馬喆 王思錦 高永紅 程煒婷 鞏卓彥 孫逸坤 薛程元 金秋碩 高穎 婁利霞
〔摘要〕 目的 探討松齡血脈康膠囊對(duì)大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用及其對(duì)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。方法 從50只雄性SD大鼠中隨機(jī)選取11只為假手術(shù)組,其余大鼠采用大腦中動(dòng)脈栓塞法制備腦缺血再灌注損傷模型,造模成功的33只大鼠隨機(jī)分為模型組、松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組,每組11只,分別予蒸餾水[10 mL/(kg·d)]、松齡血脈康膠囊溶液[10 mL/(kg·d)]及依達(dá)拉奉注射液[3.15 mL/(kg·d)]干預(yù)5 d。神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分檢測(cè)造模后24 h及給藥5 d后的神經(jīng)功能;錯(cuò)步實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)錯(cuò)步次數(shù);HE染色觀察大鼠大腦缺血區(qū)形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu);TUNEL染色法觀察細(xì)胞凋亡;Western blot法檢測(cè)Cleaved Caspase-3及內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激促凋亡蛋白CHOP、Caspase-12的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分顯示,造模24 h后,與假手術(shù)組相比,造模組評(píng)分顯著降低(P<0.01),表示造模成功。造模5 d后,模型組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分仍低于假手術(shù)組(P<0.01);松齡血脈康組與依達(dá)拉奉組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分顯著高于模型組(P<0.05),且分別顯著高于本組造模后24 h評(píng)分(P<0.01或P<0.05)。錯(cuò)步實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),模型組的錯(cuò)步次數(shù)顯著高于假手術(shù)組(P<0.01);松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組錯(cuò)步次數(shù)顯著低于模型組(P<0.01)。HE染色結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與模型組相比,松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組缺血區(qū)腦組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)顯著改善。TUNEL染色結(jié)果顯示,模型組陽性細(xì)胞百分比較假手術(shù)組顯著增加(P<0.01);松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組陽性細(xì)胞百分比較模型組顯著減少(P<0.01)。Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,模型組Cleaved Caspase-3與CHOP、Caspase-12相對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)量較假手術(shù)組顯著增高(P<0.01);松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組Cleaved Caspase-3及CHOP、Caspase-12相對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)量較模型組明顯減少(P<0.05或P<0.05)。結(jié)論 松齡血脈康膠囊可能是通過降低內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激促凋亡蛋白CHOP、Caspase-12的表達(dá)減少細(xì)胞凋亡,減輕腦缺血再灌注損傷,發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。
〔關(guān)鍵詞〕 腦缺血再灌注損傷;松齡血脈康膠囊;依達(dá)拉奉注射液;內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激;細(xì)胞凋亡;凋亡蛋白
〔中圖分類號(hào)〕R255.2? ? ? ? 〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼〕A? ? ? ?〔文章編號(hào)〕doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2021.05.006
Effects of Songling Xuemaikang Capsule on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Related Apoptosis Proteins in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
MA Zhe1, WANG Sijin1,2, GAO Yonghong1, CHENG Weiting1, GONG Zhuoyan1, SUN Yikun1, XUE Chengyuan1,
JIN Qiushuo1, GAO Ying1,2, LOU Lixia1*
(1. Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; 2. Institute of Traditional Chinese Encephalopathy, Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China)
〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the protective effect of Songling Xuemaikang Capsule on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and its effect on the apoptosis of endoplasmic reticulum stress cells. Methods A total of 11 male SD rats were randomly selected from 50 male SD rats as the sham group. The other rats were established by right middle cerebral artery embolization to prepare cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury model. 33 rats were successfully modeled, and were randomly divided into model group, Songling Xuemaikang group and edaravone group, with 11 rats in each group. And they were respectively given distilled water [10 mL/(kg·d)], Songling Xuemaikang Capsules solution [10 mL/(kg·d)] and edaravone injection [3.15 mL/(kg·d)]. They were all treated for 5 days. Neurological function score was used to detect the neurological function 24 hours after modeling and 5 days after administration. Stagger-step experiment was used to detect the number of stagger-step. HE staining was used to observe the morphology and structure of cerebral ischemia in rats. Cell apoptosis was observed by TUNEL staining. The expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 and endoplasmic reticulum stress pro-apoptotic proteins CHOP and Caspase-12 were detected by Western blot. Results Neurological function score showed that, 24 hours after modeling, the score of the modeling group was significantly lower than that of the sham group (P<0.01), indicating that the modeling was successful. After 5 days of modeling, the neurological function score of model group was still lower than that of sham group (P<0.01). The neurological function score in Songling Xuemaikang group and edaravone group was significantly higher than that in model group (P<0.05), and was significantly higher than that in self group 24 hours after modeling (P<0.05, P<0.01) respectively. Stagger-step experiment showed the number of wrong steps in the model group was significantly higher than that in the sham group (P<0.01). The number of wrong steps in Songling Xuemaikang group and edaravone group was significantly lower than that in model group (P<0.01). The results of HE staining showed that, compared with the model group, the morphological structure of ischemic brain tissue in Songling Xuemaikang group and edaravone group was significantly improved. TUNEL staining showed that the percentage of positive cells in the model group was significantly higher than that in the sham group (P<0.01). The percentage of positive cells in Songling Xuemaikang group and edaravone group was significantly lower than that in model group (P<0.01). Western blot results showed that the relative protein expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3, CHOP and Caspase-12 in model group were significantly higher than those in sham group (P<0.01). The relative protein expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3, CHOP and Caspase-12 in Songling Xuemaikang group and edaravone group were significantly decreased compared with model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion Songling Xuemaikang Capsule may reduce cell apoptosis by reducing the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress pro-apoptotic proteins CHOP and Caspase-12, alleviate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury and play a neuroprotective role.
1.8? TUNEL染色法檢測(cè)大鼠腦組織細(xì)胞凋亡
根據(jù)試劑盒操作說明,將大鼠腦組織石蠟切片脫蠟、水化,組織固定于室溫30 min,用PBS進(jìn)行清洗,滴加蛋白酶K工作液(100 μL/片)室溫孵育10 min進(jìn)行消化,PBS清洗后再次室溫固定5 min。PBS清洗后,滴加Equilibration Buffer液(100 μL/片)室溫孵育10 min用于反應(yīng)前平衡,吸去Equilibration Buffer液,滴加含熒光標(biāo)記底物的末端DNA轉(zhuǎn)移酶反應(yīng)混合液(50 μL/片),37 ℃避光孵育60 min,2×SSC溶液清洗,最后滴加內(nèi)含DAPI成分的抗熒光衰減封片劑(10 μL/片)封片。在熒光顯微鏡下觀測(cè),每張切片隨機(jī)選擇10個(gè)腦組織缺血區(qū),在400倍鏡視野下進(jìn)行拍照,用Image J 軟件對(duì)凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),細(xì)胞凋亡率=陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)/總細(xì)胞數(shù)×100%。
1.9? Western blot 法檢測(cè)各組大鼠腦組織的Cleaved Caspase-3、CHOP、Caspase-12蛋白表達(dá)
取大鼠缺血區(qū)腦組織50 mg,加入其10倍體積的裂解液進(jìn)行蛋白提取,蛋白濃度的測(cè)定采用BCA法,并將其濃度全部調(diào)整為4 μg/μL,分裝凍存于
-80 ℃冰箱備用。采用快速凝膠法制備12.5%的PAGE膠,電泳將不同分子量的蛋白分離(上樣量:40 μg),并將其轉(zhuǎn)移至孔徑為0.22 μm的NC膜,采用Western封閉液室溫封閉1 h后分別加入一抗Clea?
ved Caspase-3、CHOP、Caspase-12(比例均為1∶1 000)及GAPDH(1∶10 000)、β-actin(1∶20 000),將加入一抗的NC膜存放于4 ℃冰箱孵育過夜,次日回收一抗,清洗后加入羊抗兔二抗(1∶20 000)室溫孵育1 h,洗滌后在暗環(huán)境中滴加發(fā)光液并使用凝膠成像儀記錄,Image J 軟件分析條帶相對(duì)灰度值,β-actin或GAPDH為內(nèi)參。
1.10? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)通過SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果用“x±s”表示。符合正態(tài)分布且方差齊的數(shù)據(jù),采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采取LSD檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行;符合正態(tài)分布但方差不齊的數(shù)據(jù),組間比較則采用單因素方差分析中Dunnett T3檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1? 各組大鼠神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分比較
造模24 h后,假手術(shù)組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分為22分,模型組、松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組評(píng)分均低于假手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),表示造模成功。造模5 d后,模型組、松齡血脈康組與依達(dá)拉奉組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分仍低于假手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,P<0.05);松齡血脈康組與依達(dá)拉奉組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分顯著高于模型組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與造模24 h后比較,假手術(shù)組及模型組在造模5 d后的評(píng)分無顯著差異(P>0.05);松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分顯著高于造模24 h后評(píng)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2? 各組大鼠錯(cuò)步實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果比較
與假手術(shù)組比較,模型組、松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組大鼠的錯(cuò)步次數(shù)顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);與模型組比較,松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組大鼠錯(cuò)步次數(shù)顯著減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);松齡血脈康組與依達(dá)拉奉組相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3? HE染色觀察各組大鼠腦組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)改變
假手術(shù)組大腦皮層神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞形態(tài)完整、結(jié)構(gòu)正常、胞核清晰,胞質(zhì)充盈,細(xì)胞排列整齊;模型組大腦皮層神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞皺縮,染色質(zhì)色深濃,胞核與胞質(zhì)無明顯分界,部分細(xì)胞呈空泡狀改變;與模型組比較,松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組大腦皮層神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞皺縮減少、細(xì)胞形態(tài)及結(jié)構(gòu)明顯改善。見圖1。
2.4? TUNEL染色觀察各組大鼠腦組織細(xì)胞凋亡情況
假手術(shù)組無陽性細(xì)胞染色;與假手術(shù)組相比,模型組、松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組陽性細(xì)胞百分比顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);與模型組相比,松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組陽性細(xì)胞百分比顯著減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);與依達(dá)拉奉組相比,松齡血脈康組陽性細(xì)胞百分比顯著減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見圖2、表3。
2.5? 各組大鼠腦組織調(diào)亡蛋白Cleaved Caspase-3及ERS促凋亡蛋白CHOP和 Caspase-12的表達(dá)
與假手術(shù)組相比,模型組、松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組Cleaved Caspase-3與CHOP、Caspase-12相對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)量顯著增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);與模型組相比,松齡血脈康組及依達(dá)拉奉組Cleaved Caspase-3及CHOP、Caspase-12相對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)量明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01);與依達(dá)拉奉組相比,松齡血脈康組Cleaved Caspase-3及CHOP、Caspase-12相對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見圖3、表4。
3 討論
松齡血脈康膠囊成分為鮮松葉、珍珠層粉、葛根;鮮松葉具有祛風(fēng)燥濕、活血安神等作用?!侗静輩R言》記載松毛能治“大風(fēng)癩疾”;珍珠層粉具有重鎮(zhèn)平肝、清熱涼血等作用,《本草匯言》記錄珍珠層粉“鎮(zhèn)心,定志”;葛根具有解肌生津、升陽止瀉等作用,是陽明經(jīng)引經(jīng)藥,《本草正》記錄葛根“凡熱而兼渴者,此為最良”;三藥相伍,共奏平肝潛陽息風(fēng)、鎮(zhèn)心安神之效。CIRI的中醫(yī)病機(jī)為肝陽上亢,氣血逆亂,上犯于腦,因此,從中醫(yī)學(xué)理論角度而言,松齡血脈康可以治療CIRI。目前的研究[10-12]表明,鮮松葉、葛根及珍珠層粉均具有抗氧化應(yīng)激的作用。CIRI時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),發(fā)生脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng),破壞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的Ca2+穩(wěn)態(tài),從而誘發(fā)ERS介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[13]。因此,推測(cè)松齡血脈康可以通過減輕ERS改善CIRI。依達(dá)拉奉注射液具有抗ERS凋亡、清除氧自由基的作用,在CIRI中發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[14],故作為本研究的陽性對(duì)照組。
缺血性腦卒中急性期血管再通后,腦組織缺血區(qū)的半暗帶受到再灌注損傷,而細(xì)胞凋亡是CIRI的重要機(jī)制之一[15-16]。CIRI的治療旨在減少細(xì)胞凋亡,減輕組織灌注不足帶來的影響,挽救缺血半暗帶,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)等[17]。在本研究中,造模24 h后模型組大鼠神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分較低(P<0.01),且與造模5 d后相比,其神經(jīng)功能無顯著差異;松齡血脈康組與依達(dá)拉奉組在干預(yù)5 d后神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分顯著高于模型組(P<0.05),并且分別高于本組造模24 h后評(píng)分(P<0.01,P<0.05),同時(shí),松齡血脈康組與依達(dá)拉奉組神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分無顯著差異。表明松齡血脈康膠囊及依達(dá)拉奉注射液可以改善CIRI后大鼠的神經(jīng)功能,并且松齡血脈康膠囊和依達(dá)拉奉注射液的效果相當(dāng)。錯(cuò)步實(shí)驗(yàn)可以檢測(cè)大鼠共濟(jì)失調(diào)情況,模型組大鼠錯(cuò)步次數(shù)顯著增加(P<0.01),經(jīng)過松齡血脈康膠囊與依達(dá)拉奉注射液治療后其錯(cuò)步次數(shù)顯著減少(P<0.01),說明松齡血脈康膠囊可以改善CIRI大鼠共濟(jì)失調(diào),并且和依達(dá)拉奉注射液效果相當(dāng)。HE染色中,經(jīng)過松齡血脈康膠囊和依達(dá)拉奉注射液治療后神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)較模型組改善。以上研究表明松齡血脈康膠囊可以改善大鼠CIRI缺血區(qū)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。
已有研究[18]表明,ERS是CIRI細(xì)胞凋亡信號(hào)通路的關(guān)鍵組成部分。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)是蛋白質(zhì)合成的重要場(chǎng)所,并且參與鈣離子穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)、脂質(zhì)和葡萄糖代謝[19]。當(dāng)CIRI發(fā)生時(shí),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)被破壞,產(chǎn)生ERS,導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)合成障礙而使錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白產(chǎn)生并積聚,從而激活未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(unfolded protein response, UPR),最初UPR的激活可以幫助重建內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)穩(wěn)態(tài)并使內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)功能恢復(fù)正常,但是持久而嚴(yán)重的CIRI激活ERS凋亡通路發(fā)生細(xì)胞凋亡[20]。CHOP是ERS信號(hào)通路下游重要的促凋亡因子,參與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[21]。現(xiàn)有研究[22]表明CHOP基因沉默可以減輕ERS誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡。CHOP蛋白的表達(dá)可通過ERS信號(hào)通路PERK-elF2-ATF4及IRE1a-JNK調(diào)節(jié),ERS激活PERK及IRE1a,增加CHOP蛋白的表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-2蛋白及Bax蛋白的表達(dá)并且啟動(dòng)Caspase凋亡信號(hào)通路發(fā)生細(xì)胞凋亡[23]。Caspase-12是ERS凋亡通路中另一個(gè)重要的蛋白,存在于內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)膜中,通常以無活性的前體形式存在。已有的研究[24]證明ERS介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡可以通過抑制 Caspase-12蛋白表達(dá)而減輕。ERS可以激活I(lǐng)RE1,活化的IRE1激活Caspase-12,啟動(dòng)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[25]。Caspase-12活化并裂解Caspase-9,后者進(jìn)一步活化裂解Caspase-3,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡。在本研究中,模型組Cleaved Caspase-3與CHOP、Caspase-12相對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)量顯著增高(P<0.01),而經(jīng)松齡血脈康膠囊及依達(dá)拉奉注射液干預(yù)5 d后,其蛋白表達(dá)量顯著減少(P<0.05或P<0.01)。并且TUNEL染色顯示模型組陽性細(xì)胞百分比顯著增加(P<0.01),而經(jīng)松齡血脈康膠囊及依達(dá)拉奉注射液干預(yù)5 d后其陽性細(xì)胞百分比顯著減少(P<0.01),且松齡血脈康組比依達(dá)拉奉組細(xì)胞凋亡百分比低(P<0.01)。以上結(jié)果表明松齡血脈康膠囊可以減少ERS引起的細(xì)胞凋亡,并且其對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的作用與依達(dá)拉奉注射液相仿。因此,推測(cè)松齡血脈康膠囊可能是通過降低ERS特異的促凋亡蛋白CHOP、Caspase-12的表達(dá)水平減少細(xì)胞凋亡,減輕CIRI,發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。
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