趙天宇 石娟娟
摘 要:軸承是旋轉(zhuǎn)機械的關(guān)鍵部件,其健康狀態(tài)對于保障設(shè)備的穩(wěn)定和安全運行至關(guān)重要。然而由于其工作環(huán)境惡劣、工況多變,使得軸承極易發(fā)生故障,從而危及設(shè)備運行安全。因此,對軸承實施故障診斷極具意義。當(dāng)前對軸承故障診斷的工作主要集中在信號處理方法上,存在故障機理研究不足的問題。而故障機理研究是軸承故障特征提取的理論基礎(chǔ),信號處理方法是故障特征提取實現(xiàn)的手段,二者相互依賴相互促進。因此,需要將機理分析和信號處理相結(jié)合,形成協(xié)同策略,在追根溯源的基礎(chǔ)上實現(xiàn)特征提取和故障診斷,構(gòu)建更為科學(xué)和完備的軸承故障診斷理論體系。
關(guān)鍵詞:故障診斷 軸承 機理分析 故障特征提取
Mechanism Analysis of Bearing Fault Diagnosis and Research on Synergistic Strategy of Signal Processing
Zhao Tianyu,Shi Juanjuan
Abstract:Bearings are one of the key components of rotating machinery, whose health condition is significant for the stable and safe operation of the devices. However, the bearing is prone to be failure due to the harsh and time-varying working environment, which results in a potential threat for the safe operation of rotating machinery. Thus, the bearing fault diagnosis is indispensable for the industry. At present, most work related to the bearing fault diagnosis is concentrated on the development of signal processing algorithm; however, the work oriented to the fault mechanism analysis is insufficient. Essentially, the fault mechanism and signal processing analyses rely on and support each other. The former forms the base for the fault feature extraction of bearing and the latter is a means for extracting the fault feature. Therefore, it is recommended that the fault mechanism analysis and signal processing algorithm development should be integrated to establish the cooperative strategy for constructing the scientific and comprehensive bearing fault diagnosis system.
Key words:fault diagnosis, bearing, fault mechanism analysis, fault feature extraction
1 引言
機械設(shè)備是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備,對制造業(yè)、國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。滾動軸承由于摩擦小、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、轉(zhuǎn)速高以及使用壽命長等優(yōu)點在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中獲得了廣泛應(yīng)用,是旋轉(zhuǎn)機械的關(guān)鍵部件[1]。但由于滾動軸承工作環(huán)境惡劣,工況復(fù)雜多變,因而極易發(fā)生故障[2]。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計,旋轉(zhuǎn)機械40%以上的故障是由于軸承故障引起的[3]。軸承一旦出現(xiàn)故障且未被及時檢測出來,極易造成整個設(shè)備停歇,甚至引發(fā)安全事故和重大經(jīng)濟損失,正是所謂的“千里長堤,潰于蟻穴”。因此,對滾動軸承的故障診斷研究對于保證設(shè)備的安全運行和避免慘重經(jīng)濟損失極具意義。在國家戰(zhàn)略層面上,《中國機械工程技術(shù)線路圖》總結(jié)面向2030年中國機械制造技術(shù)發(fā)展實際和面臨挑戰(zhàn),針對“軸承故障診斷與壽命預(yù)測技術(shù)”,提出以“普及應(yīng)用軸承壽命評估技術(shù),實現(xiàn)軸承剩余壽命預(yù)測與評估”的2015-2030總體目標[4]。因此,對軸承進行健康狀態(tài)監(jiān)測與故障診斷源于實際需求,并緊跟學(xué)術(shù)前沿,具有顯著意義。
振動信號分析是軸承故障診斷最有效手段之一。其基本思路是首先利用振動傳感器測取振動信號;而后對振動信號進行分析處理,去除噪聲,提取出故障特征;最后基于所提故障特征實現(xiàn)對軸承的健康狀態(tài)監(jiān)測與故障診斷。其中,故障特征提取是軸承故障診斷的關(guān)鍵步驟。由于強烈背景噪聲和旋轉(zhuǎn)機械設(shè)備其他零部件振動干擾的影響,軸承故障尤其是早期故障引起的微弱故障特征往往被淹沒,因此利用有效的信號處理算法提取出故障特征是軸承故障診斷的熱點問題之一,也是難點。故障特征是軸承故障細節(jié)情況的具體表征形式,這就涉及到另一方面的重要問題—故障特征(表征形式)的揭示。只有清楚了故障特征的具體形式,才有可能談基于信號處理的故障特征提取。因此,對軸承故障診斷研究而言,其在故障激勵下的振動機理分析和故障特征提取研究二者相互促進,缺一不可。
2 機理分析—故障激勵下軸承的振動響應(yīng)分析
國內(nèi)外學(xué)者在軸承的動力學(xué)建模方面開展了大量的研究工作,以期對軸承的故障分析“追根溯源”,實現(xiàn)從表象研究到機理研究的進階,為軸承的故障特征提取提供理論指導(dǎo)。