陳月苗 翁珊珊 鄭翠蘋 蔡小平 吳圣豪 石岳堅(jiān) 黃健
[關(guān)鍵詞] 淋巴瘤;濾泡性;細(xì)胞因子譜;白細(xì)胞介素類
[中圖分類號(hào)] R733.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2021)23-0025-05
Clinical significance of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in follicular lymphoma
CHEN Yuemiao? ?WENG Shanshan? ?ZHENG Cuiping? ?CAI Xiaoping? ?WU Shenghao? ?SHI Yuejian? ?HUANG Jian
Department of Blood Chemotherapy, Wenzhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou? ?325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in peripheral blood of patients with follicular lymphoma at initial diagnosis, and to understand their significance in the development of disease. Methods A total of 30 patients with follicular lymphoma diagnosed in our hospital from January 2015 to June 2019 were selected. The levels of peripheral blood Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in selected patients at initial diagnosis and after treatment were determined by CBA technology, and compared with those in 30 healthy persons in our hospital. The clinical significance of cytokine profiles was discussed. Results ①The levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF in 30 patients with follicular lymphoma at initial diagnosis were higher than those in healthy persons.②In patients with follicular lymphoma, the levels of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased group were higher than those in the normal LDH group(Wilcoxon W values? were 102.500, 89.000, 95.500, and P values were 0.021, 0.004, 0.009). The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the β2 microglobulin (β2-MG) increased group were higher than those in the normal β2-MG group(Wilcoxon W values? were 76.500, 77.500, 69.500, 63.500, and P values? were 0.026, 0.029, 0.011, and 0.005). The level of IL-2 in the high-risk group [Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score 3 to 5] was significantly higher than that in the low-and middle-risk group (score 0 to 2) (Wilcoxon W value was 125.000, P value was 0.010).③After treatment, the levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF in the 30 patients with follicular lymphoma were significantly lower than those at initial diagnosis. Conclusion The levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF in peripheral blood of patients with follicular lymphoma at initial diagnosis are higher than those in normal physical exam. The expression levels of cytokines and clinical characteristics of patients with follicular lymphoma are correlated.
[Key words] Lymphoma; Follicular; Cytokine profile; Interleukins
濾泡性淋巴瘤(Follicular lymphoma,F(xiàn)L)由不同比例的中心細(xì)胞和中心母細(xì)胞構(gòu)成其腫瘤性濾泡[1],約占我國(guó)非霍奇金淋巴瘤(Non-hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)的8.1%~23.5%[2],在西方國(guó)家占20%左右,居?xùn)|南亞NHL第二位[3]。FL的臨床表現(xiàn)不一,以無(wú)痛性外周淋巴結(jié)腫大為主要癥狀,易引起骨髓侵犯。利妥昔單抗、氟達(dá)拉濱及苯達(dá)莫司汀[4-5]等藥物的使用使FL的治療效果明顯改善。但FL在臨床、遺傳和分子水平上表現(xiàn)出明顯的異質(zhì)性[6],且不可治愈,大部分患者經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療后最終仍復(fù)發(fā),甚至部分患者短期內(nèi)迅速進(jìn)展。細(xì)胞因子是由腫瘤細(xì)胞及周圍的免疫細(xì)胞經(jīng)刺激而產(chǎn)生分泌的小分子蛋白質(zhì),主要參與免疫應(yīng)答調(diào)節(jié)、抗腫瘤、刺激造血功能及介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)等。本文檢測(cè)初診FL患者的外周血細(xì)胞因子水平,并研究其與FL疾病發(fā)展的關(guān)系,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2015年1月至2019年6月期間經(jīng)病理學(xué)證實(shí)的在我院血液科初診的FL患者,排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①免疫缺陷或免疫抑制的患者;②合并感染的患者。另外隨機(jī)選取30例我院體檢中心健康志愿者為對(duì)照組。FL組30例,其中男16例,女14例,年齡39~82歲,平均(65.27±12.33)歲;健康對(duì)照組30例,其中男20例,女10例,年齡34~82歲,平均(64.10±11.27)歲。兩組患者的性別、年齡比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療R-CHOP方案化療,具體為:利妥昔單抗375 mg/m2 d1靜脈滴注+環(huán)磷酰胺750 mg/m2 d2靜脈滴注+長(zhǎng)春新堿1.4 mg/m2 d2靜脈滴注(最大量2 mg)+多柔比星50 mg/m2 d2靜脈滴注+潑尼松100 mg d2~6口服。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
抽取患者初診時(shí)、R-CHOP方案治療2個(gè)療程后和對(duì)照組的外周血,通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞微球陣列(Flow cytometric microsphere array,CBA)技術(shù)檢測(cè)其細(xì)胞因子水平,并抽取FL患者初診時(shí)的外周血檢測(cè)血常規(guī)及血生化。所有患者均已知情同意。
1.4 細(xì)胞因子檢測(cè)方法
檢測(cè)試劑為流式細(xì)胞微球陣列(CBA)人Th1/Th2/Th17 試劑盒(BD CBA Human Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Kit,BD Biosciences)。檢驗(yàn)步驟如下:取2 mL外周血標(biāo)本在無(wú)菌條件下置于37℃的水浴箱,2 h后分離備用。人Th1/Th2/Th17 試劑盒放置在室溫1 h后將白細(xì)胞介素-2(Interleukin-2,IL-2)、白細(xì)胞介素-4(Interleukin-4,IL-4)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)、腫瘤壞死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、干擾素-γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)捕獲微球混合,200×g離心5 min后棄去上清液,并加入同體積的血清樣本增強(qiáng)緩沖液。重懸微球避光反應(yīng)30 min,每FACS管加入50 μL待測(cè)血清,50 μL混合捕獲微球和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,50 μL藻紅蛋白(Phycoerythrin,PE)熒光抗體混勻。室溫下避光反應(yīng)3 h,每管加1 mL洗液,200×g離心5 min,每管加300 μL洗液,于4 h內(nèi)在流式細(xì)胞分析儀(BD FACS Calibur,美國(guó))上進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。用CBA軟件檢測(cè)分析獲取的數(shù)據(jù),從而計(jì)算出樣本中IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF及IFN-γ的含量。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)采用[M(P25、P75)]表示,IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF、IFN-γ各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的比較采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 健康志愿者和初診濾泡性淋巴瘤患者的外周血細(xì)胞因子水平比較
健康志愿者血液中細(xì)胞因子 IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF和IFN-γ的表達(dá)水平分別為2.91(2.05, 4.21)pg/mL、2.95(1.79,4.52)pg/mL、6.31(4.15,16.75)pg/mL、6.72(3.57,13.75)pg/mL、4.05(2.54,6.53)pg/mL、5.35(3.15, 16.65)pg/mL,初診FL患者外周血 IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF及IFN-γ的表達(dá)水平分別為6.02(1.87, 19.65)pg/mL、3.49(2.05,8.95)pg/mL、13.15(9.98, 26.65)pg/mL、16.65(14.76,33.75)pg/mL、14.05(8.71, 31.65)pg/mL、9.17(5.35,18.34)pg/mL。初診FL 組患者血液中的 IL-2、IL-6、TNF、IL-10表達(dá)水平均明顯高于健康體檢者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Wilcoxon W值分別為776.000、695.000、533.500、626.000,P值分別為0.040、0.001、0.000、0.000)。
2.2 初診濾泡性淋巴瘤患者的外周血細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)水平和臨床特征的相關(guān)性
在不同的性別或者年齡段,初診FL 患者外周血的細(xì)胞因子水平與對(duì)照組比較,差異均統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。初診 FL 患者中,乳酸脫氫酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)升高組 IL-2、IL-10、IFN-γ的表達(dá)水平高于LDH正常組(Wilcoxon W值分別為102.500、89.000、95.500,P值分別為0.021、0.004、0.009);β2微球蛋白(β2 microglobulin,β2-MG)升高組 IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ水平高于β2-MG正常組(Wilcoxon W值分別為76.500、77.500、69.500、63.500,P值分別為0.026、0.029、0.011、0.005);高危組[濾泡性淋巴瘤國(guó)際預(yù)后指數(shù)(Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index,F(xiàn)LIPI)評(píng)分3~5分]IL-2水平明顯高于低中危組[評(píng)分0~2 分](Wilcoxon W值為 125.000,P值為0.010),其余兩組細(xì)胞因子的差異比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 初診FL患者治療前與治療后外周血細(xì)胞因子水平比較
FL 患者治療前外周血IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF及IFN-γ的表達(dá)水平分別為6.02(1.87,19.65)pg/mL、3.49(2.05,8.95)pg/mL、13.15(9.98,26.65)pg/mL、16.65(14.76,33.75)pg/mL、14.05(8.71,31.65)pg/mL、9.17(5.35, 18.34)pg/mL。FL 患者治療后外周血 IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF及IFN-γ的表達(dá)水平分別為2.02(1.98, 4.95)pg/mL、3.75(1.94,8.05)pg/mL、8.55(5.32,22.65)pg/mL、8.05(4.17,19.25)pg/mL、4.53(2.45,10.05)pg/mL、5.21(3.24, 33.75)pg/mL。初診FL患者經(jīng)RCHOP方案治療2個(gè)療程后外周血 IL-2、IL-6、TNF、IL-10 的表達(dá)水平較治療前下降,治療前后兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
3 討論
細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)失調(diào)被發(fā)現(xiàn)于各種血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤。已有許多研究表明,免疫功能的改變與NHL發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)[7]。亦有報(bào)道顯示,血液細(xì)胞因子水平的升高和彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤(Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)的發(fā)生存在一定相關(guān)性。Rambaldi等[8]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)部分細(xì)胞因子水平的升高對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)侵襲性淋巴瘤有幫助。
TNF-α的細(xì)胞來(lái)源廣泛,主要包括受激活的單核吞噬細(xì)胞、自然殺傷細(xì)胞及T細(xì)胞等。它作為IL-10分泌的誘導(dǎo)劑以促進(jìn)疾病的進(jìn)展,并在免疫應(yīng)答過(guò)程中起中心作用。Lech-Maranda等[9]報(bào)道106例采用蒽環(huán)類藥物治療的DLBCL患者,IL-10和TNF-α聯(lián)合升高組的完全緩解及總生存率明顯降低,無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期縮短,提示IL-10和TNF-α水平指數(shù)可作為國(guó)際預(yù)后指數(shù)(International prognostic index,IPI)預(yù)測(cè)DLBCL患者生存率的附加模型。本研究?jī)H顯示初診FL患者外周血TNF-α的水平高于健康體檢者。
IFN-γ的生物學(xué)活性具有高度種屬特異性,主要來(lái)源于活化的T細(xì)胞及NK細(xì)胞。它除免疫調(diào)節(jié)外,還可促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞的激活及功能,促進(jìn)B細(xì)胞分化產(chǎn)生抗體,抗病毒等。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)>60歲的淋巴瘤患者外周血IFN-γ水平較對(duì)照組明顯降低,這可能與老年患者免疫力低下有關(guān)。IFN-γ作為最主要的抗腫瘤細(xì)胞因子成員被大量報(bào)道[10]后,Markovic等[11]研究結(jié)果顯示,IFN-γ在腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展中起促進(jìn)作用。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為惡性淋巴瘤患者的IFN-γ表達(dá)水平升高,與筆者在FL中的檢測(cè)結(jié)果類似,但機(jī)制尚不明確[12-13]。
白介素-2又稱為T細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子,來(lái)源于活化的T細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞等。IL-2R是IL-2膜受體的一部分,其可在淋巴瘤細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)。其促進(jìn)NK細(xì)胞胞毒活性及T、B細(xì)胞增殖并產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子、抗體,激活單核/巨噬細(xì)胞。IL-2R由α、β及γ這3種多肽鏈形成,而可溶性IL-2Rα由IL-2R與IL-2水解產(chǎn)生。因其可反映T細(xì)胞的活性,常用于噬血細(xì)胞綜合征的診斷。Charbonneau等[14]報(bào)道sIL-2Rα表達(dá)水平的升高和DLBCL及FL的發(fā)生有相關(guān)性。IL-2R是體現(xiàn)DLBCL腫瘤負(fù)荷的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo),在DLBCL患者中IPI評(píng)分高危組、存在B癥狀組、LDH升高組、β2-MG升高組和臨床分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ組,IL-2R的表達(dá)水平均明顯升高。徐海濤等[15]亦報(bào)道相似結(jié)論,但FL暫無(wú)相關(guān)報(bào)道。本結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)LIPI評(píng)分中高危組、LDH及β2-MG升高組,IL-2水平高于對(duì)照組。
白介素-4是致敏的Th2細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,它可抑制單核巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生TNF-α、白介素-1、白介素-6和白介素-8,抑制單核巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)的核因子-κB的轉(zhuǎn)位抑制II型白介素-1受體的表達(dá),但目前對(duì)惡性腫瘤特別是惡性淋巴瘤的白介素-4水平變化研究較少。
白介素-6來(lái)源于單核/巨噬細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞(主要是Th2)、B細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞及血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,多數(shù)正常人的白介素-6水平極低,目前臨床在感染方面應(yīng)用較廣。Duletic-Nacinovic等[16]等研究顯示,IL-6升高是彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤患者CR率和DFS率的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,本研究結(jié)果亦發(fā)現(xiàn)治療后的FL患者IL-6表達(dá)水平相比治療前有所下降。周建堯等[17]亦發(fā)現(xiàn)彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤患者外周血的IL-6水平較正常人升高。Dlouhy等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)sIL2-R、IL-6和TNF-α與DLBCL的臨床特征及預(yù)后不良有關(guān)。
白介素-10是一種雙抑制的反饋因子,主要來(lái)源于活化的單核/巨噬細(xì)胞分泌,T淋巴細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞也可分泌,對(duì)Th1細(xì)胞及Th2細(xì)胞增殖有雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用。IL-10在腫瘤逃逸中起重要作用,重組IL-10使腫瘤細(xì)胞避免被特異性細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞攻擊,抑制各種免疫細(xì)胞及其分泌細(xì)胞因子。同樣,IL-10也可經(jīng)以上機(jī)制使惡性淋巴瘤進(jìn)展。Silva等[19]認(rèn)為在霍奇金淋巴瘤患者中,IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α和sCD25水平高于健康對(duì)照組,治療后IL-6、IL-10和sCD25水平逐漸降低。大量文獻(xiàn)[20]顯示IL-10水平的升高同惡性淋巴瘤的進(jìn)展存在相關(guān)性,本研究顯示,初診FL患者LDH及β2-MG升高組IL-10表達(dá)水平升高,經(jīng)治療后下降,IL-10可能與FL不良預(yù)后有關(guān)。
細(xì)胞因子失衡已成為NHL發(fā)生及發(fā)展的重要機(jī)制,但升高的具體模式因NHL的分型不同存在差異。本研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,初診濾泡性淋巴瘤患者血液中的大部分細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)水平均明顯高于健康對(duì)照組,而且細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)水平高低和濾泡性淋巴瘤患者的臨床特征具有相關(guān)性,這可能有助于識(shí)別高危患者,進(jìn)一步完善預(yù)后評(píng)估指數(shù),為他們提供更準(zhǔn)確、更適合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的治療建議。
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(收稿日期:2021-03-31)