黎敏

從最初新冠肺炎疫情大暴發(fā)時的猝不及防，到抗疫物資及人員的緊急馳援，再到如今核酸檢測的廣泛應(yīng)用和疫苗的有序接種，在與新冠肺炎病毒較量的一年多時間里，中國與許多國家都逐漸形成了自己的抗疫機制，積累了豐富的抗疫經(jīng)驗。對于毗鄰而居的中國—東盟而言，相似的生活習(xí)慣與社群，讓中國與東盟國家的抗疫經(jīng)驗更有相互分享與借鑒的價值。

借助第17屆中國—東盟博覽會的公共平臺，不少寶貴的抗疫經(jīng)驗得以在中國與東盟國家間進一步交流共享。雖然這些經(jīng)驗不能讓病毒立刻消失，但它們或許能為依舊身處疫情水深火熱中的人們帶去一份勇氣和希望。

全員防疫 功課在前

英文中有一句諺語叫“預(yù)防勝于治療”，對于流行病，重視防范、阻斷傳染源顯然更為重要。目前，在很多國家，基礎(chǔ)性的疫情防控舉措已經(jīng)常態(tài)化，它融入了人們的日常生活，甚至將改變?nèi)藗兊纳盍?xí)慣。

據(jù)馬來西亞衛(wèi)生部疾控司高級首席助理主任薩爾米亞·巴哈魯?。⊿almiah Baharudin）介紹，馬來西亞政府利用一款移動應(yīng)用程序MySejahtera（馬來語“我的繁榮”之意）來協(xié)助控制國內(nèi)的新冠肺炎疫情。MySejahtera不僅能追蹤確診患者的密切接觸者，通過各場所提供的二維碼記錄人們的行蹤，還能定位最近能夠進行新冠肺炎篩查、治療的醫(yī)院和診所。據(jù)悉，截至2020年8月16日，共有1510萬人注冊了該程序。而類似的應(yīng)用程序也在中國、新加坡、泰國等國家得到廣泛應(yīng)用。

而在柬埔寨菩薩省衛(wèi)生廳副廳長貼·索皮（Tek Sopheap）看來，再好的防疫手段都離不開公眾的遵照與自律。他說：“我們需要讓公眾更好地了解新冠肺炎疫情的風(fēng)險，倡導(dǎo)他們注意個人衛(wèi)生、正確佩戴口罩、避免人群聚集。這些是‘治療之外的公共健康建設(shè)，我們可以通過大眾媒體、社交媒體、宣傳資料等對大家進行教育。”

“疫情防控是黨和政府的責(zé)任，是疾病預(yù)防控制中心的責(zé)任，是企業(yè)單位的責(zé)任，也是我們每個人的責(zé)任，它需要全社會每個人都參與到疫情的防控工作中來，培養(yǎng)起良好的生活習(xí)慣。”中國云南疾病預(yù)防控制中心副主任趙世文這樣說道。

除了提升個人的防疫意識，各國還通過制定應(yīng)急預(yù)案、加強抗疫人員的培訓(xùn)與演練、推動疫苗接種等舉措來提升國內(nèi)的防疫能力。

但在病毒全球大流行的嚴(yán)峻形勢下，“外防輸入”也成為各國疫情防控的重點。針對人員入境，目前中國與大多數(shù)東盟國家采取的舉措包括但不限于：大幅減少國際航班，申請入境需提交核酸、PCR（聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)）等檢測證明，入境后進行隔離和醫(yī)學(xué)觀察等。

“隨著我們進一步發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物，特別是冷凍的海產(chǎn)品污染引發(fā)的疫情，我們也加強了對進口貨物外包裝、盛裝容器、運輸工具的抽樣檢測，以此來控制病毒的輸入。”中國疾病預(yù)防控制中心副主任馮子健說。

盡管許多國家都加強了國內(nèi)外的疫情防控，但不同規(guī)模的疫情仍在各地暴發(fā)，考驗著各國的應(yīng)急處置能力。當(dāng)疫情熊熊的烈火燃起后，如何才能迅速、精準(zhǔn)地?fù)錅缢兀?/p>

三大措施應(yīng)對疫情“火線”

“目前我們的疫情發(fā)現(xiàn)機制主要有兩個，一個是臨床醫(yī)療機構(gòu)在病人就診時，及時診斷和發(fā)現(xiàn)感染的病人和無癥狀感染者。二個是通過對高危群體進行定期核酸檢測來篩查。”據(jù)馮子健介紹，針對零星散發(fā)的疫情，中國采取的干預(yù)措施和應(yīng)對辦法主要包括搜索、管理和核酸檢測篩查三大舉措。

“當(dāng)確認(rèn)疫情后，我們將立即啟動確診病例活動軌跡調(diào)查和密切接觸者的‘搜索。在這次疫情中，大數(shù)據(jù)的充分利用不斷提高了密切接觸者的發(fā)現(xiàn)概率。然后，我們將基于風(fēng)險評估來對社區(qū)進行‘管理，對高危社區(qū)進行封鎖管理，對中高風(fēng)險社區(qū)開展大規(guī)模的‘核酸檢測篩查?！瘪T子健說，“核酸檢測篩查的范圍有時候是一個城市，有時候只針對高危人群和社區(qū)進行多次檢測，這主要基于主管部門對疫情傳播范圍的判斷。”

盡管短期內(nèi)進行大規(guī)模核酸檢測篩查是一項艱巨的工程，但馮子健指出，此舉能快速發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的感染者，并及時阻斷病毒的傳播鏈。

隨著確診病例相關(guān)情況的公布，病人的身心健康其實也需要得到關(guān)懷與關(guān)注。貼·索皮就談道：“一旦一個社區(qū)里出現(xiàn)了新冠肺炎的確診病例，他和他的家人們可能會受到一定的偏見和歧視，這是一種社會污名化，而我們應(yīng)該為他們正名，并保護他們的聲譽及健康。”

戰(zhàn)勝困難讓我們更加強大

從英國發(fā)現(xiàn)第一例新冠病毒變異株開始，我們就知道，抗疫之路上我們?nèi)詫⒚媾R許多未知的挑戰(zhàn)。然而，縱觀人類歷史，人類與病毒的較量與對抗從未停止，人類正是通過一次次的考驗，不斷總結(jié)經(jīng)驗、升級能力，最終讓那些打不倒我們的困難成為我們變得更強大的基石。

在這次疫情中，血清抗體檢測以及全基因組測序分析技術(shù)發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵的作用。據(jù)馮子健介紹，利用這些技術(shù)，研究人員能對每一起疫情的傳播鏈進行溯源，并為我們完善、改進防疫措施提供技術(shù)支持。

“我認(rèn)為應(yīng)急響應(yīng)后的恢復(fù)階段也很重要。我們在處置一次疫情后，應(yīng)該對人員的履職、物資的補充、能力的提升等進行總結(jié)評估。”趙世文說，例如通過實踐，我們可以對防疫物資的消耗周期有一個預(yù)估，并按需為抗疫一線做好充足的準(zhǔn)備及補給。

而通過總結(jié)評估，各國的防疫策略也在升級?！拔覀儠`活調(diào)整管理系統(tǒng)，以確保在疫情不斷變化的形勢中，制定出一個有效的疾病防控策略。”泰國衛(wèi)生部疾病控制司傳染病預(yù)防控制處處長索蓬·艾西里索沃恩（Sopon Iamsirithaworn）說。

目前，許多國家都將社區(qū)參與作為重要的防疫管理策略。實際上，在疾病預(yù)防、疫情暴發(fā)及處置等環(huán)節(jié)中，社區(qū)的確發(fā)揮了越來越重要的作用。

“我們通過和一些佛教團體合作，為民眾提供健康教育、安全葬禮、慶祝儀式等方面的咨詢服務(wù);為社區(qū)提供培訓(xùn)、宣傳材料以及志愿者支持;并將在社區(qū)居家隔離的管理流程進行規(guī)范化。”老撾衛(wèi)生部傳染病控制司司長拉塔納賽·菲索萬（Rattanaxay Phetsouvanh）說，“老撾將繼續(xù)通過提升政府服務(wù)，建立具有韌性和復(fù)原力的社區(qū)，和將社區(qū)功能制度化的舉措，來加強社區(qū)在疫情防控中的積極作用。”

盡管不同的抗疫經(jīng)驗都要結(jié)合自身實際才有價值，但遇到過較大困難的人們，或許都有過這樣的經(jīng)歷與感受——我們查問別人的成功經(jīng)驗，不僅是希望尋求一個攻堅克難的良方，更是希望從中尋一縷茫然無助的慰藉，一線暗夜里的曙光，一份終將迎來勝利的希望。而這，或許也是我們在疫情依舊不甚明朗的今天，分享抗疫經(jīng)驗的意義所在。

·聯(lián)系編輯：313464302@qq.com

Sharing Experience and Spreading Hope to Jointly Fight Against the Epidemic！

Written by Li Min / Translated by Chen Zhiying

From unpreparedness during the outbreak at the beginning to the emergency aid of anti-epidemic materials and personnel， and now the wide application of nucleic acid tests and the orderly inoculation of vaccines， China as well as many countries have gradually formed their own anti-epidemic mechanism and accumulated rich experience in the year fighting against the epidemic. For people from China and ASEAN countries who live closely， similar living habits and communities make the anti-epidemic experience of both sides more valuable for mutual sharing and reference.

Under the 17th China-ASEAN Expo， many valuable anti-epidemic experiences can be further exchanged and shared between China and ASEAN countries. Although these experiences can not eradicate the virus immediately， they may bring courage and hope to the people who are still in dire straits.

Making preparations for the fight against the epidemic

There is a proverb in English called “prevention is better than cure”. For the epidemic， it is obviously more important to pay attention to preventing and blocking the source of infection. At present， in many countries， basic epidemic prevention and control measures have been normalized. These measures have been integrated into peoples daily life， and even changed their living habits.

According to Salmiah Baharudin， Senior Assistant Director of the Disease Control Division of the Ministry of Health of Malaysia， Malaysian government used the app MySejahtera （which means “prosperity” in Malay） to control the epidemic. It not only can track close contacts of confirmed cases and peoples whereabouts through QR codes people showed in different locations， but also is able to locate the closest hospitals and clinics that can screen and treat patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. It is reported that as of August 16， 2020， 15.1 million people have registered for the app. Similar applications are also widely used in China， Singapore， Thailand， and other countries.

In the view of Tek Sopheap， Deputy Director of the Department of Health of Cambodias Bodhisattva Province， any good measure of epidemic prevention can not be separated from peoples compliance and self-discipline. “We need to let people understand the risk of the COVID-19. Also， personal hygiene， wearing masks properly， and avoiding crowd aggregation should be emphasized through mass media， social media， publicity materials， etc.， since these are important measures to promote public health.

“Epidemic prevention and control is not only the responsibility of the party， the government， and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention， but also the duty of enterprises and every one of us. It requires everyone to participate in the feedback work of the epidemic and cultivate good living habits，” said Zhao Shiwen， Deputy Director of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province， China.

In addition to enhancing individual awareness of epidemic prevention， countries all over the world also need to take measures to improve domestic epidemic prevention capacity， such as formulating emergency plans， strengthening the training and practice of anti-epidemic personnel， and promoting vaccination.

However， under the severe situation of the global epidemic， “preventing the COVID-19 from entering a region” has also become the focus of epidemic prevention and control around the globe. For entry， China and most ASEAN countries have taken measures， including but not limited to： greatly reducing international flights， submitting nucleic acid test reports， PCR and other test certificates， isolating， and receiving medical observation after entry.

“With the further discovery of the spread caused by the pollution of goods， especially frozen seafood， we have also strengthened the sampling and testing of outer packaging， containers， and transportation of imported goods， to prevent the COVID-19 from entering，” said Feng Zijian， Deputy Director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Although many countries have strengthened the prevention and control of the epidemic at home and abroad， epidemic of different scales is still breaking out everywhere， testing the emergency response capacity of countries around the world. When the raging fire of the epidemic is ignited， how can it be quickly and accurately put out？

Three measures fighting the epidemic

“At present， there are mainly two mechanisms for the detection of epidemic. One is that clinical medical institutions timely diagnose and find the infected patients and asymptomatic-infected patients when they go to the doctor. The second is to screen high-risk groups through regular nucleic acid tests，” said Feng Zijian. And in response to sporadic outbreaks， Chinas intervention measures and countermeasures mainly include search， management， nucleic acid tests， and screening.

“When the confirmed case is found， we immediately start investigating his tracks and searching other close contacts. During the epidemic， the full use of big data has continuously improved the detection probability of close contacts. Then， we will manage the community based on risk assessment， for example， block high-risk communities and carry out large-scale nucleic acid tests and screening for medium and high-risk communities. Sometimes the scope of nucleic acid tests and screening is a city， and sometimes it only targets high-risk groups and communities. This is mainly based on the judgment of the authority on the spread scope of the epidemic，” said Feng Zijian.

Although large-scale nucleic acid tests and screening in the short term is difficult to work， Feng Zijian pointed out that this can quickly find potential infected persons and block the transmission chain of the virus in time.

With the publication of confirmed cases， the physical and mental health of patients also need to be concerned. “Once a confirmed case is found out in the community. The patient and his family may be prejudiced and discriminated against. This is a social stigma， so we should protect their reputation and health，” said Tek Sopheap.

Overcoming difficulties makes us stronger

Since the discovery of the first case of the virus mutation in the UK， we know that we will still face many unknown challenges in the fight against the epidemic. However， throughout human history， the fight and confrontation between human beings and viruses have never stopped. It is through repeated challenges that human beings constantly sum up experience and upgrade their capabilities， thus making the difficulties that can not defeat us become the cornerstone for us to become stronger.

During the epidemic， serum antibody detection and whole-genome sequencing technology played a key role. According to Feng Zijian， by using these technologies， researchers can trace the transmission chain of confirmed cases and provide technical support for us to improve epidemic prevention measures.

“I think the recovery phase after the emergency response is also important. After dealing with every case， we should summarize and evaluate personnel performance， material supplement， and ability improvement，” said Zhao Shiwen. And according to his view， through practice， we can have an estimate of the consumption cycle of epidemic prevention materials， and make adequate preparations for? front-line workers.

Through summary and evaluation，? epidemic prevention strategies of countries around the world are also upgrading. “We will flexibly adjust the management system to ensure an effective disease prevention and control strategy in the changing situation of the epidemic，” said Sopon Iamsirithaworn， Director of the Department of Disease Control of the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand.

At present， many countries regard community participation as an important strategy of epidemic prevention management. In fact， the community has played an increasingly important role in disease prevention， outbreak， and disposal.

“Through cooperation with some Buddhist groups， we provide health education， safe funerals， celebrations， and other consulting services for the public， offer training， publicity materials， and volunteer support to the community， and standardize the management process of home isolation in the community，” said Rattanaxay Phetsouvanh， Director of the Department of Communicable Disease Control of the Ministry of Health of Laos. He also added： “Laos will continue to strengthen the positive role of communities in epidemic prevention and control by improving government services， building resilient communities， and institutionalizing community functions.”

Although anti-epidemic experiences are valuable only when they are combined with their own reality， people who have encountered greater difficulties may have such feelings： When we ask about others successful experiences， we not only hope to find a good way to overcome difficulties， but also hope to seek comfort and find a ray of dawn in the dark. Perhaps this is also the significance of sharing our experience in the fight against the epidemic today when the situation is still unclear.