陳紅映 孫建輝 于澤玥
摘要 瑪咖(Lepidium meyenii Walper,Maca)為十字花科獨(dú)行菜屬一年生或兩年生草本植物,源自南美洲,有悠久的食用歷史。除了秘魯當(dāng)?shù)厝耸秤矛斂В澜鐚Μ斂У男枨蠖荚谠鲩L,瑪咖在20世紀(jì)90年代初引入我國,并于2011年獲批為新資源食品,現(xiàn)階段我國云南、西藏等高海拔地區(qū)均成功引種瑪咖。研究表明,瑪咖對生殖系統(tǒng)具有調(diào)節(jié)性激素、改善性功能、抑制前列腺增生的作用;對消化系統(tǒng)具有促進(jìn)胃腸運(yùn)動、預(yù)防肝損傷的作用;對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)具有改善記憶力、抗抑郁、保護(hù)神經(jīng)和鎮(zhèn)痛的作用;對免疫系統(tǒng)具有增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫的作用;對血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)具有降低舒張壓和收縮壓的作用;還具有抗炎、抗疲勞、抗氧化、抗紫外輻射及抗骨質(zhì)疏松等作用。相關(guān)毒理研究表明,瑪咖無細(xì)胞毒性、體外肝毒性、急性毒性、長期毒性以及生殖毒性?,F(xiàn)查閱近些年的瑪咖藥理毒理相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),對瑪咖藥理作用研究、毒理研究進(jìn)行了歸納、梳理和總結(jié),未發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖具有不良反應(yīng),且具有多種藥理作用及營養(yǎng)保健功能。希望能為瑪咖今后的藥用實(shí)驗(yàn)及臨床研究提供幫助和參考。
關(guān)鍵詞 瑪咖;性激素;性功能;免疫力;抗疲勞;胃腸運(yùn)動;毒理;研究進(jìn)展
Abstract Lepidium meyenii Walper (Maca) is an annual or biennial herb of the genus Lepidopsis in the cruciferous family.It originates from South America and has a long history of consumption.In addition to the locals in Peru who consume maca,the interest and demand for Maca are growing all over the world.Maca was gradually introduced into China in the early 1990s and was approved as a new resource food in 2011.At this stage,maca has been successfully introduced in high-altitude regions such as Yunnan and Tibet.A large number of experimental studies have shown that Maca can regulate sex hormones,improve sexual function and inhibit prostatic hyperplasia of the reproductive system.It can promote gastrointestinal motility and protect against liver injury in digestive system.It has the effect of improving memory,anti-depression,protecting nerve and analgesia to nervous system.Maca can enhance cellular immunity and humoral immunity to the immune system.It can reduce diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure in the blood circulation system.It also has the functions of anti-inflammatory,fatigue resistance,oxidation resistance,resistance to ultraviolet radiation and anti osteoporosis and other effects.Relevant toxicological studies showed that maca had no cytotoxicity,in vitro hepatotoxicity,acute toxicity,long-term toxicity or reproductive toxicity.In this paper,the pharmacological and toxicological studies of maca in recent years were reviewed,and the pharmacological and toxicological studies were summarized.It was found that maca had no toxic and side effects,as well as a variety of pharmacological and nutritional functions.It is hoped that this paper can provide help and reference for maca′s future medicinal experiment and clinical research.
Keywords Maca; Sex hormone; Sexual function; Immunity; Anti-fatigue; Gastrointestinal motility; Toxicology; Research Progress
中圖分類號:R285文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2021.07.003
瑪咖(Lepidium meyenii Walper,Maca)是屬于十字花科的秘魯土著植物,主要生長在海拔高于4 000米的高原地區(qū)[1]。瑪咖在20世紀(jì)90年代初引入我國,并于2011年獲批為新資源食品。瑪咖傳統(tǒng)上在秘魯被當(dāng)?shù)厝俗鳛橐环N糧食作物種植,除了作為食品食用外,瑪咖還被視為一種天然的壯陽藥物。除了秘魯當(dāng)?shù)厝耸秤矛斂В澜鐚Μ斂У男枨蠖荚谠鲩L,現(xiàn)階段我國云南、西藏等高海拔地區(qū)均成功引種瑪咖。為了更好的探索和利用新資源食品——瑪咖,我們對瑪咖的藥理作用及毒理相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜述,為瑪咖應(yīng)用提供參考。
1 藥理作用
1.1 對生殖系統(tǒng)的作用
瑪咖對生殖系統(tǒng)具有調(diào)節(jié)性激素、改善性功能、抑制前列腺增生的作用。
1.1.1 調(diào)節(jié)性激素
瑪咖在秘魯被廣泛用做民間藥物,并在歐洲和美洲用于治療陽痿、更年期疾病和不孕?,斂嵛锟稍黾有坌源笫缶掖碳r血清中的睪酮含量,睪酮增加可能與睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生睪酮的能力增強(qiáng)有關(guān)[2]。Yoshida等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖水提物可增強(qiáng)雄性大鼠睪丸Leydig細(xì)胞的類固醇生成能力,從而減緩其隨年齡增長而下降的趨勢。瑪咖的活性成分Lepidiline A可改善小鼠內(nèi)源性性激素的平衡,提高果蠅的繁殖力;Lepidiline A靶向HSD17B1基因的機(jī)制來增強(qiáng)酶的活性,提高性激素的生物轉(zhuǎn)化效率,將雌激素轉(zhuǎn)化為17-雌二醇,將4-雄酮-3,7-二酮轉(zhuǎn)化為睪酮,最終提高生殖能力[4]。促黃體生成素(Luteinizing Hormone,LH)能促進(jìn)膽固醇在性腺細(xì)胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化為性激素?,斂Х勰┠茉黾哟菩源笫笱逯蠰H和促卵泡激素(Follicle-stimulating Hormone,F(xiàn)SH),且LH水平在瑪咖3~30 g/kg范圍內(nèi)呈劑量依賴性增加[5]?,斂н€可以調(diào)節(jié)去卵巢大鼠內(nèi)分泌激素,對FSH的調(diào)節(jié)作用較強(qiáng)[6]。Oshima等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖提高了雌性小鼠孕酮水平和雄性小鼠睪酮水平,但它不直接影響血清雌二醇-17β水平和雌性胚胎著床率。
1.1.2 改善性功能
Zenico等[8]對50名有輕度勃起功能障礙的男性進(jìn)行了雙盲臨床試驗(yàn),隨機(jī)使用瑪咖提取物或安慰劑進(jìn)行治療,治療前后分別采用國際勃起功能指數(shù)(International Index of Erectile Function,IIEF-5)調(diào)查問卷和滿意度問卷(Satisfaction Profile,SAT-P)檢測患者的治療效果和主觀性幸福感。試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖能改善勃起功能障礙,還能提高患者的性幸福感。Melnikovova等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖粉末給藥12周后,能提高男性的精子活力和水平?,斂Х圻€能提高男性自行車手計(jì)時賽的時間和性欲[10]。
瑪咖可以改善雄性大鼠的性行為,Cicero等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)單次給藥和長期給藥均可顯著改善雄性大鼠的性行為參數(shù),瑪咖能縮短雄性大鼠爬高潛伏期(Mount Latency,ML)、插入潛伏期(Intromission Latency,IL)、射精潛伏期(Ejaculation Latency,EL)、射精后潛伏期(Postejaculatory Latency,PEL)和交配間隔(Intercopulatory Interval,ICI)?,斂н€能縮短雌性小鼠的懷孕潛伏期,增加產(chǎn)仔數(shù)[12]。瑪咖和韭菜提取物對性功能有良好的協(xié)同作用,且明顯提高了小鼠血清和陰莖中一氧化氮含量以及陰莖中的環(huán)鳥苷酸含量[13]。Clément等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖能提高公牛精子的DNA碎片指數(shù)和精子活力?,斂茉黾臃N馬的射精量和精子水平,提高精子活力和頂體完整性[15]。Aoki1等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖能通過誘導(dǎo)頂體反應(yīng)和增強(qiáng)精子活力來提高體外受精率。瑪咖水提物口服能增加精子數(shù)量,而腹腔注射無效;瑪咖水提物pH的降低增加了精子數(shù)量,而pH的升高會導(dǎo)致精子數(shù)量減少[17]。
1.1.3 抑制前列腺增生
前列腺增生是一種進(jìn)行性雄激素依賴性疾病,其特征是5-還原酶作用失調(diào),導(dǎo)致前列腺雙氫睪酮水平升高,前列腺體積增大。Gonzales等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)紅瑪咖能通過降低前列腺增生大鼠的鋅水平來抑制前列腺增生。還有研究表明紅瑪咖通過Th2型免疫應(yīng)答途徑減少炎癥從而抑制前列腺增生[19]。
1.2 對消化系統(tǒng)的作用
瑪咖可以促進(jìn)胃腸運(yùn)動和保護(hù)肝損傷。
1.2.1 促進(jìn)胃腸運(yùn)動
胃腸運(yùn)動障礙是胃腸道最常見的疾病之一。有研究認(rèn)為瑪咖地上部分能作為促進(jìn)胃腸運(yùn)動的功能性蔬菜食用[20]。因?yàn)楝斂У厣喜糠譅I養(yǎng)成分和礦物質(zhì)特別豐富多樣,其中必需氨基酸占總氨基酸的41%~47%,維生素C、煙酸、鉀和鈣含量均高于常見蔬菜。且能通過提高小鼠血清胃動素(MTL)和胃泌素(GAS)水平,促進(jìn)胃排空、小腸推進(jìn)。
1.2.2 保肝作用
肝炎是一個人類公共衛(wèi)生問題。而急性肝炎以強(qiáng)炎癥為特征,可引起肝細(xì)胞死亡,導(dǎo)致肝衰竭。有研究表明瑪咖能抑制急性肝炎引起的炎癥?,斂Э梢砸种频抖顾谹誘導(dǎo)的急性肝炎小鼠的轉(zhuǎn)移酶產(chǎn)生,并通過抑制核因子κB、IFN-γ/STAT1、IL-6/STAT3信號通道從而抑制炎癥反應(yīng)[21]。還有相關(guān)組織病理學(xué)研究表明瑪咖多糖減輕了乙醇引起的炎癥,且瑪咖多糖在體外可以減輕乙醇對人肝癌細(xì)胞的損傷,還能抑制血清和肝組織中的三酰甘油(TG)水平[22]?,斂Ф嗵强山档途凭愿螕p傷小鼠血清中的天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST),γ谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γGT),丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT),還能提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶(GST)的含量。證明了瑪咖多糖具有成為防止人類酒精性肝損傷的食品或藥品的潛力。
1.3 對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用
瑪咖可能通過作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生改善記憶力、抗抑郁、神經(jīng)保護(hù)和鎮(zhèn)痛的作用。
1.3.1 改善記憶力
黃、紅、黑3種不同顏色瑪咖改善記憶力作用的強(qiáng)度也不同,其中改善記憶力較佳的品種為黑瑪咖[23]。Rubio等[24]通過莫里斯水迷宮和跳臺測試發(fā)現(xiàn)黑瑪咖水提物和醇提物均能顯著改善東莨菪堿所致的記憶障礙,且黑瑪咖對乙酰膽堿酯酶活性有抑制作用,對單胺氧化酶活性無影響。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖能改善線粒體呼吸功能和上調(diào)自噬相關(guān)蛋白從而改善中年鼠的認(rèn)知能力、運(yùn)動協(xié)調(diào)能力和耐力[25]。
1.3.2 抗抑郁
抑郁癥是一種精神疾病,不少婦女在絕經(jīng)前后出現(xiàn)情緒障礙。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖能減輕中國絕經(jīng)后婦女的抑郁癥狀[26]。Rubio等[23]采用強(qiáng)迫游泳試驗(yàn)法研究黃、紅、黑3種瑪咖對去卵巢小鼠抑郁的影響,每次治療結(jié)束后,切除子宮并稱重。結(jié)果顯示,3種瑪咖在去卵巢小鼠強(qiáng)迫游泳試驗(yàn)中都能減少小鼠靜止時間并能增加小鼠子宮重量。證明了黃、紅、黑3種瑪咖均表現(xiàn)出抗抑郁活性?,斂兔烟崛∥锬芙档托∈笪矐业踉囼?yàn)的靜止時間和小鼠血清中的皮質(zhì)酮水平[27]?,斂兔烟崛∥镞€能升高去甲腎上腺素和多巴胺水平,抑制活性氧活性。且能通過激活去甲腎上腺素和多巴胺系統(tǒng)以及減弱小鼠大腦氧化應(yīng)激,來達(dá)到抗抑郁的作用。
1.3.3 神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用
瑪咖酰胺是瑪咖產(chǎn)生的非常重要的次生代謝產(chǎn)物,具有多種生物活性,尤其是在神經(jīng)元系統(tǒng)中。蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)和脂質(zhì)組學(xué)綜合研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖中的芐基十六烷酰胺能通過調(diào)節(jié)鞘脂代謝和線粒體功能來保護(hù)神經(jīng),且該研究證明了芐基十六烷酰胺的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用伴隨著線粒體呼吸功能的改善[28]。
1.3.4 鎮(zhèn)痛作用
Tenci等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖可以減輕關(guān)節(jié)和神經(jīng)性疼痛?,斂軌驕p輕關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)注射單碘乙酸鹽和坐骨神經(jīng)的慢性壓迫性損傷引起的機(jī)械性超敏反應(yīng)和姿勢不平衡。此外,瑪咖還可以增加奧沙利鉑和紫杉醇引起的痛閾值。瑪咖是否是作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的藥物還有待于我們進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。常見中樞性鎮(zhèn)痛藥如嗎啡、芬太尼等反復(fù)使用容易產(chǎn)生成癮性,而瑪咖作用食品安全性較大,可以深入研究其鎮(zhèn)痛作用。
1.4 對免疫系統(tǒng)的作用
瑪咖可通過增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫來調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)?,斂е械闹饕鞍卓娠@著增強(qiáng)RAW 264.7細(xì)胞的吞噬能力,促進(jìn)一氧化氮(NO)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)和白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)的分泌[30]?,斂嵛锬芡ㄟ^增加Th1的分泌和減少Th2細(xì)胞因子,增強(qiáng)小鼠細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫,同時還能促進(jìn)脾T淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)化,從而改善環(huán)磷酰胺誘導(dǎo)的免疫力低下脾虛癥小鼠的癥狀[31]?,斂Ф嗵菍D4+T細(xì)胞具有免疫增強(qiáng)作用,且瑪咖多糖的分子量和半乳糖胺可能是決定其生物活性的重要因素[32]。從瑪咖中分離得到的由葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖組成的多糖能通過TLRS/核因子κB炎癥信號通路,激活RAW264.7巨噬細(xì)胞和激發(fā)免疫刺激活性[33]。
1.5 對血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的作用
瑪咖能降低男性收縮壓和舒張壓可能是因?yàn)楝斂е懈缓浽豙34]?,斂н€可以降低絕經(jīng)婦女的血壓,Stojanovska等[26]采用隨雙盲對照的方法,對29例絕經(jīng)后婦女以調(diào)查問卷形式進(jìn)行研究,與安慰劑比較,瑪咖能減輕抑郁癥狀并明顯降低絕經(jīng)后婦女的舒張壓。
1.6 抗炎作用
在高海拔地區(qū)紅瑪咖噴霧治療可加速小鼠創(chuàng)面閉合,降低創(chuàng)面表皮增生程度,減少創(chuàng)面炎癥細(xì)胞數(shù)量,從而促進(jìn)皮膚傷口愈合[35]。
1.7 抗氧化作用
Wang等[36]從瑪咖中分離的一種新多糖能清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、超氧自由基和羥基自由基,提高Fe2+螯合能力,抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化力,還能通過破壞自由基鏈提高還原能力?,斂Ф嗵沁€可以通過維持細(xì)胞活力,降低活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)水平,增強(qiáng)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性來保護(hù)RAW264.7細(xì)胞免受H2O2誘導(dǎo)的氧化損傷?,斂]發(fā)油、脂類和多糖均具有清除DPPH自由基的活性。其中瑪咖揮發(fā)油對DPPH的清除作用最強(qiáng),黑瑪咖揮發(fā)油、脂類和多糖均比黃、紅瑪咖的抗氧化能力強(qiáng)[37]。且瑪咖多糖的抗氧化能力呈劑量依賴性[22]。
1.8 抗疲勞作用
瑪咖多糖具有抗疲勞的作用。持續(xù)給予瑪咖多糖45 d后,可降低游泳后小鼠血清尿素氮含量,且能明顯延長小鼠游泳時間[38]。還有相關(guān)研究表明瑪咖多糖能延長小鼠力竭游泳時間的同時增加了小鼠血清中的肝糖原水平,降低了血乳酸(BLA)、血液尿素氮(BUN)、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)的水平,且呈劑量依賴性[39]。
1.9 抗紫外輻射作用
Gonzales-Castaeda等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖通過抗氧化和抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化來達(dá)到抗中波紫外線(UVB)輻射作用。長波紫外線(UVR)照射大鼠可引起皮膚表皮厚度增加,而瑪咖提取物可以通過減小受UVR照射的大鼠皮膚表皮厚度,來保護(hù)大鼠的皮膚免受紫外線照射。且經(jīng)煮沸處理后的瑪咖水提物比沒有煮沸處理的瑪咖提取物效果更好?,斂~可防止UVB輻射引起的曬傷細(xì)胞、表皮增生、白細(xì)胞浸潤及其他病變的發(fā)展[41]。
1.10 抗骨質(zhì)疏松作用
瑪咖能增加股骨的鈣含量和預(yù)防雌激素缺乏性骨丟失[42]。且瑪咖中的N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide成分能通過抑制Tyr216處的糖原合成酶激酶-3(GSK-3β)的磷酸化和維持β-連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)的表達(dá)來激活Wnt/β-catenin信號通路,增加骨形成,來達(dá)到預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松的目的[43]。Leiva-Revilla等[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)紅瑪咖可通過提高去卵巢大鼠的干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)水平來治療骨質(zhì)疏松癥等。
2 毒理研究
瑪咖作為一種新資源食品,有著悠久的種植和食用歷史,安全性較高,相關(guān)毒理研究也表明瑪咖無不良反應(yīng)。
2.1 細(xì)胞毒性研究
Valentová等[45]用不同濃度瑪咖醇提物和水提物體外分別培養(yǎng)大鼠肝細(xì)胞24、48和72 h,發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖醇提物和水提物沒有細(xì)胞毒性和體外肝毒性,還有輕微的細(xì)胞保護(hù)作用。
2.2 急性毒性研究
瑪咖水提物劑量為17 g/kg時對大鼠無急性毒性,大鼠1 g/kg劑量連續(xù)給藥84 d無不良反應(yīng),且無肝毒性[46]。瑪咖醇提物劑量為2 g/kg時對小鼠無急性毒性[47]。Meissner等[48]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖對大鼠和小鼠的半數(shù)致死量(LD50)>2 g/kg。
2.3 長期毒性研究
小鼠以200 mg/kg、500 mg/kg、1 000 mg/kg劑量的瑪咖醇提物連續(xù)給藥45 d后,均未見毒性反應(yīng),且血液學(xué)指標(biāo)、生化指標(biāo)、臟器系數(shù)均無明顯變化,對小鼠臟器的組織病理學(xué)評價也無明顯變化[47]。
2.4 生殖毒性研究
D′Arrigo等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瑪咖水提物不影響小鼠著床前胚胎的正常發(fā)育及生存能力,相反,瑪咖水提物有利于小鼠胚胎的發(fā)育。
3 小結(jié)
瑪咖作為一種新資源食品被廣泛應(yīng)用和研究,相關(guān)毒理研究表明瑪咖安全性較高,且具有調(diào)節(jié)性激素、改善性功能、抑制前列腺增生、促進(jìn)胃腸運(yùn)動、預(yù)防肝損傷、改善記憶力、抗抑郁、保護(hù)神經(jīng)、鎮(zhèn)痛、調(diào)節(jié)免疫、降血壓、抗炎、抗疲勞、抗氧化、抗紫外輻射、抗骨質(zhì)疏松等作用。然而,現(xiàn)階段針對瑪咖作用機(jī)制的研究較少,臨床研究更為缺乏,且多為調(diào)查問卷形式。因此,以后的研究中,我們應(yīng)更多的研究瑪咖藥理作用機(jī)制,并進(jìn)行可信度較高的臨床研究。
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(2021-03-05收稿 責(zé)任編輯:徐穎)