殷旭峰 布文博 陳旭 周炳榮
[摘要]瘢痕疙瘩(Keloid)是一種發(fā)病機(jī)制不明的皮膚纖維增生性疾病,伴有極高的復(fù)發(fā)率。近年來,通過對(duì)干細(xì)胞特征表面抗原鑒定,發(fā)現(xiàn)瘢痕疙瘩中可能存在間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(Mesenchymal-like stem cell)和造血干細(xì)胞(Hematopoietic stem cells)。后續(xù)的研究進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)各種刺激因素作用下,例如:炎癥反應(yīng)、外界張力作用下,發(fā)生上皮-間充質(zhì)改變,這就影響了正常的干細(xì)胞所處的一個(gè)由間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)、血管和炎性細(xì)胞等共同構(gòu)成的微環(huán)境(Niche),從而形成一種獨(dú)特的病理微環(huán)境來促進(jìn)瘢痕疙瘩干細(xì)胞的增殖。外源性干細(xì)胞用于瘢痕疙瘩的臨床治療尚處于實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩相關(guān)干細(xì)胞的深入研究,將為探索瘢痕疙瘩發(fā)病機(jī)制和臨床治療提供一個(gè)新方向。
[關(guān)鍵詞]瘢痕疙瘩;干細(xì)胞;微環(huán)境;表型標(biāo)志物;生物學(xué)特性
[中圖分類號(hào)]R619+.6? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2021)03-0186-04
Research Progress of Keloid-related Stem Cells
YIN Xu-feng1,BU Wen-bo2,CHEN Xu2,ZHOU Bing-rong1
(1.Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,Jiangsu,China;
2.Dermatology Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Nanjing 210042,Jiangsu,China)
Abstract: Keloid is a skin fibroproliferative disease of unknown pathogenesis, with an extremely high recurrence rate. In recent years, with antigen identification of surface of stem cell features, mesenchymal-like stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells that may be present in keloid have been discovered. Subsequent research further found: under the effects of various stimulating factors, for example the effects of inflammatory response and external tension, epithelial-mesenchymal will change. This effects the niche in which the normal stem cells are located, a niche composed of mesenchymal-like cells, extracellular matrix, blood vessels, inflammatory cells, etc.Thus forming a unique pathological niche to promote the proliferation of keloid stem cells. The clinical treatment of exogenous stem cells for keloid is still in experimental stage. Deep research on keloid-related stem cells will provide a new direction for exploring the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of keloid.
Key words:keloid;stem cells;niche;phenotypic markers;biological characteristics
瘢痕疙瘩是一種自發(fā)或繼發(fā)于皮膚損傷后產(chǎn)生的異常纖維增生性疾病,主要特征是成纖維細(xì)胞過度增殖、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的過度沉積,并且持續(xù)性侵入周圍正常皮膚,具有一定的浸潤(rùn)性特征,伴有極高復(fù)發(fā)率[1-2]。有研究者從瘢痕疙瘩組織中分離并鑒定一組成體干細(xì)胞,稱為瘢痕疙瘩源性干細(xì)胞,其表達(dá)明顯的干細(xì)胞胚胎和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物[3]。經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)后,具有向脂肪細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞和軟骨細(xì)胞方向分化的能力[4]。本文主要綜述了瘢痕疙瘩中干細(xì)胞樣成分及對(duì)其發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療的潛在意義。
1? 瘢痕疙瘩組織中存在干細(xì)胞樣成分
根據(jù)胚胎發(fā)生時(shí)期不同,可以將干細(xì)胞分為胚胎干細(xì)胞和成體干細(xì)胞。幾乎在人體的每一種組織類型中存在具有組織特異性的成體干細(xì)胞。成體干細(xì)胞通過分化或釋放旁分泌信號(hào)分子來聚集炎癥細(xì)胞和組織祖細(xì)胞,從而提供子細(xì)胞重新填充丟失或損傷的組織[5-6],對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩組織中呈可能存在的干細(xì)胞樣成分的研究主要圍繞成體干細(xì)胞的重要組成成分造血干細(xì)胞及間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞展開。
當(dāng)下對(duì)干細(xì)胞的鑒定主要是根據(jù)其形態(tài)、多向分化潛能和表面抗原標(biāo)記物等多方面共同進(jìn)行。對(duì)于間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞,由于缺乏特異性表面抗原標(biāo)記物,成為目前進(jìn)行干細(xì)胞相關(guān)研究的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重阻礙[7]。有研究表明骨髓來源間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)記物(CD29、CD44、CD71、CD90、CD106和CD124等)陽性,而不表達(dá)造血細(xì)胞系的特征性標(biāo)記物CD45、CD34和CD14等[8-9]。另外,波形蛋白作為一種中胚層來源的標(biāo)志分子,是間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的標(biāo)記之一,主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞漿中。在成纖維細(xì)胞中波形蛋白呈陽性表達(dá)[10]。
瘢痕疙瘩干細(xì)胞表型特點(diǎn)為高表達(dá)CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90等間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞表型,低表達(dá)或不表達(dá)CD45、CD34等造血干細(xì)胞表型,同時(shí)表達(dá)多能干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志分子Oct4和波形蛋白,在非炎癥區(qū)域則不存在CD34陽性細(xì)胞[10-11]。但是有文獻(xiàn)指出,在瘢痕疙瘩的頂部和中部CD13、CD29、CD44、CD90陽性細(xì)胞明顯高于同一患者來源的正常皮膚,在瘢痕疙瘩中部則有CD34陽性細(xì)胞,并且隨著細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)代數(shù)增加,間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞相關(guān)的表面標(biāo)記物則逐漸下調(diào),而造血干細(xì)胞相關(guān)的表面抗原標(biāo)記物則是完全丟失[12]。Ola等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)瘢痕疙瘩組織的CD34和C-KIT表達(dá)強(qiáng)度更高,其中CD34陽性細(xì)胞不僅僅存在于真皮血管周圍,由此推測(cè)造血干細(xì)胞可能參與瘢痕疙瘩的形成。目前的大多數(shù)研究表明,瘢痕疙瘩中可能同時(shí)有間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞和造血干細(xì)胞的存在,但是其分布并不是均一分布,這對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩源性的干細(xì)胞的提取純化提供了新思路,并且提示我們對(duì)于瘢痕疙瘩的治療可能需要針對(duì)這兩種不同的干細(xì)胞群體。
Moon等[14]報(bào)道在瘢痕疙瘩中發(fā)現(xiàn)了具有多分化潛能的間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞,這種瘢痕疙瘩衍生的間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞在細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)記物方面,如:神經(jīng)嵴干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物(如:Sox2、Nestin和CD133)和間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物(如:CD13、CD29、CD44和CD90)與皮膚源性前體細(xì)胞極其相似。此外,將瘢痕疙瘩來源的成纖維細(xì)胞暴露于各種分化誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基時(shí),它們則可以分化成脂肪細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[8,10-11]。
對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩來源的成纖維細(xì)胞進(jìn)行低密度克隆培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞的克隆形成能力遠(yuǎn)高于正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞,而正常皮膚來源的成纖維細(xì)胞則不能形成明顯的克隆集落[10,14]。推測(cè)瘢痕疙瘩來源成纖維細(xì)胞具有更強(qiáng)的自我更新能力,通過不斷的增殖來穩(wěn)定自身并向外進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,從而形成了浸潤(rùn)生長(zhǎng)的特性,這可能與瘢痕疙瘩組織中潛在存在的干細(xì)胞有關(guān)[14]。
2? 瘢痕疙瘩干細(xì)胞的病理生理學(xué)研究進(jìn)展
2.1 腫瘤干細(xì)胞與瘢痕疙瘩:瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞的行為與腫瘤細(xì)胞相似,但與正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞相比,其過度表達(dá)一些腫瘤相關(guān)基因、抗腫瘤基因的失活以及生長(zhǎng)因子和異常信號(hào)通路表達(dá)[15-16]。當(dāng)正常干細(xì)胞暴露于病理微環(huán)境(Pathological niche)中時(shí),它們很可能轉(zhuǎn)化成腫瘤干細(xì)胞[17]。有研究表明,血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物Oct4、Sox2、Pstat3和Nanog等間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞相關(guān)表面標(biāo)記物在瘢痕疙瘩相關(guān)淋巴組織中高表達(dá),顯示出瘢痕疙瘩能夠?qū)⒄Fつw干細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為特殊的“瘢痕疙瘩干細(xì)胞或瘢痕疙瘩祖細(xì)胞”病理微環(huán)境[18]。Notch信號(hào)通路是動(dòng)物進(jìn)化過程中高度保守的細(xì)胞間信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,對(duì)于維持干細(xì)胞的未分化狀態(tài),調(diào)控其增殖、分化和凋亡有著重要作用[4]。在正常皮膚創(chuàng)面愈合過程中,有研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著創(chuàng)面修復(fù),Notch信號(hào)逐漸減弱[19]。在兔耳增生性瘢痕模型中,若阻斷Notch信號(hào)則可以抑制兔耳增生性瘢痕的形成[20]。而真皮成纖維細(xì)胞并不表達(dá)Notch信號(hào),因此,抑制Notch信號(hào)很可能是通過調(diào)節(jié)表皮細(xì)胞的分化和增殖而起到抑制瘢痕增生的作用[20]。提示瘢痕疙瘩的病理微環(huán)境通過Notch信號(hào)通路不僅能維持瘢痕疙瘩中類似間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞自我更新,更能同時(shí)抑制其分化,并對(duì)其增殖進(jìn)行調(diào)控[11,17]。
2.2 慢性炎癥反應(yīng)與上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換:上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及纖維化中起著重要作用[21]。不同類型的上皮細(xì)胞在不同因素的影響下,通過一系列生物學(xué)變化轉(zhuǎn)化為間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞。此外,慢性炎癥也會(huì)引起結(jié)締組織纖維化,而瘢痕疙瘩的形成可能是炎癥在晚期不緩解,從而影響上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換而導(dǎo)致持續(xù)性纖維化增生所致[22]。波形蛋白主要在間質(zhì)細(xì)胞中表達(dá),在多種上皮細(xì)胞來源的腫瘤中波形蛋白均高表達(dá),涉及腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后[23]。有趣的是在瘢痕疙瘩表皮中波形蛋白陽性細(xì)胞明顯多于正常皮膚表皮,尤其以炎癥較為明顯的瘢痕疙瘩的邊緣區(qū)域?yàn)橹亍⒂郎琴|(zhì)形成細(xì)胞系HaCat細(xì)胞與瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)后,波形蛋白表達(dá)明顯增加,說明炎癥刺激可能誘導(dǎo)瘢痕疙瘩的上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換,并提示上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換可能參與瘢痕疙瘩的發(fā)生或者加重[24]。
白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)除了其作為免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑的既定功能外,還可調(diào)節(jié)干細(xì)胞功能,維持造血干細(xì)胞的存在[25]。白細(xì)胞介素17(IL-17)則可增強(qiáng)由多種細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng),如:IL-6、腫瘤壞死因子等。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-6不僅在IL-17的下游發(fā)揮作用,而且也是IL-17的關(guān)鍵上游靶點(diǎn),從而形成一個(gè)促進(jìn)自身免疫和過敏性疾病的旁分泌/自分泌反饋回路[26-27]。而在瘢痕疙瘩中IL-6和IL-17的表達(dá)均明顯高于周邊正常皮膚[3,28]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)阻斷IL-6可以抑制IL-17誘導(dǎo)的瘢痕疙瘩源性干細(xì)胞中Htert和Oct-4的表達(dá)上調(diào),但阻斷l(xiāng)L-17不能抑制IL-6誘導(dǎo)的瘢痕疙瘩源性干細(xì)胞中Htert和Oct-4的表達(dá)上調(diào)[3]。猜測(cè)可能存在一個(gè)由IL-6和IL-17構(gòu)成的正反饋環(huán)狀通路促進(jìn)或維持瘢痕疙瘩的病理微環(huán)境,提供皮膚生長(zhǎng)的增殖促進(jìn)信號(hào),導(dǎo)致腫瘤樣瘢痕疙瘩的生長(zhǎng)[3]。
同時(shí),Zhang等[3]將擴(kuò)增的瘢痕疙瘩來源前體細(xì)胞(Keloid derived precursor cells),該細(xì)胞可能與瘢痕疙瘩間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞同源,并將其作為載體皮下移植到免疫功能低下的小鼠體內(nèi),再將IL-6結(jié)合到水凝膠載體中皮下移植到免疫功能低下的小鼠體內(nèi),構(gòu)建了一個(gè)富含IL-6體外炎癥微環(huán)境。觀察到瘢痕疙瘩來源前體細(xì)胞移植小鼠中有豐富的類瘢痕疙瘩樣厚膠原纖維。而且在IL-6存在下產(chǎn)生的移植表達(dá)更高水平的Oct-4和Htert,以及更高的Htert酶活性。因此,研究者們認(rèn)為瘢痕疙瘩所形成的特殊病理微環(huán)境促進(jìn)瘢痕疙瘩來源前體細(xì)胞的增殖和分化。
2.3 張力因素與上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換:瘢痕疙瘩通常發(fā)生機(jī)械張力較大的部位,如雙耳、前胸和肩胛骨區(qū)域,因此認(rèn)為瘢痕疙瘩的形成與局部機(jī)械張力有關(guān)。張力傳導(dǎo)過程是將機(jī)械刺激轉(zhuǎn)化為生化信號(hào),參與細(xì)胞反應(yīng)過程[29]。宋海峰等[29-30]分析了整合素的表達(dá),包括α2、α3、α5、αv、α8、α10、α11、β1和β3等數(shù)種分型,發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)械張力通過上調(diào)了整合素αv及整合素β3在瘢痕疙瘩相關(guān)性間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)從而上調(diào)細(xì)胞的增殖和膠原合成,而且整合素β3對(duì)機(jī)械張力更敏感,可作為瘢痕疙瘩的早期注射治療靶點(diǎn)。同時(shí),與正常皮膚來源間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞相比,在瘢痕疙瘩來源間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞中整合素α8的表達(dá)下調(diào),推測(cè)整合素α8可能是調(diào)節(jié)瘢痕疙瘩纖維化的負(fù)反饋機(jī)制,但對(duì)張力不敏感。但是Bouzeghrane等[31]報(bào)道了整合素α8和β1在正常大鼠心肌組織纖維化和瘢痕心肌的肌成纖維細(xì)胞中上調(diào),推測(cè)整合素α8和β1在成纖維細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白上具有協(xié)同作用,從而導(dǎo)致過度纖維化。
2.4 外源性間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞治療瘢痕疙瘩的實(shí)驗(yàn)探索:近年來,一些研究都集中在利用間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞治療和預(yù)防瘢痕疙瘩。骨髓間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基通過旁分泌信號(hào)抑制了瘢痕疙瘩中細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的合成,減弱了瘢痕疙瘩的細(xì)胞增殖和纖維化。而正常皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基對(duì)瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移卻沒有抑制作用[32]。羊膜源性間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基可顯著減弱α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白表達(dá)的增加,從而抑制TGF-β誘導(dǎo)下形成的瘢痕疙瘩成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖和活化[33]。人脂肪組織源性間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞條件培養(yǎng)基能夠抑制細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),同時(shí)降低蛋白的表達(dá),使Akt、Erk1/2和Jnk的磷酸化水平均中度下降,且具有潛在旁分泌分子來治療瘢痕疙瘩[34]。胎兒真皮間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞下調(diào)瘢痕疙瘩抗凋亡蛋白bcl-2的表達(dá),通過分泌可溶性物質(zhì)上調(diào)瘢痕疙瘩促凋亡蛋白bax的表達(dá),從而加速瘢痕疙瘩的凋亡[35]。
3? 展望
瘢痕疙瘩的形成過程是多基因、多位點(diǎn)、多因素及多通路等共同作用下所形成的。目前其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,治療方法多樣,還沒有一種理想的治療方法能治愈瘢痕疙瘩。而已有研究表明瘢痕疙瘩中存在多分化潛能的間充質(zhì)樣干細(xì)胞,同時(shí)干細(xì)胞形成的一個(gè)獨(dú)特微環(huán)境再加之張力因素等外界機(jī)械因素及上皮-間充質(zhì)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換來促進(jìn)瘢痕疙瘩的生長(zhǎng),對(duì)這些可能機(jī)制的研究探索則可能使干細(xì)胞成為全新的瘢痕疙瘩潛在治療靶點(diǎn)。
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[收稿日期]2020-06-12
本文引用格式:殷旭峰,布文博,陳旭,等.瘢痕疙瘩相關(guān)干細(xì)胞研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2021,30(3):186-189.