孫紅華

“身騎青田鶴，去采青田芝”，出自青田古代鄉(xiāng)賢劉基名詩《二鬼》的麗句，寄托著劉基深厚的鄉(xiāng)情。詩中的青田鶴、青田芝已然成為青田的文化象征，一聲聲清亮鶴鳴，喚醒了甌江千年山水詩路，一株株青田靈芝，滋養(yǎng)了青田百代翹楚才俊。

劉基，字伯溫，元武宗至大四年（1311）生于青田縣南田（號稱天下“七十二福地”之一）武陽村（現(xiàn)屬文成縣），是明朝的開國元勛，更是青田最有名的歷史人物。

石門洞，位于青田縣城西北面約32公里處的甌江之畔。此地有旗、鼓兩山矗立江邊對峙如門，內(nèi)有幽谷深邃如洞，樹木豐茂，飛瀑垂天，環(huán)境優(yōu)美，是青田最有名的風(fēng)景區(qū)。

青田最有名的歷史人物與青田最有名的風(fēng)景區(qū)之間有“交集”。石門洞景區(qū)內(nèi)現(xiàn)存有“劉文成公讀書處”碑、劉文成公祠等與劉基有關(guān)的遺跡建筑，后人認(rèn)為劉基年輕時曾在石門洞的“石門書院”讀過書，這是為紀(jì)念其人其事而特意建立的。不過像《明史》等歷史文獻(xiàn)上并沒有任何關(guān)于劉基在石門洞讀書或生活過的記載，即使是劉基傳世的詩文中也沒有涉及求學(xué)石門書院或與石門洞景物有關(guān)聯(lián)的內(nèi)容。

要說劉基確曾在石門洞讀過書而史籍上沒有記載，這不難理解，因為這畢竟是劉基未出仕前青少年時期的事情，而且史書也不可能做到每事必錄。不過劉基除了是思想家、軍事家、謀略家之外，還是與“宋濂并為一代之宗”的文學(xué)家，一生著作等身，有大量的詩文傳世。要是他真的在風(fēng)景優(yōu)美如畫的石門洞讀過書，怎么可能沒有相關(guān)的詩作呢？這不能不讓人產(chǎn)生疑問。而關(guān)于這一點，近代著名的國學(xué)大師、劉基的鐵桿崇拜者章太炎先生的說法或可為我們解疑釋惑。民國四年（1915）冬，章太炎先生接受劉基后裔的請托，為《誠意伯集》撰寫序文，其中有這樣的內(nèi)容：“然公（指劉基）詩文自明時已散失不具。今《誠意伯集》中獨(dú)《戈溪（青田某村名）》一詩，若《石礬》《白岸》《礪石》（皆青田境內(nèi)的地物名）諸勝未嘗有片言，意其文散佚者多矣……”這段文字告訴我們，劉基的詩文散失較多，所以今天沒有劉基題詠石門洞的詩文，并不能斷言劉基就沒有寫過，更不能以此判斷劉基沒有在石門洞讀過書。

那么，人們又是怎么去推斷劉基曾在石門洞讀過書的呢？劉基的第二十世孫劉耀東在其所編撰的《劉文成公年譜》中說：“石門洞有鄭復(fù)初泰定四年六月廿二游石門洞觀瀑和泰定丁卯秋七月修理石門洞書院等摩崖，公（劉基）從鄭復(fù)初游姑系是歲?！?鄭復(fù)初，字原善，玉山（今江西玉山縣）人，延祐年間進(jìn)士，曾任德興縣丞，處州錄事，“精通伊洛之學(xué)，望重當(dāng)世”。劉耀東又在《石門洞題詠錄》中寫到：“至泰定四年（1327）石門書院又經(jīng)修繕，有石門洞摩崖題刻可資佐證：‘泰定丁卯秋七月，（青田）縣尹曹用子成于本路所委錄事鄭原善復(fù)初奉檄修理石門書院，增復(fù)學(xué)田竣事而還，勒此以記歲月。相是役者，司吏季事葉文炳也?！?/p>

從上述記載可知，1327年鄭復(fù)初參與修理石門書院，并在書院工作是事實。而劉基師從鄭復(fù)初一事，《明史 · 劉基傳》《誠意伯劉公行狀》《誠意伯劉公神道碑》都有記述，也是事實。史籍上雖然沒有關(guān)于劉基在石門書院讀書的記載，但也沒有記錄劉基“年十四，入郡庠”畢業(yè)后，至其二十二三歲參加鄉(xiāng)試中舉人和參加會試中進(jìn)士之前（1327—1332年），到底在哪兒、在干嗎，有一點是可以肯定的，劉基從“郡庠”畢業(yè)之后至中舉之前肯定還是要“習(xí)舉業(yè)”，繼續(xù)讀書，準(zhǔn)備科舉考試，而不可能輟學(xué)回家或外出干其他事情。那么劉基在哪兒讀書呢？既然鄭復(fù)初于1327年參與修理石門書院，并在書院工作，所推測劉基“從鄭復(fù)初游姑系是歲”也即在那個時候。所以，劉基18歲左右從郡庠畢業(yè)后至22歲中舉人之前這段時間（1327—1332年），最合理的解釋就是師從鄭復(fù)初，就讀于石門洞的石門書院。有學(xué)者考證，劉基的科考習(xí)作《春秋明經(jīng)》就是在石門洞讀書時寫成的。

雖然理由充分，但劉基曾在“石門洞讀書”畢竟是推導(dǎo)出來的，所以，人們對此事的認(rèn)識認(rèn)同和理解接受可能就有一個過程。關(guān)于這一點，看過張錢松編著的《青田古詩選注》就可知其一二。在《青田古詩詞選注》中共收錄有明一代與石門洞有關(guān)聯(lián)的詩作69首，詩詞作者包括劉基的后人，以及青田本縣人、青田鄰縣人、青田地方官、處州知府、浙江巡撫、內(nèi)閣宰輔等，這些人不缺才學(xué)和歷史知識，對劉基的事跡不會不知。眾所周知，古時文人游山玩水題詩作賦時，好撫今追昔，用典論故。與石門洞有關(guān)的最著名的歷史人物，一是石門洞的開山祖南朝的謝靈運(yùn)，二是求學(xué)石門洞的明朝開國元勛劉基。在正常情況下，自明初之后，凡題詠石門洞的詩文應(yīng)該常提及這兩位先賢。但有意思的是，在這69首詩詞中，只有一首永嘉人曾儒璋寫于明末的《石門洞觀瀑布》里提到“蕭條書屋殘碑在”，作者自注“劉誠意伯讀于此”。除此之外，其余詩作根本就沒有提及劉基。當(dāng)然，這69首詩提及石門洞開山祖謝靈運(yùn)的內(nèi)容有很多。??????????????????????

而自清代以來，題詠石門洞的詩作中關(guān)于劉基的內(nèi)容就多了起來，到了近現(xiàn)代，上至學(xué)者、下至百姓就都知曉并認(rèn)定劉基曾在石門洞讀過書。除了上面提到的《劉文成公年譜》之外，王馨一所編的《劉伯溫年譜》、赫兆矩先生所編的《增訂劉伯溫年譜》和林家驪所編的《劉基年表》等研究劉基的權(quán)威著作都認(rèn)定劉基年輕時曾在“青田石門洞讀書”。而劉伯溫在石門洞讀書的故事傳奇在民間特別是在青田更是家喻戶曉。

可以說，石門洞因飛瀑有了靈氣，因伯溫與一眾文人豪杰增添了靈魂。無數(shù)詩人墨客曾紛至沓來這里，留下了諸多吟詠石門洞的詩篇。自南朝宋的謝靈運(yùn)、盛唐的李白、宋代著名科學(xué)家沈括、元末劉基少年時的老師鄭復(fù)初、明代的湯顯祖、清朝的阮元都曾為石門洞賦詩題詞，保留至今的摩崖石刻有117處之多。當(dāng)代文豪郭沫若先生曾在古稀之年不遠(yuǎn)萬里來到石門洞，留下動人詩篇，“橫過石門渡，劉基尚有祠。垂天飛瀑布，涼意喜催詩?！?/p>

您有興致不妨再去躺一躺當(dāng)年伯溫睡過的國師床，沾一片千年仙氣，開悟天地之道;敲一敲弄月池邊伯溫敲過的木魚石，陣陣梵音，幫你忘卻凡欲俗愿;坐一坐伯溫坐過的位子，想象著自己與一代人豪曾是同窗;品一品伯溫香茗，圣水神茶為您洗卻靈魂的塵埃;拜一拜伯溫圣像，奉上你的敬仰，或許真的會時來運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)……

伯溫古村，劉文成公祠、石門書院、燒餅閣、三立堂、點將臺、伯溫傳說展示廊……這一切，無不讓您領(lǐng)略博大精深的伯溫文化。

石門洞處處是美景，處處是人文。如今，石門洞周邊又增添了一處亮麗的風(fēng)景線。坐落在景區(qū)東面的青田數(shù)字詩路e站正式開工，應(yīng)用數(shù)字化技術(shù)、智能化技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化技術(shù)，打造集數(shù)字體驗、文旅展示、文產(chǎn)孵化、詩路研學(xué)于一體的人工智能元宇宙空間，將成為甌江山水詩路上一顆璀璨的明珠，閃耀于世。屆時，海內(nèi)外的朋友在石門洞感受千年古剎的梵音后，便可來到青田數(shù)字詩路e站中，穿越時空，在虛實相融中，與伯溫一同吟詩作賦，共赴詩與遠(yuǎn)方。

Liu Ji and the Shimen Cave

By? Sun Honghua

“I ride on the Qingtian crane， to hunt the Qingtian lingzhi mushrooms，” thus wrote Liu Ji in his masterpiece poem Two Ghosts， showing his deep affection for his hometown， and the crane and the lingzhi mushroom he mentioned in the poem have long become the cultural symbols of Qingtian.

Born in Wuyang village （now part of Wencheng county）， Nantian township， Qingtian county （known as one of the “72 Blessed Places”） in the year of 1311， Liu Ji， courtesy name Bowen and posthumously titled Wencheng， was a founding member of the Ming dynasty （1368-1644） and is the most famed historical figure in Qingtian.

The Shimen Cave is located on the bank of the Oujiang River， about 32 kilometers northwest of Qingtian county， and it is the most famous local scenic spot. There are two mountains standing on the riverside facing each other， together forming the shape of a gate， and a valley as deep as a cave with abundant trees and a majestic waterfall.

It is clear that the most celebrated historical figure and the best-known scenic spot of Qingtian have a certain relationship between them. In the Shimen Cave， there is a monument and a memorial temple， which are said to have something to do with Liu Ji， for they were specially built to commemorate Liu， who once studied in the Shimen Academy of the Shimen Cave it his youth. However， no historical record of Liu studying or living in the Shimen Cave could be found in literatures such as the History of Ming Dynasty， or in poems written by himself. This is partly understandable， because if it were true， it would have happened when Liu was quite young and the history books simply couldn’t record everything after all. But when it comes to poems， questions arise： Liu is a poet who wrote a considerable number of poems and articles throughout his life， how come he didn’t mention anything about the Shimen Cave if he had really studied or lived in the place？

On this point， the words of Zhang Taiyan （1869-1936）， a famous master of Chinese studies and an admirer of Liu Ji， may clear up some of the doubts for us. In one of many prefaces he wrote， he explained that Liu Ji’s poems were very much scattered， so the fact that nowadays none of his poems about the Shimen Cave could be found does not prove that he did not write them， or he did not study in the Shimen Cave.

Then how did people infer that Liu Ji had studied in the Shimen Cave？ Liu Yaodong， Liu Ji’s 20th-generation grandson， mentioned in the several writings， including the Chronology of Liu Wencheng that his ancestor once had a teacher named Zheng Fuchu who， according to records， participated in the repair of the Shimen Academy in 1327 and worked here.

Therefore， it is reasonable to assume that when Liu Ji was 18 to 22 years old （1327-1332）， he was with his teacher and studied in the academy. In fact， according to some scholars， Liu Ji’s article for the imperial examinations which was titled “Chunqiu Mingjing” （literally Spring and Autumn Confucian classics） was written at the Shimen Cave.

However plausible， it was all but deduction. Furthermore， it is a little strange that literary writings from the Ming dynasty barely mentioned Liu Ji at the Shimen Cave. For example， in the Selected Poems of Qingtian compiled by Zhang Qiangsong， there are 69 poems associated with the Shimen Cave， and only one of them made reference to Liu Ji’s studying in the Shimen Cave. The authors of the poems include descendants of Liu Ji， people from Qingtian and neighboring counties， and local officials， who should have been aware of Liu Ji’s whereabouts during his lifetime.

Since the Qing dynasty （1616-1911）， some poems about Liu Ji began to emerge. In modern times， from scholars to common people， everyone seems to believe that Liu Ji had once studied in the Shimen Cave， which has become a folklore legend， and in Qingtian in particular the story is known by almost everyone.

The literary aura emitting from the Shimen Cave is believed to derive from both the Shimen Waterfall and all the prominent figures who once came to the place. Countless poets and scholars have come here and left many poems celebrating the Shimen Cave， including such illustrious names as Xie Lingyun （385-433）， Li Bai （701-762）， Shen Kuo （1031-1095）， Tang Xianzu （1550-1616）， among others. There have been 117 cliff inscriptions preserved. Guo Moruo （1892-1978）， a famous contemporary writer， came to the Shimen Cave from far away in his old age and left a soul-touching poem.

You may want to visit Qingtian， where you could lie down on the bed that Liu Bowen once slept on， knock on the wooden fish stone and forget your troubles. You could also sit on the seat where he used to sit， imagining yourself a fellow student of his generation. You could take a sip of the fragrant tea and let the sacred water wash away the dust of your soul， and pay your respect in front of the statue of Liu Bowen to wish yourself good luck. In addition， you could also appreciate the profound Bowen culture from visiting Bowen Ancient Village and some must-see architectural buildings.

There are beautiful natural landscape and elements of humanism in every corner of the Shimen Cave. Nowadays， situated in the east of the scenic spot， the project to build the Qingtian Digital Poetry Road E-Station has been officially started， where digital technology， intelligent technology and network technology will be applied. It is aimed at creating an AI meta-universe integrating digital experience， cultural tourism， cultural industry and study tours， which is destined to become a bright pearl along the Oujiang River Landscape Poetry Road and ready to shine for the world. By the time that the great project is completed， visitors at home and abroad can come here after sight-seeing in the famous Shimen Cave， for a special VR experience of poetry recitation.