar of fmoc and -CCHN-),7.44~7.27 (m,9H,H-Ar and 2×-CH2- of fmoc),5.53 (s,1H,H-12),5.21,5.10 (d,each,1H,Bn-CH2,J=12.4 Hz),4.51 (m,1H,-NHCHCO-),4.36 (m,2H,-CHCH2O-),4.21 (m,1H,-CH-of fmoc),3.58 (m,1H,H-3),3.15 (m,1H,-CH2- of histidine),3.03 (m,1H,-CH2- of histidine),2.33 (s,1H,H-9),2.04 (m,1H,H-18),2.01~1.38,1.32~1.27,0.94~0.76 (m,18H,methylene and methine of triterpenoid structure),1.34 (s,3H,H-29),1.16 (s,6H,H-27 and H-25),1.08 (s,6H,H-28 and H-24),0.97 (m,1H,H-5),0.72 (s,3H,H-23),0.66 (s,3H,H-26)。13C NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm) 200.4 (C-11),176.4 (C-30),171.0 (his-CONH),169.5 (C-13),143.9 (fmoc-COO),143.9 (-C=CCH- of fmoc),141.4 (-C=CCH- of fmoc),139.1 (-CH=CNH-),136.3 (Bn-Car),135.0 (-CH=CNH-),128.7 (Bn-Car),128.6 (C-12),128.5 (Bn-Car),128.4 (Bn-Car),127.9 (fmoc-Car),127.2 (fmoc-Car),125.3 (fmoc-Car),120.2 (fmoc-Car),117.5 (-CH=CNH-),67.4 (-CH2- of fmoc),66.4 (Bn-CH2),61.8,56.8,55.6,55.3 (his-CHNH),48.4,47.2,45.5,44.1,43.3,41.2,39.8,38.2,37.8,37.0,32.8,31.9,31.3,28.6,28.5,28.4,28.,26.5,26.5,25.2,23.4,18.8,17.8,16.6,16.3。HRMS (ESI)m/z:919.535 9 [M+H]+,calcd.for C58H71N4O6919.537 4。
化合物63β-[(L-組氨酸)酰基]-11-氧代-齊墩果烷-12-烯-30-芐基酯 (benzyl 3β-[(L-histidine)amino]-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oate):白色固體,收率為60.7%;熔點(diǎn)為276.6 ℃,[α]D=+166.67 (c=0.3 mg·mL-1,MeOH);1H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm) 7.58 (s,1H,-NCHN-),7.48 (s,1H,-CCHN-),7.36 (m,5H,H-Ar),5.54 (s,1H,H-12),5.18,5.10 (d,each,1H,Bn-CH2,J=12.0 Hz),3.67 (m,1H,-NHCHCO-),3.59 (m,1H,H-3),3.02 (m,2H,-CH2- of histidine),2.35(s,1H,H-9),2.04 (m,1H,H-18),1.92~1.25 (m,18H,methylene and methine of triterpenoid structure),1.16 (s,6H,H-27),1.11 (s,3H,H-29),1.09 (s,3H,H-25),0.97 (m,1H,H-5),0.82 (s,3H,H-24),0.77 (s,3H,H-23),0.72 (s,3H,H-26)。13C NMR (400 MHz,CDCl3)δ(ppm) 200.3 (C-11),176.5 (C-30),174.0 (his-CONH),169.4 (C-13),136.2 (-CH=CNH-),136.2 (Bn-Car),135.3 (-N=CH-NH-),128.7 (Bn-Car),128.6 (C-12),128.4 (Bn-Car),66.4 (Bn-CH2),61.8,56.6,55.6,55.0 (his-CHNH),48.4,45.5,44.1,43.3,41.2,38.9,38.3,37.8,37.1,32.8,31.9,31.3,29.8 (NHCHCH2),28.7,28.6,28.4,26.6,26.5,25.4,23.4,18.8,17.9,16.8,16.4。HRMS (ESI)m/z:697.469 9 [M+H]+,calcd.for C43H60N4O4696.461 5。
3.2體外抗腫瘤活性測定 通過MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)了合成的6種結(jié)構(gòu)新穎的GA衍生物對(duì)3種腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤活性及2種正常細(xì)胞的毒性,結(jié)果見表1。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),C-3位以酰胺鍵連接的化合物活性均明顯強(qiáng)于以酯鍵連接的化合物;脫掉Boc保護(hù)基后裸露出仲胺基對(duì)細(xì)胞毒性并無明顯提升,而進(jìn)一步將fmoc保護(hù)基脫掉后露出伯胺基后抗腫瘤活性得到明顯提升,可推斷出伯胺的暴露對(duì)GA衍生物的細(xì)胞毒活性起著重要的作用。其中化合物6對(duì)HepG2的抗腫瘤活性(IC50=2.98±0.69 μmol·L-1)優(yōu)于陽性對(duì)照藥索拉菲尼(IC50=7.07±0.30 μmol·L-1),且其對(duì)L02細(xì)胞的毒性(IC50=4.93±0.03 μmol·L-1)低于索拉菲尼(IC50=1.97±0.65 μmol·L-1)。
表1 甘草次酸衍生物對(duì)不同細(xì)胞的IC50
3.3DAPI染色觀察細(xì)胞核形態(tài)變化 DAPI染料能與DNA特異性結(jié)合,在一定波長下發(fā)出熒光,所以該染料常用于細(xì)胞核形態(tài)學(xué)觀察。DAPI染色結(jié)果見圖3。由圖3可知,空白對(duì)照組細(xì)胞數(shù)量較多,細(xì)胞核呈藍(lán)色,形態(tài)完整;化合物6給藥濃度為1 μmol·L-1時(shí),細(xì)胞變化不明顯,僅見少量細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)核形態(tài)變化;當(dāng)給藥濃度為3、5 μmol·L-1時(shí),細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,細(xì)胞核可見碎裂和固縮的現(xiàn)象,而細(xì)胞核破碎和固縮是腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的典型特征。由此可見,化合物6通過誘導(dǎo)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2凋亡發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。
圖3 化合物6對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞DAPI染色圖
GA作為抗癌先導(dǎo)化合物受到世界各國科學(xué)家的廣泛關(guān)注,但其抗腫瘤活性并不明顯。為了提高GA的細(xì)胞毒性,探討鍵合方式及氨基酸中伯胺及仲胺基團(tuán)對(duì)抗腫瘤活性的影響,本研究以GA為母核,在C-30位引入親脂性基團(tuán)芐基,同時(shí)在C-3位分別以酯鍵與酰胺鍵的成鍵方式引入小分子氨基酸,設(shè)計(jì)并合成出6個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)新穎的GA衍生物,利用MTT法篩選得到優(yōu)勢化合物6,其對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的抑制作用強(qiáng)于陽性對(duì)照藥索拉菲尼,同時(shí)對(duì)人正常肝細(xì)胞L02的毒性低于索拉菲尼,表現(xiàn)出一定的細(xì)胞毒選擇性。DAPI染色進(jìn)一步研究表明,其可通過誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞細(xì)胞核固縮、碎裂而使腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。本研究可為其他GA抗腫瘤衍生物的發(fā)現(xiàn)奠定基礎(chǔ)。