摘? ?要:為了指導本構建模工作,需要建立飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的一般本構理論框架. 首先,從混合物理論和嵌套思路出發(fā),獲得飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的能量平衡方程. 其次,根據(jù)熱力學功共軛特性確定了飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)本構方程的應變狀態(tài)變量和應力狀態(tài)變量. 再次,根據(jù)熱力學局部平衡假定,獲得飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的自由能勢函數(shù)一般本構方程. 最后,從一般自由能勢函數(shù)本構方程出發(fā),獲得孔隙骨架和裂隙骨架變形相互耦合的各向同性線彈性方程. 當孔隙骨架和裂隙骨架變形解耦時,該方程能夠退化到Khalili線彈性方程. 研究表明,在小應變情況下固相應變可分解為裂隙骨架應變、孔隙骨架應變與固相材料體應變之和;當混合物均勻化響應原理成立和流相材料本構模型與單相一致時,裂隙骨架應變、孔隙骨架應變、固相材料體應變、裂隙流相材料體應變和孔隙流相材料體應變分別唯一決定裂隙介質(zhì)有效應力、孔隙介質(zhì)有效應力、固相材料真實壓力、裂隙孔壓和孔隙孔壓;當自由能函數(shù)是狀態(tài)變量的二次函數(shù)時,可獲得線彈性本構模型.
關鍵詞:混合物理論;飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì);狀態(tài)變量;能量平衡方程;本構方程
中圖分類號:TU47 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1674—2974(2021)01—0019—11
Abstract:A general constitutive theoretical framework of saturated pore-fracture media need be formulated to guide constitutive modeling. Firstly,based on the mixture theory and nested way,the energy balance equation of saturated pore-fracture media is obtained. Secondly,according to the thermodynamic work conjugation behaviors,the strain and stress state variables of the constitutive equation for saturated pore-fracture media are determined. Thirdly, based on the assumption of local equilibrium of thermodynamics, the general free energy potential constitutive equations are obtained for saturated pore-fracture media. Finally,deriving from the general free energy potential constitutive equations,an isotropic linear elastic equation is obtained taking into account the coupling of pore and fracture skeleton deformations. When the pore and fracture skeleton deformations are uncoupled, the equation is degenerated into Khalilis linear elastic equation. The researches show that,the solid phase strain can be decomposed into the sum of fracture skeleton strain, pore skeleton strain and volumetric strain of solid material in the case of small strain;When the mixture homogenous response principle is valid and the fluid material constitutive model is the same as the single fluid one, the fracture skeleton strain,pore skeleton strain,volumetric strain of solid material,volumetric strain of fluid material in fractures and volumetric strain of fluid material in pores uniquely determine the effective stress of fractured media, effective stress of pore media,real pressure of solid material,fracture pressure and pore pressure,respectively. A linear elastic constitutive relation can be achieved when the free energy function is a quadratic function of state variables.
Key words:mixture theory;saturated pore-fracture media;state variables;energy balance equation;constitutive equations
自然界中,許多巖土材料具有兩種不同尺度的孔隙,如裂隙黏土和巖體等. 一種孔隙尺度比較小,通常仍稱為孔隙,另一種孔隙尺度比較大,通常呈裂縫或扁平狀,被稱為裂隙. 當孔隙和裂隙同時被一種流體占有時,就形成飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì). 近年來,隨著水利水電、海底隧道、核廢料儲存以及海洋能源開發(fā)等工程大量建設,為了分析滲流和變形的流固耦合特性,飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的本構模型研究愈來愈受到工程力學界重視. Barenblatt等[1]首先研究飽和孔隙-裂隙雙重孔隙介質(zhì)的本構特性. Khalili等[2]、劉耀儒等[3]建立了各向同性飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的線彈性模型. 蔡國慶等[4]和Zhao等[5]建立了各向異性飽和孔隙-裂隙黏土的本構理論. 張玉軍等[6]創(chuàng)建了考慮裂隙產(chǎn)狀等幾何特性的孔隙-裂隙巖體的彈塑性模型. 這些開創(chuàng)性成果有力地促進了飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)力學本構理論的發(fā)展和應用.
在當前飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)本構建模的研究文獻中,針對同一個工程問題往往會創(chuàng)建出多種差異懸殊的本構模型. 如何在各種模型中選擇適合的飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)本構模型成為工程師和學者首先遇到的難題. 混合物理論從普適性的力學守恒定理出發(fā)研究孔隙-裂隙本構理論的普遍規(guī)律,具有嚴密的邏輯結(jié)構和明確的物理內(nèi)涵,許多學者建議把混合物理論作為判定其他本構模型合理性的理論依據(jù)之一[7-11]. Borja等[7]和Zhang等[8]根據(jù)混合物理論推導了飽和及非飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的能量平衡方程,并建立了飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)線彈性本構模型,但該模型無法考慮裂隙與孔隙流相壓力之差所導致的固相體積變化. Li等[9-10]基于混合物理論推導了非飽和雙孔隙膨脹土的外力功表達式,建立了非飽和雙孔隙膨脹土的彈塑性本構模型;Guo等[11]采用混合物理論建立了飽和及非飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的雙有效應力彈塑性模型. 然而,這些模型沒有考慮固相和流相的材料變形,只適用于土體松散介質(zhì),無法適用于巖石和混凝土等非松散孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)[12-16].? 為了彌補上述缺陷,深刻揭示孔隙骨架應變和裂隙骨架應變在多孔介質(zhì)流固耦合機制中的關鍵作用,便于利用均勻化響應原理相來建立相對簡單實用的本構模型[14],有必要對飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)混合物理論作進一步深入研究.
鑒于此,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)可視為兩個單重孔隙介質(zhì)的嵌套疊加,即孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)可視為在單重裂隙介質(zhì)的固相基質(zhì)中嵌套了一個單重孔隙介質(zhì). 本文從這一嵌套思路出發(fā)來研究飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的能量守恒方程和一般本構模型理論框架,從一般本構模型理論出發(fā)可推導飽和雙重孔隙介質(zhì)的線彈性方程,指導和校正當前飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的本構建模工作.
1? ?體積分數(shù)和密度
1.1? ?飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)各組分體積分數(shù)和密度
飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)是由固相、裂隙流相與孔隙流相組成的混合物. 固相由S表示,裂隙流相由F表示,孔隙流相由P表示. 令α∈{S,F(xiàn),P}為組分指征變量. φα為第α組分的體積分數(shù),ρα為第α組分的平均密度,ρα為第α組分的真實密度(或稱材料密度),滿足ρα = φα ρα,則飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的總密度為ρ = ρS + ρF + ρP. 根據(jù)體積分數(shù)的定義有:
1.2? ?基于嵌套思路的各組分體積分數(shù)和密度
本文把固相材料與孔隙流相組成的飽和單重孔隙介質(zhì)稱為飽和孔隙介質(zhì). 當把飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)中的固相材料和孔隙流相所構成的飽和孔隙介質(zhì)視為一個整體時,此時只有裂隙被視為孔隙,本文把這種視角下的廣義飽和單重孔隙介質(zhì)稱為飽和裂隙介質(zhì). 這樣,飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)可看作在飽和裂隙介質(zhì)的基質(zhì)中嵌入飽和孔隙介質(zhì)而成,而飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)可視為兩個單重孔隙介質(zhì)的嵌套疊加.
根據(jù)上述嵌套思路,首先考慮飽和裂隙介質(zhì). 飽和孔隙介質(zhì)作為飽和裂隙介質(zhì)的一個組分用SP表示,它的體積分數(shù)為固相和孔隙流相體積分數(shù)之和φSP = φS + φP. 根據(jù)式(1),在飽和裂隙介質(zhì)中有:
3.2? ?混合物均勻化響應原理
為了適應工程應用,工程界常常利用混合物均勻化響應原理來簡化混合物的本構關系. 混合物均勻化響應原理的內(nèi)容為[14]:當混合物單元體承受外荷載時,若混合物單元體中每一點的真實應變增量(或速率)相等,則該混合物單元體等效于單相均勻單元體,即單元體內(nèi)每一點處的真實應力增量(或加荷速率)也相等;反之也然. 在Khalili等[2]、陳正漢[17]、陳勉和陳至達[18]推導各種飽和和非飽和混合物本構關系時,混合物均勻化響應原理曾發(fā)揮了至關重要的作用.
顯然,當1/KHD = 0時,式(84)、式(88)和(89)與式(93)、式(96)和(97)完全一致,說明從本文的自由能勢函數(shù)一般本構方程出發(fā)可以獲得與Khalili等相同的線彈性本構模型. Khalili等把他們的線彈性本構模型用于裂隙黏土的固結(jié)分析,獲得了與試驗數(shù)據(jù)相一致的理論分析結(jié)果[2,15]. 這說明從本文的一般本構方程出發(fā)可獲得經(jīng)過試驗驗證的本構模型.
5? ?結(jié)? ?論
1)在考慮固相和流相材料變形的條件下,以嵌套思路推導了飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的能量平衡方程. 確定了飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)本構方程的應變狀態(tài)變量是裂隙骨架應變、孔隙骨架應變、固相材料體應變、裂隙流相材料體應變和孔隙流相材料體應變;應力狀態(tài)變量是單位密度上的裂隙介質(zhì)有效應力、孔隙介質(zhì)有效應力、固相材料真實壓力、裂隙孔壓和孔隙孔壓.
2)在小應變情況下,固相應變可分解為裂隙骨架應變、孔隙骨架應變和固相材料體應變之和. 獲得有限應變和小應變條件下的飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的自由能勢函數(shù)一般本構方程.
3)當混合物均勻化響應原理成立時,裂隙骨架、孔隙骨架和固相材料的本構模型相互解耦;當裂隙與孔隙中流相材料的本構關系與純流相本構關系相同時,固相與流相材料變形相互解耦. 當上述兩個性質(zhì)均成立時,裂隙骨架應變唯一決定裂隙介質(zhì)有效應力、孔隙骨架應變唯一決定孔隙介質(zhì)有效應力、固相材料體應變唯一決定固相材料真實壓力、裂隙流相材料體應變唯一決定裂隙孔壓和孔隙流相材料體應變唯一決定孔隙孔壓. 運用這些本構性質(zhì)可以簡化本構關系的復雜程度,有利于工程應用.
4)當自由能勢函數(shù)取為狀態(tài)變量的二次多項式時,獲得孔隙骨架和裂隙骨架相互耦合的各相同性線彈性本構方程,當孔隙骨架和裂隙骨架變形解耦時,該線彈性方程退化為飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)Khalili線彈性方程. Khalili等利用他們提出的線彈性本構方程獲得與試驗數(shù)據(jù)相一致的理論分析結(jié)果[2,15], 這說明本文基于一般勢函數(shù)的本構方程理論框架可以指導飽和孔隙-裂隙介質(zhì)的具體本構建模工作.
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