童巧文 陳楊芳 林建萍 馮梅 葉華
結(jié)果 從屬水平上看,HC組相對(duì)于PD組,毛螺旋菌、鏈球菌屬、克雷伯菌屬、伯勞特菌屬4種屬顯著增加(P<0.05)。PD組相對(duì)于HC組,有埃希氏菌屬、瘤胃球菌屬、巨單胞菌屬、阿克曼氏菌屬、巨型球菌屬、顫桿菌克屬、伯克氏菌屬、埃森博格拉屬、異味桿菌屬、丹毒絲菌科未命名屬、脫硫弧菌屬、普雷沃氏菌科、單胞菌屬、脫硫弧菌科、嗜胨菌屬明顯增加(P<0.05)。PD組血清TNF-α水平為101.56(46.30,200.62),高于對(duì)照組血清TNF-α水平83.53(37.72, 191.27),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組血清IL-6,LPS水平,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。TNF-α、IL-6、LPS與脫硫化弧菌屬(Desulfovibrio)有正相關(guān)(P<0.05),IL-6、LPS與丹毒絲菌科未命名屬(Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis)有正相關(guān)(P<0.05),IL-6、LPS與伯勞特菌屬(Blautia)有正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 帕金森病組和健康對(duì)照組的菌群結(jié)構(gòu)存在有差異。PD腸道菌群中條件致病菌增多,并與細(xì)胞因子有一定相關(guān)。這些改變可能與帕金森病的發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 帕金森病;腸道菌群;炎癥因子;相關(guān)性分析
[中圖分類號(hào)] R742.5? ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2021)14-0012-04
Correlation analysis on intestinal flora and serum inflammatory factors in the patients with Parkinson′s disease
TONG Qiaowen1? ?CHEN Yangfang2? ?LIN Jianping2? ?FENG Mei1? ?YE Hua1
1.Department of Neurology, Wenzhou People′s Hospital, Wenzhou? ?325000, China; 2.Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou People′s Hospital, Wenzhou? ?325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the correlation between changes of intestinal flora and serum inflammatory factors in the patients with Parkinson′s disease(PD). Methods A total of 30 patients with primary PD who were admitted to the Department of Neurology in Wenzhou People′s Hospital from November 2017 to February 2019 and 30 patients undergoing routine physical examination during the same period were selected. After grouping, the general information was collected, and the blood and stool samples were collected. The types of microorganisms was determined through 16S-rRNA sequencing and the classification analysis of microorganisms was performed. The serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected. Correlation? Analysis was carried out between different flora abundance and serum inflammatory factors in PD. Results From the genus level, compared with the PD group, the HC group had significant increases in four genera: Lachnospira, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, and Blautia(P<0.05). Compared with the HC group, the PD group had significant increases in Escherichia, Ruminococcus, Megamonas, Akkermansia, Megacoccus, Oscillibacter, Burkholderia, Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis, Desulfovibrio, Desulfovibrio, Desulfovibrio, and Peptoniphilus (P<0.05). The serum TNF-α level in the PD group was 101.56 (46.30, 200.62), which was higher than the serum TNF-α level of 83.53(37.72, 191.27) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the levels of serum IL-6 and LPS between the two groups(P>0.05). TNF-α, IL-6, and LPS were positively correlated with Desulfovibrio(P<0.05), IL-6, LPS were positively correlated with Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis(P<0.05), and IL-6 and LPS were positively correlated with Blautia (P<0.05). Conclusion There are differences in the structure of the flora between the Parkinson′s disease group and the healthy control group. The increase in the intestinal flora of conditional pathogenic bacteria of PD is related to cytokines. These changes may be related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson′s disease.
[Key words] Parkinson′s disease (PD); Intestinal flora; Inflammatory factors; Correlation analysis
帕金森?。≒arkinson′s disease,PD)是一種中老年人常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性疾病。它的病理的特征在于α-突觸核蛋白異常聚積,并影響腦-腸軸各級(jí)組織,包括中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。最近一項(xiàng)涉及新診斷的PD患者的研究證實(shí),與健康對(duì)照組相比,這些受試者的腸道通透性顯著增加,這與腸黏膜中大腸桿菌的更強(qiáng)染色和全面暴露于血清脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)有關(guān)[1]。值得注意的是,這些改變也與腸道神經(jīng)元中α-突觸核蛋白的異常積聚有相關(guān)性[2]。越來越多的證據(jù)證實(shí)腸道菌群的改變先于或發(fā)生在PD過程中[3,4]。與腸道菌群的改變相關(guān)的腸道炎癥可能促使α-突觸核蛋白時(shí)錯(cuò)誤折疊的發(fā)生[5,6]。
本研究通過16S-rDNA測(cè)序確定PD腸道菌群種類并進(jìn)行微生物的分類分析,深入研究PD患者的腸道菌群結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性特征,并應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫法檢測(cè)血清LPS,白細(xì)胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α),以探索PD腸道菌群與炎癥反應(yīng)的相關(guān)性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
研究對(duì)象及分組:本研究對(duì)象主要分為帕金森病例組(PD組)與健康對(duì)照組(HC組)。來自2017年11月至2019年2月在溫州市人民醫(yī)院門診和住院診治原發(fā)性PD的患者30例。PD組中男女比例為14∶16,平均年齡(66.5±7.4)歲。同時(shí)選擇溫州市人民醫(yī)院體檢中心30例年齡、性別匹配的健康志愿者作為健康對(duì)照組(HC組)。其中對(duì)照組中的男女比為18∶12,平均年齡(65.1±5.9)歲。研究獲得溫州市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。所有受試者簽署了試驗(yàn)知情同意書。
PD組入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合英國腦庫帕金森病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],并由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的神經(jīng)專科醫(yī)師確診。PD組排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全、惡性腫瘤、急性心力衰竭等嚴(yán)重基礎(chǔ)疾病者;②胃腸手術(shù)病史;③嚴(yán)重消化道疾病史;④3個(gè)月內(nèi)服用過抗生素和益生菌。HC組入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):選擇與病例組年齡、性別相匹配的健康體檢者作為對(duì)照組。3個(gè)月內(nèi)未服用過抗生素和益生菌。
一般資料的收集:所有入組受試者均完善性別、年齡、身高、體重等人口學(xué)資料;所有PD患者收集病程、帕金森藥物服用情況等病史資料并使用Hoehn & Yahr(H-Y)分級(jí)和統(tǒng)一帕金森病評(píng)定量表第Ⅲ部分[8](Unified Parkinson′s disease rating scale,UPDRS第Ⅲ部分)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。受試者一般臨床資料見表1。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 16S rRNA高通量測(cè)序? 所有受試者采集糞便標(biāo)本后,將標(biāo)本儲(chǔ)存在微生物檢測(cè)試劑盒(G-BIO Biotech,Inc.,Hangzhou,China)中。使用北京天根生化科技有限公司的糞便基因組DNA試劑盒(DP328),對(duì)樣本進(jìn)行DNA提取。使用特定設(shè)計(jì)的細(xì)菌PCR擴(kuò)增引物對(duì)糞便樣本中的16S rRNA進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,具體引物序列如下:正向引物:5-tcgtcggcagcgtcagatgtgtataagagacagCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3,反向引物:5-gtctcgtgggctcggagatgtgtataagagacagGACTACHVGGG TATCTAATCC-3。對(duì)擴(kuò)增PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行2%瓊脂糖電泳分析。利用Illumina Miseq PE300測(cè)序平臺(tái)進(jìn)行測(cè)序。
1.2.2 血清炎癥因子檢測(cè)? 所有受試者均于上午采集肘靜脈血樣,將樣本置于型號(hào)EDTA抗凝管中,室溫靜置2 h,離心機(jī)離心時(shí)的參數(shù)按統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)定,離心溫度4℃,離心機(jī)離心速度為1000 g/min,離心時(shí)間為15 min。標(biāo)本離心后使用一次性無菌移液管將上層血清移至無酶EP管中,-80℃冰箱中進(jìn)行保存,待收集完所有受試者的血清后進(jìn)行細(xì)胞因子的檢測(cè)。采用夾心法酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定試劑盒(Enzyme Linked-Immuno-Sorbent Assay,ELISA)測(cè)定血清LPS、IL-6、TNF-α的水平,采用博士德生物試劑盒進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)使用R(v3.6.1)語言軟件進(jìn)行分析。在Rstudio界面,對(duì)于正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料,用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,比較兩獨(dú)立樣本間均數(shù)采用t檢驗(yàn),非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料,用中位數(shù)(最小值,最大值)表示,比較兩個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本的分布采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。兩個(gè)樣本率的比較用Pearson χ2檢驗(yàn),若T<5時(shí),采用Fisher確切概率法。使用Spearman相關(guān)系數(shù)分析PD腸道菌群豐度與臨床癥狀之間的相關(guān)性。根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)特點(diǎn)制成相應(yīng)圖形和表格。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般臨床資料比較
兩組間在性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等一般臨床資料方面,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。在血清炎癥因子方面,PD組TNF-α水平高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)多樣性分析
測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)Alpha 指數(shù)多樣性分析結(jié)果見表1。從OTU數(shù)、Chao1指數(shù)、shannon指數(shù)和simpson指數(shù)來看,PD組與HC組腸道菌群分布無明顯差異。
2.3 帕金森組和對(duì)照組的屬水平物種差異
將項(xiàng)目中的每個(gè)菌的豐度在HC組和PD兩組之間進(jìn)行比較,將相對(duì)豐度大于1%的菌屬進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),將有明顯差異的菌保留。HC組相對(duì)于PD組,有4種genus在HC組明顯增加,從高到低分別是毛螺旋菌屬(Lachnospiraceae)、鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus)、克雷伯氏菌屬(Klebsiella)、伯勞特菌屬(Blautia)。PD組相對(duì)于HC組,PD組有15種屬明顯增加,從高到低分別是埃希氏菌屬(Escherichia/Shigella)、瘤胃球菌屬(Ruminococcaceae)、巨單胞菌屬(Megamonas)、阿克曼氏菌屬(Akkermansi)、巨型球菌屬(Megasphaera)、顫桿菌屬(Oscillibacter)、伯克氏菌屬(Burkholderiales)、埃森博格拉屬(Eisenbergiella)、異味桿菌屬(Odoribacter)、丹毒絲菌科未命名屬(Erysipelotrichaceae_incertae_ sedis)、脫硫弧菌屬(Desulfovibrio)、普雷沃氏菌屬(Prevotellaceae)、單胞菌屬(Porphyromonas)、脫硫弧菌科(f_Desulfovibrionaceae)、嗜胨菌屬(Peptoniphilus)。
2.4 菌群與細(xì)胞因子之間的關(guān)系
PD組中與HC組間比較存在的差異菌屬分別與PD血清指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析。TNF-α、IL-6、LPS與脫硫化弧菌(Desulfovibrio)有正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.477、0.641、0.641,P值分別=0.025、0.003、0.022),IL-6、LPS與丹毒絲菌科未命名屬(Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis)有正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.761、0.761,P=0.000、0.024),IL-6、LPS與伯勞特氏菌屬(Blautia)具有不同程度的正相關(guān)性(相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.603、0.603,P=0.006、0.004)。從結(jié)果上來說,IL-6和LPS更為同步。
3 討論
腦-腸軸是CNS和胃腸道之間的雙向通信系統(tǒng)。最近研究提出腸道菌群可能影響胃腸-腦相互作用[9-12]。PD中神經(jīng)元死亡的原因仍然存在爭(zhēng)議,然而,大量證據(jù)表明炎癥機(jī)制可能發(fā)揮重要作用。例如,在大腦中,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活與多巴胺能神經(jīng)元丟失有關(guān),這表明神經(jīng)炎癥可能促進(jìn)了神經(jīng)退行性過程[5,12]。PD患者結(jié)腸活檢顯示出了炎癥反應(yīng)和腸膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(Enteric glial cells,EGCs)失調(diào)的證據(jù)[3,13,14]。無論在小鼠PD模型和PD患者中均發(fā)現(xiàn)了炎性變化與結(jié)腸滲透性增加[1,15]。以上結(jié)果均顯示了腸道菌群可能通過致病細(xì)菌的LPS,導(dǎo)致促炎細(xì)胞因子的合成上調(diào),促進(jìn)了腸道局部和全身炎癥。
測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)的分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)帕金森組腸道菌群和健康對(duì)照組在菌群豐度和菌群多樣性上無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。從屬水平上看,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD組毛螺旋菌屬(Lachnospiraceae)、伯勞特氏菌屬(Blautia)的豐度減少,毛螺旋菌屬(Lachnospiraceae),伯勞特氏菌屬(Blautia)可產(chǎn)生丁酸鹽,丁酸鹽作為腸黏膜上皮的優(yōu)質(zhì)能量來源,可以抑制組蛋白脫乙酰酶(Histone deacetylase,HDAC)和抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB的活性,從而減少腸粘膜炎癥,發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)抗炎細(xì)胞因子的作用[16]。因此,PD患者的糞便中產(chǎn)短鏈脂肪酸(short chain fatty acid, SCFA)的細(xì)菌的低豐度可能是導(dǎo)致PD早期腸道黏膜滲透性改變的一種機(jī)制[17]。
結(jié)果還顯示PD組腸道中的埃希菌屬(Escherichia)和阿克曼氏菌屬(Akkermansia)豐度明顯升高,與既往報(bào)道的研究結(jié)果一致[18,19]。Forsyth等[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)早期診斷的帕金森病人腸道通透性增高,并與腸黏膜的大腸桿菌,腸道α-突觸核蛋白的免疫組化染色以及血清脂多糖結(jié)合蛋白(Lipopolysaccharide binding protein,LBP)水平的相關(guān)。而阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia)被認(rèn)為可以降解腸道黏液層[1]。Dodiya 發(fā)現(xiàn)約束應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致了口服魚騰酮的PD大鼠模型糞便中阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia)(粘蛋白降解的革蘭陰性細(xì)菌)的相對(duì)豐度增加和內(nèi)毒素血癥,同時(shí)造成了腸道滲透性和氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)增加[20]。以上結(jié)果確實(shí)提供了一個(gè)假設(shè):即腸道過度通透或PD腸道菌群失調(diào)引起的腸源性炎癥促進(jìn)與PD發(fā)病機(jī)制相關(guān)的神經(jīng)炎癥和神經(jīng)退行性變化。
從細(xì)胞因子相關(guān)性結(jié)果看,TNF-α、IL-6、LPS與脫硫化弧菌(Desulfovibrio)具有正相關(guān)性。IL-6、LPS與丹毒絲菌科未命名屬(Erysipelotrichaceae_incertae_ sedis)和伯勞特氏菌(Blautia)具有不同程度的正相關(guān)性。LPS、TNF-α、IL-6均參與炎癥過程,與菌群的相關(guān)性結(jié)果同步,說明脫硫化弧菌(Desulfovibrio)、丹毒絲菌科未命名菌(Erysipelotrichaceae_incertae_sedis)和伯勞特氏菌(Blautia)可能通過促進(jìn)腸道炎癥反應(yīng)而參與到PD的發(fā)病機(jī)制。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,帕金森癥患者產(chǎn)生SCFA的腸道菌群減少,而產(chǎn)生內(nèi)毒素的菌群增多,這可能在腸道內(nèi)引起慢性炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激,從而對(duì)帕金森病理生理的發(fā)展起到一定的作用。進(jìn)一步開展PD腸道菌群的研究,對(duì)腸道微生物群改變與PD發(fā)病機(jī)制之間的相關(guān)性具有重要意義,且促進(jìn)了以腸道菌群為治療靶點(diǎn)的治療方法研究。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-16)