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轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導乙烯調(diào)控番茄果實成熟的研究進展

2021-08-30 02:38康靖
安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學 2021年16期
關鍵詞:轉(zhuǎn)錄因子乙烯番茄

康靖

摘要 番茄果實成熟過程既是一個復雜又是一個高度有序的過程,該過程還受多種因子調(diào)控。主要綜述了MADS-box轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、NAC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、AP2/ERF轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、SBP/SPL轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導乙烯調(diào)控番茄果實成熟的研究進展,為進一步完善轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導乙烯參與番茄果實成熟的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡提供理論參考。

關鍵詞 番茄;轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;乙烯;果實成熟

中圖分類號 S 641.2? 文獻標識碼 A? 文章編號 0517-6611(2021)16-0016-03

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.16.005?? 開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID):

Research Progress on Transcription Factor-Mediated Ethylene Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening

KANG Jing

(School of Biological Engineering, Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044)

Abstract The tomato fruit ripening process is both a complex and highly ordered process, which is also regulated by many factors.This article mainly summarizes the research progress of MADS-box transcription factor, NAC transcription factor, AP2/ERF transcription factor, SBP/SPL transcription factor and other transcription factors mediated ethylene regulation of tomato fruit ripening, in order to provide a theoretical reference for further perfecting the transcriptional regulatory network of transcription factor-mediated ethylene participation in tomato fruit ripening.

Key words Tomato;Transcription factor;Ethylene;Fruit ripening

番茄( Solanum lycopersicum )是一類比較重要的果蔬作物,含有豐富的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。番茄屬于呼吸躍變型果實,因其基因組小且信息全面、生命周期短、易種植、易轉(zhuǎn)化等優(yōu)點,已被作為研究肉質(zhì)果實生長發(fā)育和成熟的模式植物[1]。

番茄果實成熟過程既是一個復雜又是一個高度有序的過程,涉及顏色、質(zhì)地、風味物質(zhì)、有機物和芳香物質(zhì)的變化。該過程還受多種因子調(diào)控,目前,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(transcription factors)通過乙烯途徑調(diào)控果實成熟的研究越來越多。因此,探討這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的功能及其與乙烯之間的相互關系,全面解析轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導乙烯參與番茄果實成熟的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控機制,對培育出優(yōu)質(zhì)番茄果實品種具有重要的指導意義。筆者主要對近年來轉(zhuǎn)錄因子和乙烯在果實成熟方面的功能研究進行簡要綜述。

1 番茄果實成熟突變體

轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在果實成熟方面的調(diào)控作用主要依賴于各種果實成熟突變體。MADS-RIN是從番茄 rin(ripening inhibitor) 突變體中克隆并鑒定得到的。 rin 是由于RIN與MADS-MC之間的一段基因缺失使2個基因首尾相連形成新的嵌合體導致基因功能失活而形成的突變體[2]。 rin 突變體中幾乎所有的果實成熟現(xiàn)象均被抑制,包括果實變軟、類胡蘿卜素含量升高、乙烯產(chǎn)生及風味物質(zhì)合成等[3]。

與 rin ?突變體不同的是, cnr(colorless non-ripening) 突變體不是因為基因缺失引起的,而是由于SBP家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CNR啟動子甲基化導致的[4-5]。 cnr 突變體果實出現(xiàn)無色不成熟的表型,乙烯含量急劇下降[6]。說明CNR在番茄果實成熟中發(fā)揮重要的功能。

nor(non-ripening) 突變體果實不能成熟,也不能產(chǎn)生躍變乙烯。 nor 突變體是由于NAC家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 NOR 基因的第3個外顯子區(qū)域缺失了2個連續(xù)的堿基A而出現(xiàn)的移碼突變,導致NOR蛋白質(zhì)翻譯提前終止形成186個氨基酸的截短蛋白[7]。即使過表達NOR也不能使 nor 突變體恢復成熟的表型,因此, nor 突變體不成熟的表型可能還受到其他因素的影響[8-9]。

2 乙烯與番茄果實成熟

乙烯主要是由ACS(ACC合成酶)和ACO(ACC氧化酶)經(jīng)過兩步反應催化生成[10]。番茄中與果實成熟相關的乙烯生物合成基因主要有 ACO1、ACS2、ACS4、ACS6和ACO3 。乙烯是通過乙烯信號轉(zhuǎn)導途徑發(fā)揮生物學效應的。目前公認的模型是細胞膜上的乙烯受體ETRs感知乙烯信號,通過釋放CTR1(CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1)對EIN2(ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2)施加的阻滯而啟動轉(zhuǎn)錄級聯(lián)反應,激活初級轉(zhuǎn)錄因子EIN3(ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3)/EIL1(EIN3/EIN3-like)和次級轉(zhuǎn)錄因子ERFs(ethylene response factors)的表達。乙烯信號轉(zhuǎn)導途徑最終的結(jié)果是EIN3/EILs和ERFs對下游靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控。番茄中存在7個乙烯受體基因, SlETR3、SlETR4和SlETR6 在果實成熟前期達到峰值,能對乙烯產(chǎn)生最大響應; SlETR1、SlETR2、SlETR5和SlETR7 則在果實成熟后期表達,不受乙烯或受乙烯誘導最少[11-12]。乙烯受體下游是CTR家族基因,番茄中 SlCTR1和SlCTR2 在番茄果實成熟中具有重要作用[13-14]。EIN2能夠正向調(diào)控果實成熟過程中的乙烯響應[15]。EIN2下游是EIN3/EILs和ERFs轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。番茄中發(fā)現(xiàn)了6種EIL轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(SlEIL1~6),其中SlEIL1~4可以調(diào)控某些果實成熟相關基因[16]。乙烯信號轉(zhuǎn)導的末端是ERFs轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,這類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在果實成熟過程也表現(xiàn)出了重要的調(diào)控作用。

3 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過乙烯途徑調(diào)控番茄果實成熟

3.1 MADS-box轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

RIN是從番茄 rin 突變體中鑒定得到的MADS-box轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。有研究表明,在突變體 rin 中轉(zhuǎn)入活性RIN,番茄果實可以成熟,但是在野生型番茄中抑制RIN,番茄果實還是出現(xiàn)不成熟的表型[17]。這些結(jié)果說明RIN是番茄果實成熟特異的調(diào)控因子。大量的ChIP-chip/ChIP-Seq結(jié)果表明,很多乙烯合成及響應的相關基因均為RIN的靶基因[2,18-21],這為RIN介導乙烯調(diào)控果實成熟提供了直接證據(jù)。TAGL1的沉默導致乙烯合成受到抑制,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)乙烯合成基因、番茄紅素合成基因及細胞壁降解基因表達下調(diào)[22],說明TAGL1能通過乙烯途徑調(diào)控番茄果實成熟。FUL1(又叫TDR4)與FUL2(又叫MBP7)表現(xiàn)出功能冗余。FUL1/2沉默的綠果中乙烯含量顯著降低,證明FUL1和FUL2參與乙烯生物合成[23]。此外,F(xiàn)UL1和FUL2能與RIN相互作用[24]。

3.2 NAC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

番茄中至少有101種NAC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,但目前只有NOR、SlNAC1、SlNAC4、SNAC4和SNAC9參與番茄果實成熟的調(diào)控[8,25-27]。 nor 突變體果實成熟受抑制主要表現(xiàn)在果實完全不成熟、乙烯產(chǎn)生和色素積累缺陷[28-29];同樣地, NOR 基因敲除的果實也表現(xiàn)出部分不成熟的表型[30]。因此,NOR以重要的角色參與番茄果實成熟過程。SlNAC1的沉默延遲了番茄果實成熟,總類胡蘿卜素(包括番茄紅素)及乙烯含量卻比較高;SlNAC1過表達的果實中以上各個指標均呈現(xiàn)相反的結(jié)果。此外,SlNAC1能調(diào)控其下游的乙烯合成相關基因( ACO1、ACS2和ACS4 )的表達,說明SlNAC1通過負調(diào)控乙烯參與番茄果實顏色的轉(zhuǎn)變[27,31]。SlNAC4在果實成熟起始階段表達量較高,SlNAC4的表達被抑制導致果實成熟進程也被抑制,類胡蘿卜素和乙烯含量均處于較低的水平,乙烯合成相關基因( ACO1、ACO3、ACS2和ACS4 )表達顯著下調(diào)。相對于野生型番茄,SlNAC4在 rin 突變體果實中的表達沒有變化,但RIN的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平在SlNAC4-RNAi果實中顯著下降[26],說明SlNAC4可能在RIN的上游調(diào)控番茄果實成熟。有研究表明,SNAC4和SNAC9也可通過對乙烯的調(diào)控進而實現(xiàn)對番茄果實成熟的調(diào)控[27]。

3.3 AP2/ERF轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

AP2/ERF轉(zhuǎn)錄因子因含有保守的AP2/ERF 結(jié)構(gòu)域而得名。目前在番茄中發(fā)現(xiàn)了5個基因( SlAP2a~e),但只有SlAP2a 表現(xiàn)出果實成熟特性,沉默 SlAP2a 果實表現(xiàn)出橙紅色,軟化提前,乙烯含量顯著升高,說明 SlAP2a 負調(diào)控乙烯合成進而影響番茄果實成熟。此外,RIN、NOR和CNR作用于 SlAP2a 的上游并調(diào)控其表達,但CNR轉(zhuǎn)錄水平在 SlAP2a -RNAi果實中升高,說明在番茄果實成熟過程中, SlAP2a和 CNR構(gòu)成了負反饋調(diào)控回路[32]。以上結(jié)果表明,SlAP2a 能通過平衡多種調(diào)控因子,調(diào)控復雜的番茄果實成熟過程。

ERF基因參與果實成熟一直備受關注,番茄中存在77個ERF轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,但目前報道的與果實成熟相關的ERF轉(zhuǎn)錄因子相對較少[33]。番茄LeERF1過表達植株表現(xiàn)出組成型乙烯響應的表型,番茄果實成熟和軟化加快,而LeERF1表達受到抑制,番茄果實成熟進程也相應地變慢[34]。LeERF2是一個受乙烯誘導的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,LeERF2又能反過來影響乙烯合成[35]。同樣地,SlERF6也是一個果實成熟特異的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,負調(diào)控番茄果實成熟[36]。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)SlERF.B3(又叫LeERF4)能夠調(diào)控多個基因的表達,例如果實成熟相關基因及某些ERF家族成員的表達,ERF.B3-SRDX果實顏色表現(xiàn)為橙紅色,番茄紅素含量較低,但是乙烯含量卻呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,可能是由于乙烯合成基因表達上調(diào)所致,ERF.B3-SRDX對乙烯敏感性高表明SlERF.B3反饋調(diào)節(jié)乙烯的合成和響應[37-38]。

3.4 SBP/SPL轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

CNR屬于SBP/SPL家族成員,其啟動子甲基化導致 cnr 突變體果實表現(xiàn)為無色、乙烯含量大大降低的表型[5,39],即使施加外源乙烯也不能使突變體的表型恢復至野生型。CNR啟動子甲基化不僅抑制其與RIN的結(jié)合活性[18],也抑制了RIN與其他基因的結(jié)合活性[20],而 rin 中CNR的表達水平也很低,以上結(jié)果暗示CNR應該在RIN的下游發(fā)揮作用[5]。另外,其他的SBP/SPL轉(zhuǎn)錄因子也可能參與調(diào)控番茄果實發(fā)育與成熟[40]。

3.5 其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如HB-1也參與果實成熟的調(diào)控。LeHB-1是一種HD-zip同源異型蛋白,可直接與 ACO1相互作用,LeHB-1基因的抑制會導致ACO1 表達降低,乙烯合成減少,延遲果實成熟[41]。

4 展望

番茄果實成熟是一個復雜而又高度協(xié)調(diào)有序的過程,各類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導乙烯調(diào)控番茄果實成熟的機理仍是目前研究的重點和難點。因此,繼續(xù)挖掘番茄果實成熟相關轉(zhuǎn)錄因子并探究這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的功能及其與乙烯之間的關系,完善轉(zhuǎn)錄因子介導乙烯參與番茄果實成熟的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡,對于從分子水平上改良番茄品種具有重要的指導意義。

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