編者按:《此生只為守敦煌:常書鴻傳》是作家葉文玲創(chuàng)作的傳記,2020年6月由浙江人民出版社出版。作者在書中用大量的采訪資料和個體經(jīng)驗,以章回體結(jié)構(gòu)將常書鴻不平凡的人生經(jīng)歷娓娓道來,同時在傳記體的報告文學中加入了很多具有現(xiàn)場還原感的歷史情景描寫,讀來親切生動。2021年1月,該書獲得《中國新聞出版廣電報》2020年度好書榮譽。
為了把常書鴻的事跡、精神傳達給更多人,葉文玲歷時多年,精心創(chuàng)作了《此生只為守敦煌:常書鴻傳》。這是一部詳盡、完整、可信的常書鴻傳記,也是一部啟迪心智、溫潤心靈、文質(zhì)兼美的現(xiàn)實題材文學作品。該書從常書鴻的少年時代開始講述,直至常書鴻病榻前的人生回顧。常書鴻長女常沙娜感慨道:“葉文玲,我的老朋友,對我老父親的一生做了研究、探索,寫出了3本書。這本書她下了更多的功夫,含義很深,內(nèi)容也更豐富、全面??戳藭液苁芨袆?,特別感謝她。希望通過這些書,去促進下一代人對敦煌藝術(shù)的了解和傳承?!北究剡x登李朝全為此書撰寫的書評,以饗讀者。
葉文玲著《此生只為守敦煌:常書鴻傳》確是一部好書,我是一口氣就讀完了。最難得的是,這是一個作家寫一個藝術(shù)家。其實,作家也是藝術(shù)家,因此作家筆下的藝術(shù)家傳記特別好讀,因為作者與傳主惺惺相惜,作者對傳主的經(jīng)歷感同身受,甚至時常將自己置換成了傳主,以傳主人生寫自己親歷和感悟。二者都是靈魂工程師,都承擔著文化傳承和創(chuàng)新的責任。葉文玲老將出馬,必非凡響,她寫的傳記跟一般的傳記的確不可同日而語,文筆非常老道和嫻熟。常書鴻是浙江杭州人,作者葉文玲是浙江臺州人,久居杭州,杭州人寫杭州人,更加心有靈犀。常書鴻之后的敦煌守護者樊錦詩也是杭州人,兩個東南沿海的人甘愿跑到西北荒漠去守護敦煌,這也是非常值得研究的事情。
葉文玲寫常書鴻,首先是懷著對當代鄉(xiāng)賢的敬慕和尊重之情。在作品的《后記》里她也寫到了自己當年是怎么遇到常書鴻,怎么動了念頭寫他的。作者其實正是出于對文化鄉(xiāng)賢的敬重景仰之情而寫常書鴻的,這部《常書鴻傳》可以說是一部用真情寫下的大書。
當然,關(guān)于常書鴻,最早的文學書寫當屬浙江南潯作家徐遲的《祁連山下》。徐遲寫常書鴻,自稱要用虛構(gòu)的手法寫一個虛構(gòu)的故事,而實際上他所謂的虛構(gòu)的故事也是真實的故事,因為他所寫的其實就是常書鴻的故事。盡管《祁連山下》的主人公的名字用的是化名,叫尚達,但他的經(jīng)歷遭遇和常書鴻的基本一致。后來,又有甘肅作家王家達寫的報告文學《敦煌之戀》,這部作品不僅寫常書鴻,也寫段文杰、樊錦詩以及其他的敦煌守護者,后獲得首屆魯迅文學獎。因此,敦煌不僅是一座藝術(shù)的寶庫,文明的寶庫,也是文學創(chuàng)作的一座富礦和寶庫。有這么多作家都關(guān)注敦煌這樣一項偉大的文化工程或者文化遺產(chǎn),聚焦守護敦煌的人亦即敦煌的守護者,這是非常有意思的一個寫作現(xiàn)象,或許可稱為報告文學寫作的集聚效應(yīng)和“簇生現(xiàn)象”。
這部作品最鮮活的是有血有肉、有情有義、有德有道的人物,最重要的是為我們塑造了一群品行高潔、志存高遠的仁人志士。首先是主人公常書鴻,他一生秉執(zhí)一事,就是把敦煌守護好、利用好、開發(fā)好,將個人的職業(yè)事業(yè)、理想追求、奮斗拼搏,同一件偉大的事情關(guān)聯(lián)起來,因此他自身也就成就了偉大。常書鴻傾盡一生都是為了保護好敦煌,利用好文物,讓敦煌莫高窟這些塵封了幾百年上千年的石窟、壁畫、雕塑等文物活起來,造福人民。常書鴻畢生都在為這項工作而努力工作、而殫精竭慮、而鞠躬盡瘁。在這個過程中,他犧牲了自己優(yōu)裕的生活,乃至犧牲了個人的家庭幸福。如果他不去守敦煌,不放棄原來很好的生活,他跟陳芝秀的愛情可能也會是幸福美滿一輩子,可能也會一直都是令人艷羨的神仙眷侶。但是,因為守敦煌,因為苦守大漠孤燈,他可能就對自己的妻兒造成了一些疏忽和虧欠,或者說他也會心存某種愧疚,換言之,他無疑作出了巨大的犧牲。在書的最后,作者以常書鴻的口吻對他的一生進行了“盤點”和剖析,這也可以看作是常書鴻的心聲。從中可以看出,這個人物是有反省精神的,他選擇了正確的職業(yè)和事業(yè),但他并非事事正確永遠正確。隨著時間的流逝,常書鴻對自己的前妻陳芝秀其實也慢慢地諒解了甚至是理解了,因為每個人都有選擇的自由,都可以做出自己的選擇。常書鴻選擇了最艱難的。陳芝秀卻希望從這種艱難中“逃離”。常書鴻的一生啟示我們:人生應(yīng)該如何度過,如何才能過得更有價值、更不虛此生,也就是,一個人活著,應(yīng)該考慮為人世間做點什么、貢獻些什么,為歷史留下些什么。常書鴻的這部傳記,或者他的人生選擇,自然也就具有一種勵志的價值,能帶給讀者以思想的啟示。每個讀者在閱讀這部傳記時,都可以通過常書鴻的人生照見自己,思考來路,做好選擇。人生就是一道道選擇題,在每個節(jié)點、每個時間的關(guān)口或者人生的路口,都要力爭作出正確的抉擇。因此,《常書鴻傳》實際上為我們提供了一面鏡子。
這部作品最動人和感人的是情。首先是常書鴻的夫妻之情,包括常書鴻跟他前妻陳芝秀“歡喜冤家”“愛恨情仇”這樣一種糾結(jié)的情感。兩個人開始時可以說是一見鐘情、青梅竹馬,無奈蒼天易老人情易變,艱苦的環(huán)境可能特別能考驗愛情的力量。在西部艱苦環(huán)境的考驗下,陳芝秀退卻了,變成了愛情場上的“逃兵”,或許,由此她的人生便注定是失敗的人生。書里也交代了她后來的下落,可以看出陳芝秀后半生也是比較潦倒的。當然,作品中也寫到,陳芝秀后來對自己的人生也有所檢討,她說這一切都是自己“該有的報應(yīng)”——是自作自受,就像人們常常相信的因果報應(yīng),時候一到,一切都報。當年的那些選擇都是她自己作出的,后果也理應(yīng)由她自己承擔。這兩個人的感情歷程讓人讀得扼腕唏噓,悵惘不已。
當然,常書鴻和李承仙的忘年愛情故事,更是讓人羨慕,二者堪稱神仙情侶。夫婦倆志同道合,琴瑟和鳴,在艱難和苦難中相互守望和扶持,這是非常不容易的。包括后來在“文革”中受到批斗時,兩個人相互攙扶一路同行,譜寫了一曲真愛長歌。這是一段動人的愛情傳奇,人世間最美的愛情也不過如此吧。
其次是常書鴻和他的兒女尤其是和長女常沙娜的父女情深,寫得非常動人。他在繁忙的工作里偶然間發(fā)現(xiàn)了女兒繪畫的才華,從此便一個勁兒地鼓勵她,在各方面培養(yǎng)她。當外國友人葉麗華帶她去美國學習,身為父親的常書鴻百般舍不得她離去,但為了女兒的前途,又終于放手。3年之后,常沙娜其實還沒學成畢業(yè),但當時新中國已經(jīng)成立,她便聽從了父親的勸告,于1950年回國了。常沙娜后來的藝術(shù)人生,也都是在父親的注視與幫扶之下成長的。在整本書的字里行間,我們處處都能看到常書鴻這位父親對女兒深情注視的目光,雖然他陪伴教育她的時間并不很多,但是沙娜確實始終得到了父親的百般關(guān)愛與培植,讓她能夠健康茁壯地成長起來。后來,常沙娜也成為了一名卓有成就的藝術(shù)大家,也算是女承父業(yè)。
這其中,作者為我們描繪了非常動人的一幕情景。這就是,在常書鴻眼里,他的妻子就像壁畫上的飛天一樣,貌美可人的女兒也像飛天,這種感覺非常美妙。也就是說,常書鴻已經(jīng)把藝術(shù)和生活混融為一體,在作品中,我們讀到,有一天他突然發(fā)現(xiàn)了女兒的美,發(fā)現(xiàn)了女兒的冰雪聰慧,感覺女兒就像壁畫上的飛天一樣,他把生活和藝術(shù)混合在了一起,藝術(shù)即是生活,生活也是藝術(shù)。這種妙不可言的感悟無疑令人向往。這是一種如歌的人生,一種如詩如畫的生活。當然,常書鴻對藝術(shù)的忘我的境界亦令人嘆為觀止。
這部作品最生動的是曲折的情節(jié)。一部作品好不好看,不僅要有大量的細節(jié),更重要的還要有千回百轉(zhuǎn)的情節(jié)。譬如,這部作品對常書鴻如何發(fā)現(xiàn)前妻的婚外情,包括這樁婚外情是怎么發(fā)生的描寫得非常細致:渴的時候有人給她端茶送水,餓的時候有人送來美味,最終,陳芝秀和趙忠清兩個人走到了一起。在常書鴻尚未發(fā)覺的時候,兩個人發(fā)生了婚外情。當常書鴻發(fā)現(xiàn)妻子舍棄幼兒離家出走后,他當即騎馬窮追妻子,這個過程也很生動。最后他摔斷了腿,幸虧被玉門石油工人孫建初救下,故事由此得以繼續(xù)。又譬如,常書鴻跟李承仙在戰(zhàn)亂年代的初次邂逅,和一年后兩人再次相遇,由沈福文做媒,這兩個相差23歲的人出人意外地走到了一起,結(jié)果竟成就了一段令人欣羨的婚姻。這樣的故事也很生動。包括那些普通人、小人物的故事,雖然筆墨不多,但也都很動人。比如竇占彪這位平平凡凡的敦煌畫工,一輩子追隨常書鴻,堅守在敦煌,忠心耿耿,不折不撓,這樣的小人物帶給人的是溫暖和善美的感覺,形象也很感人。國民黨的陳縣長,是當官不作為官僚主義的典型,當常書鴻向他求助時,他說本縣只需貼一個布告讓老百姓不要去偷竊敦煌的文物就行了,常書鴻向他請求撥款砌一堵墻保護敦煌,他就是不給經(jīng)費。國民黨的李師長在陳縣長的陪同下到敦煌去強索雕塑文物,常書鴻堅決拒絕,但他善于與之周旋,過程相當曲折,最終沒讓對方得逞,常書鴻只答應(yīng)讓他們從自己女兒的畫里挑一幅,對方覺得常沙娜的畫也能比得上飛天壁畫的優(yōu)美,又“得寸進尺”挑走了兩幅。這寥寥數(shù)筆的描寫都能看出人物鮮明的個性特征。
總之,葉文玲的確寫了一本有價值的好書。它不僅是傳記文學,也是非常好的故事讀本,在帶給讀者潛移默化、耳濡目染的思想啟迪的同時,也能給人以強烈的情感沖擊力。
(作者系中國作協(xié)創(chuàng)研部副主任、中國報告文學學會副會長)
I finished Ye Wenlings A Lifetime as the Guardian of Dunhuang: A Biography of Chang Shuhong in one sitting, which shows how good it is. Whats most uncommon about the book is perhaps the fact that someone who is primarily a novelist writing a biography of an artist. To some extent, a novelist or an author is also an artist, and therefore their biographies are usually very easy to read, for they are often empathetic, and can connect with the main characters by placing themselves into their shoes. Ye, the literary veteran with her sophisticated and skilled writing, is exactly such an author. For this particular biography, theres also another connection. Chang Shuhong was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province and the author Ye Wenling was from Taizhou (in the same province), and has lived in Hangzhou for a long time. When one Hangzhouer writes about another Hangzhouer, there is a special resonance.
The earliest literary work dedicated to Chang Shuhong was Under the Qilian Mountains. Written by Xu Chi, a writer who also hails from Zhejiang, the book tells of Changs true story in a fictious manner. Later, Gansu author Wang Jiadas reportage Love with Dunhuang, which won him the first Lu Xun Literature Prize, chronicles generations of Dunhuang guardians, including Chang Shuhong, Duan Wenjie, Fan Jinshi and others. Dunhuang, therefore, is not only a treasure trove of art and culture, but also a goldmine for literary creation.
Indeed, in Yes book, the characters are the most vivid. First and foremost is Chang Shuhong, who dedicated his lifetime to protecting and preserving Dunhuang, and to getting more people into a deeper understanding of the arts and cultural relics at the Mogao Grottoes. In the process, he sacrificed a comfortable life and even his own happiness: if he hadnt gone to Dunhuang and given up almost everything, Chen Zhixiu, his first wife, might never have walked out on him, and they might have been one of the happiest couples. At the end of the book, the author takes stock of Changs life: of all the choices available to Chang, he picked the hardest, from which Chen chose to “escape”. Overtime, he did forgive her and even came to sympathize with her choice. As the book indicates, life is just a series of choices, and while your choices may not satisfy everyone, you can always decide how to lead a more meaningful life, as Chang did.
Even those minor characters impress. Meet Dou Zhanbiao, an ordinary painting worker in Dunhuang, who followed Chang Shuhong all his life, loyal and indomitable. Meet the Kuomintang county chief, the very embodiment of lethargic bureaucracy, who extorted artefacts from Chang but only managed to pick several paintings by Changs eldest daughter.
One important thread that connects the main characters is love. To begin with, conjugal love, even between Chang Shuhong and his first wife Chen Zhixiu. Theirs was more a love-hate relationship: love at first sight, childhood sweethearts, and then Chens runway. Karma is a bitch, as the cliché goes. Her life took a turn for the worse after the walkout and never recovered. Chen said as much later: “It is my bad karma.”
On the other hand, the love story between Chang Shuhong and his second wife Li Chengxian is much more admirable. Despite their age differences, Chang and Li were much like-minded. They were both devoted to the Dunhuang cause, and supported and encouraged each other in hardship and suffering, even during the “Cultural Revolution”.
Then there is Chang the fathers affection for his children, especially the eldest daughter Chang Shana (Saone Chang). Though Chang was very busy with his work, he would always find chance taking care of and nurturing her. When Chang discovered Shanas talent for painting, he encouraged and cultivated her in every way possible. It is only natural that Shana followed her fathers footsteps and became an accomplished artist in her own right.
Finally, what makes this biography a most interesting read are the stories. For example, it describes in great detail how the extramarital affairs of Changs first wife started, how Chang discovered everything when she left him and the children behind and how he broke his leg riding a horse chasing after her.? Changs encounter with Li Chengxian, his second wife, and their marriage were also told in vivid details.
All in all, Ye has written a great book. It is not only a biography, but also a very interesting collection of stories, enlightening in the subtlest ways while invoking strong emotional responses from the readers at the same time.