鮑亞飛
編者按:韻者,美之極。宋韻,兩宋文化的精華所在,代表了當(dāng)時物質(zhì)文明和精神文明的高峰。杭州市上城區(qū),作為南宋皇城遺址所在地、南宋文化發(fā)祥地、宋韻文化傳承展示中心,是全國宋韻文化積淀最為深厚、保留最為完整的地區(qū)。以文化的力量,展現(xiàn)這塊南宋根脈所系的核心區(qū)域;以文化的自信,追摹那個流淌千年、傳承至今的“上乘”宋韻。
從900年前的河南開封到立朝152年的南宋臨安,中間隔著將近1000公里。
相較于開封“一城宋韻半城水”的平面印象,杭州的宋韻更加立體一些——無論是看得到的精致,還是感知得到的精神——比如街衢、運河、建筑、官衙,比如技藝、審美和生活。讓人驚喜的是,這些成果還比較完整地傳承到了今天。
從九里皇城到南吳山北武林13座城門,錢塘清波里住著120萬人口。
趙構(gòu)到杭州后,選鳳凰山麓臨安府治為基營建大內(nèi):不合規(guī)制的“坐南朝北”、太廟和社稷方位。但這并不妨礙它成為“宏偉瑰麗、工力精致、金碧流丹、華燦照映,望之若天宮化成”的閬苑仙宮。據(jù)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的宮城北城垣和東城垣推測,宮城的位置在杭州城南的鳳凰山之東——偌大一座宮城,金磚踏地,竟然都在上城之中。
這13座城門和152年的“上乘”宮城最終鑄就了文明的高峰——“中國歷史上的第二次百家爭鳴”,締造了“第一次的東方文藝復(fù)興”和“世界偉大海洋貿(mào)易史上的第一個時期”。那個文明而富庶的朝代緩緩走來的時候,給我們也給世界打開了神奇大門:其“百花齊放”的文化、“市坊合一”的商業(yè)、“百工競巧”的技藝,綜合而成一個“詩情畫意”的東方。
如果可以穿越,我會去宋朝,去認(rèn)識四分之三的古代發(fā)明,去領(lǐng)略吳山天風(fēng)的空靈奇絕,去感受“寶馬雕車香滿路”的一世繁華,去體驗“點茶、焚香、插花、掛畫”的雅致生活……
小可精致入文? 大可進(jìn)取衛(wèi)國
進(jìn)士辛贊的命運確實有些不濟。
38歲的年紀(jì)正是要在仕途上大展宏圖的時候,“靖康之變”發(fā)生,北宋亡了。
身邊的友人早前就已急急忙忙跟著高宗南渡,他卻沒有。一是因為他的族人太多——“以族眾,拙于脫身”;二是因為他心里有一個更大的計劃:隱忍滯北以保實力,待王師北伐,持械與金決。之后的很多年里,他接受金國的拉攏,違心地到朝廷做官,幾經(jīng)升遷后竟然做到了正三品的開封知府……但他終于沒有做回自己心心念念的宋人。
為求“宋人”身份而孜孜的辛贊并不為人熟知,但由他帶大的孫子,你必然是清楚的。
《射雕英雄傳》第八回里,黃蓉恢復(fù)女兒裝扮后去見郭靖,并在舟上唱了一首曲兒,說:“這是辛大人所作的‘瑞鶴仙’,是形容雪后梅花的,你說做得好嗎?”郭靖是北方人,向來生活在大漠深處,沒有聽過這首曲兒,更不知道詞的含義,甚至發(fā)問“辛大人是誰”。
這“辛大人”就是辛贊之孫辛棄疾,他曾5次到杭州、7次被彈劾,一生都在力圖收復(fù)失地,一個和李清照同高的“濟南二安”、到死都在念叨南宋杭州的人。
辛棄疾是名人之后,書香世家,隨便一首他的詞都夠你我寫一輩子:《西江月 · 夜行黃沙道中》《清平樂·村居》《永遇樂·京口北固亭懷古》,當(dāng)然還有《念奴嬌 · 西湖和人韻》《好事近·西湖》《滿江紅·題冷泉亭》。
一個人一輩子能把文章做好就已非常圓滿。但他不,非要在沙場上也做出個獨一無二來。
紹興三十二年(1162年),23歲的辛棄疾僅帶五十名義兵就敢沖進(jìn)五萬人的金軍,他還能捕獲叛逃頭目張安國,甚至還順帶策反了近萬人馬,一路無事南歸杭州,于是南宋朝野轟動。這是怎樣的一種勇氣和智慧?宋高宗“壯聲英概,懦士為之興起”,一見三嘆。
辛棄疾第二次到杭州時,受宋孝宗延和殿召見,被任司農(nóng)寺主簿——管著農(nóng)業(yè)的7年時間里,辛棄疾滿腦子想的卻都是恢復(fù)中原之事,寫出著名的《九議》。
繼淳熙元年(1174年)春、紹熙三年(1192年)秋兩次留杭之后的1204年春,辛棄疾第五次到杭州,出任抗金前線——鎮(zhèn)江的知府。距第一次來杭已經(jīng)40年,過往如彈指之間,他思緒萬千,或有意氣,或因遺憾,寫下“千古興亡多少事,悠悠,不盡長江滾滾流……”
但,這是他最后一次。
到開禧三年朝廷令他“速赴臨安”任樞密都承旨時,辛棄疾已病重臥床不起。同年10月3日,他喊著“殺賊!殺賊!”而逝,年六十八歲。
年少不懂辛棄疾,讀懂已不再少年。
很多人不太喜歡辛棄疾,覺得他的詞重于征戰(zhàn)和殺伐,他的為人又過于偏執(zhí)和不知變通。我卻不覺得。相反,對于杭州,我認(rèn)為辛棄疾是唯一的存在——既寫下了文人的剛毅,又戰(zhàn)出了將軍的溫情。
可能說得有些遠(yuǎn)了,今天要寫的是“宋韻”;當(dāng)然,也可能沒有太遠(yuǎn)——辛棄疾這樣一個“小可精致入文,大可進(jìn)取衛(wèi)國”的人,這種品性可以理解為一個更高層面的宋韻。
宋韻到底是什么呢?是斑駁的老城墻、鼓樓回蕩的鐘聲,還是薄暮晚煙在山水畫里彌散開來的雅致?是兩宋文化具化在物質(zhì)和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)中的進(jìn)步思想、高尚情操和美學(xué)觀念,還是整體浸潤在宋式生活里的文人風(fēng)骨、藝術(shù)修養(yǎng)與包容氣質(zhì)?
“風(fēng)雅處處是平常。”我不太敢下定義,只能說,宋韻是一種符號,一種全面延續(xù)至今并照向未來的態(tài)度符號,包括上面那些,又不限于那些。
上城,承托所有的南宋繁華
從來沒有一個王朝,如南宋一般,宛若蝶變,在掙扎中綻放絢爛,從一開始就將精致交融在夷族的鐵蹄之邊。一面你為它的半壁殘垣惆悵哀嘆,另一面卻更臣服于它臻于極致的嫵媚與嫣然。
我再說得直白一點:在時刻提防踞江而視的金軍面前,南宋朝廷竟然用一半的國土創(chuàng)造出了從未有過的繁盛,讓封建王朝只有在這個時候才真正到達(dá)巔峰。
巔峰,首當(dāng)其沖的指標(biāo)是人口。人頭密疏就像今天人們的存款多寡。為了探尋這一點,我特地去查過《宋史》:徽宗崇寧年間,杭州有戶20余萬,人口近30萬——當(dāng)時,即使是倫敦、巴黎、威尼斯等城市的居民數(shù)量也不過十萬——杭州地區(qū)(算上錢塘、仁和、臨安等九縣)人口約100萬。到了南宋咸淳年間(1265—1274年),杭州地區(qū)的人口達(dá)到了約124萬。
甚至,這個數(shù)字還有漏隱。因為元初曾對“杭州路”人口進(jìn)行過復(fù)核,發(fā)現(xiàn)人口總數(shù)約為183萬,光杭州城區(qū)的人口就達(dá)到了50萬左右。這實在讓人驚訝。
一個朝代的繁華體現(xiàn)在城市人口,而人口的聚集則是因為生活的平和。
順著我的思路往下讀,你會更驚訝——早在800多年前,南宋杭州就已“無有宵禁”——有早市夜市,經(jīng)商自由,又因交通便利,城里城外商鋪繁多?!秹袅讳洝吩疲骸昂汲谴蠼郑I賣晝夜不絕,夜交三四鼓,游人始稀;五鼓鐘鳴,賣早市者又開店矣?!睆倪@個角度來說,那個時候的杭州就已經(jīng)是一座不夜之城。這在封建體制“束民乃安”的普遍認(rèn)識下,南宋就是一個仙境的存在,難怪一時間“八荒爭湊,萬國咸通”。
一不小心,杭州就成為了當(dāng)時南宋的第一大都市,并且還是當(dāng)時世界上最繁華的大都市之一。
如果你覺得這還不足以說明南宋的高峰,那么還可以再看一看文和學(xué)。
這里也有一組數(shù)字:南宋書院總數(shù)為442所。唐、五代、北宋共500余年間所有書院的總和(143所),也只有其總數(shù)的三分之一——你能想象嗎?一個封建王朝是以一種什么樣的決心在心向院學(xué)?
有一個聲音躲在角落說:“別忘了,南宋是個偏安一隅的南宋?!?另一個聲音又響起來:“從來不否認(rèn)南宋的偏安,但千萬別只看到它的偏安?!?/p>
對南宋的“偏安”我一直是有些忐忑的,好在我非常傾慕的陳寅恪先生給我解了圍。他認(rèn)為:“華夏民族之文化,歷數(shù)千年之演變,造極于趙宋之世?!边@個“趙宋”當(dāng)然包括南宋,我覺得老先生是給我們定了個調(diào)。
這個“調(diào)”其實又和趙構(gòu)選擇杭州有關(guān)。
不可避免,我們要回憶那段趙構(gòu)最不愿提及的過往——因為只有他更清楚個中滋味,所以無論多少人勸,他為什么還是選擇杭州。
1127年,趙構(gòu)在商丘建南宋,但金軍侵來,無人可擋,他只得去往江南,帶著妻兒、隨著軍士。金軍一路追了700公里仍不松勁,直直地又把趙構(gòu)逼出杭州、遷向?qū)幉?。“寧波也不能待了,他們又來了?!壁w構(gòu)乘船退至海上,后又因金軍搜山檢海,趙構(gòu)只得轉(zhuǎn)走溫州……
這一次,趙構(gòu)可能有了兩個心思:第一是好險;第二是海路才是退路。
趙構(gòu)的一切都只有一個目標(biāo):“安定”。建炎三年(1129年),在當(dāng)時那種敵囂我消的氛圍里,趙構(gòu)把杭州知府衙門升為行宮、升為臨安府。一直到金兵北撤的紹興元年(1131年)十一月,他才派人開建宮殿,僅僅幾個月后就攜百官在杭州辦公。有人力諫定都金陵,但趙構(gòu)想金陵并不安全:金軍并非沒有打過。他是怕了,萬一金兵再過長江,從杭州出海避難更便捷,這至少還能保住一個南宋核心。
也正是這個選擇,杭州變?yōu)槲ㄒ坏拇鸢?。于是,設(shè)官衙、辦太學(xué)、課農(nóng)桑、布市井——《淳祐臨安志》載,臨安城內(nèi)共有坊巷八十九條,原本應(yīng)該限制的大街和坊巷縱橫交叉之處卻商店林立,御街兩側(cè)更是如此。“珠玉珍異及花果時新海鮮野味奇器,天下所無者,悉集于此?!眱H7年后的紹興八年(1138年),杭州城垣已分內(nèi)城、外城:內(nèi)城,即皇城,方圓九里,環(huán)繞著鳳凰山,北起鳳山門,南達(dá)江干,西至萬松嶺,東抵候潮門,在皇城之內(nèi),興建殿、堂、樓、閣,還有多處行宮及御花園。外城設(shè)城門13座,南跨吳山,北截武林門,右連西湖,左靠錢塘江。
皇城是皇脈核心,這核心全在上城區(qū)域里——所有的包括建筑、技藝、市井等都是由這個根本蔓散開枝而去,失去了這個根,其他的都是不著實地之毛。用今天的無人機飛上去看,南宋皇城遺址所在地,北起西湖大道,南至宋城路,西接南山路,東抵建國南路。核心區(qū)規(guī)劃面積1.2平方公里,包含宮城內(nèi)——皇宮遺址、三省六部、太廟、二十三坊、鼓樓等區(qū)塊;宮城外——清河坊、御街、五柳巷皇家園林、勞動路國學(xué)文化長廊等。
一個上城區(qū)就這樣幾乎承托了所有的南宋繁華。
這些“根”都集中在這一處,于是今天來寫宋韻——無論是宋韻最“上乘”,還是宋韻最“上城”,都無可置否。
宋韻歸集地? 何以是此處
一邊是隔江對峙的重壓,另一邊是絢爛瑰麗的進(jìn)步,宋韻品咂多味。
中國人重“根”,只有根才是本,其他的都是蔓散和開枝。現(xiàn)在可以拋開一切糾結(jié),專心地談一談上城之于杭州宋韻了。
上城,是杭州的一個區(qū),和杭州古都一樣的年紀(jì),是宋韻的歸集地——前面說了,南宋皇宮就在這里。
皇宮?是的,俗人心里想象的角徵繞、珍饈盛,而且藏?zé)o數(shù)寶貝的皇宮。
2004年7月,已經(jīng)投資了3000多萬元的萬松嶺隧道建設(shè)確定“讓路”,原因是杭州市文物考古所在2003年12月開始的搶救性考古發(fā)掘中發(fā)現(xiàn):在1200余平方米的地方,有南宋時期的道路、殿址、圍墻、河道、石砌水閘設(shè)施等——這就是“南宋御街”。真的會為幾塊破磚爛瓦而停工!這一點上我不得不佩服杭州主政者的睿智:既保證了當(dāng)下的交通,又護住了一個千年的皇宮。
同時被發(fā)現(xiàn)的還有500多片瓷片,光是它們就足以讓人咋舌。南宋遷杭后,第一時間就選址建造了修內(nèi)司官窯(后有郊壇下官窯),燒制專供宮廷使用的青瓷。這就是鼎鼎大名的“南宋官窯”:以“紫口鐵足”“粉青釉色”“冰裂紋片”“薄胎厚釉”四大特征著稱于世。南宋官窯是個什么級別?如果哪個博物館一件沒有,問起來就會臉紅,不敢應(yīng)聲!
當(dāng)然還有更早之前發(fā)現(xiàn)的太廟、孔廟和八卦田。
上城,只有這些?不,不止——
還有素有“杭州建筑歷史博物館”之稱的清河坊——以御街為脊骨,魚骨狀聯(lián)系各坊巷的格局,奠定了杭州歷史城區(qū)的基本空間結(jié)構(gòu)。在中山路一帶,這些坊巷至今仍有大量遺存,其中保存較完整的歷史風(fēng)貌和空間格局的街巷有近20段。史學(xué)家、考古學(xué)家又集齊研討——老底子這么多且厚,全部保護?大家于是在上城區(qū)畫了一個圈,這個圈的范圍達(dá)3公頃……
杭州上城的風(fēng)物、戲曲、風(fēng)俗于是都融浸在了這個圈里,都有特殊的自我標(biāo)簽,美之若荷、精之如簧——我看到的是,擁有440行商貿(mào)的南宋人硬是把負(fù)重的生活過成了一種極致的向往。
唐人一個簡單的“品茗”,到這時已被演化出斗茶、分茶、點茶等“茶百戲”;唐人行酒令,到這時已演變成小詞、散曲;唐人的拉面,在這時也演化出了搟、削、撥、抿、擦、壓、搓、漏、拉等十余種制法,絲雞面、三鮮面、魚桐皮面、鹽煎面、筍潑肉面、炒雞面、大熬面、子料澆蝦面、銀絲冷淘等琳瑯品種。這個階段的人在吃喝以及餐具方面的要求非常高,精細(xì)貴重,甚至首創(chuàng)了分食制。
保護和傳承? 韻之綿長
和以往任何王朝不一樣,152年所蘊含的宋韻內(nèi)里完整地留給了現(xiàn)在。比如上面提到的風(fēng)物、戲曲、風(fēng)俗;比如藝術(shù)、技術(shù)和建筑;比如當(dāng)時的南宋留給世界的影響——浙江的海,依然是世界海上貿(mào)易的重要關(guān)口;上城的山,依然奠定著中國園林疊山審美的范式。
我知道這些——宋人的生活方式和雋永深沉的生活美學(xué),對后世產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響;宋代的文化基因藏在杭州這座城市里,藏在上城的脈絡(luò)里,世世代代的杭州人以自己的方式演繹出別樣精彩的韻律。
我也知道這些——從宋代的西湖到如今和諧共享的世界文化遺產(chǎn);從崇文向?qū)W的濃厚氛圍到當(dāng)代書香浸潤的閱讀型杭州;從“晴窗細(xì)乳戲分茶”的愜意情趣到以茶會友的國際盛會;從繁華喧囂的瓦舍勾欄到數(shù)智城市的宜游宜居。
但,好像還不夠。傳,是一種歷史對當(dāng)下的饋贈;承,是一種當(dāng)下對過往的責(zé)任。獨一無二的南宋留給我們千年難見的宋韻,我們還能做點什么?
在白蘇二公幫我們盡心“國內(nèi)推廣”,馬可·波羅也早把這個城市帶向了世界的“Heaven City”的當(dāng)下,兩個問題現(xiàn)在可能還需要思考:
第一個是宋韻給上城帶來了什么,給杭州帶來了什么?我們又應(yīng)當(dāng)如何把宋韻帶去給世界?
第二個是如何實現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)文化的現(xiàn)代表達(dá),厚重文化的時尚表達(dá)?“處處宋韻”的另一個面是文化遺存的空間分散,那么我們又該如何聚沙成塔形成合力?這種合力又該如何轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭袌鰞?nèi)涵,并真正切入到一種主動的文化傳承?
當(dāng)然,這些發(fā)問不是為了改變宋韻在我心里的敬仰和崇拜,相反是為了讓從皇城到新城的轉(zhuǎn)變中,新上城所呈現(xiàn)的宋韻文化、錢塘江文化更加繁榮。
宋韻的保護和傳承,上城一直在做。首先是研究,通過文化基因解碼,從七百余個基本文化元素中提煉出“德壽宮遺址”“南宋官窯”“八卦田遺址”等宋韻文化元素。再是傳播和轉(zhuǎn)化,通過舉辦文化活動、開發(fā)宋韻IP文創(chuàng)衍生品、深化文旅融合等方式,讓宋韻文化散發(fā)新的活力和光彩。不久的將來,德壽宮遺址保護展示工程、南宋皇城大遺址保護工程、南宋博物院籌建項目,龍居寺、海潮寺、五柳巷、草橋亭、皋亭山,還有許多個散布于上城的宋韻珠玉,都將向我們奔赴而來。
宋韻從千年前向我們走來,可觀,可感,可傳承,可親近。宋韻的平民化讓我們感動,幾乎和今天我們的生活一樣。北魏敦煌壁畫的飛天,很美;唐代侍女的服飾,很美。但只有宋韻之美,才能真正被我們的價值觀在靈魂和世俗中接受——畢竟,我們早就對這種與生俱來的“上乘”味道萌發(fā)了天生的親切感。
(杭州市上城區(qū)委宣傳部為本欄目提供支持)
In Search of the Essence of the Song Culture
By Bao Yafei
Editor’s note: It is the place where the Imperial City of the Southern Song dynasty once sat, the Southern Song dynasty culture was born, the Song dynasty culture and heritage are showcased, and where the Song dynasty culture has been kept most intact in China. The Shangcheng district in Hangzhou is a mirror of all the prosperity the Southern Song dynasty once enjoyed. It is where Song Yun, or the essence of the Song culture, lies.
Nearly 1,000 kilometers separates the city of Kaifeng in Henan province from the city of Hangzhou in Zhejiang province.
Compared with Kaifeng, which was once the capital city of the Northern Song (960-1127), the manifestations of the Song culture are more three-dimensional in Hangzhou, erstwhile capital city of the Southern Song (1127-1290). In Kaifeng, it is said that “half of the Song culture is in water”, referring to its many lakes and the water system established during the Northern Song. Whereas in Hangzhou, streets, canals, architecture and government buildings, craftsmanship, even aesthetics and lifestyles dating back to the Southern Song still remain intact today or have been passed down throughout the generations.
When Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of Song, arrived in Hangzhou, he chose the government seat at the foot of the Phoenix Mountain as the place to build the Imperial City. Despite “sitting in the south facing north”, instead of the traditional “sitting in the north facing south”, the Imperial City was still as “magnificent, exquisite, resplendent, shining as if the heavenly palace has descended on the earth”. Judged from remains of the north and east walls of the palace, the whole palace was inside Shangcheng district. Indeed, it was within the Imperial City that “the second Hundred Schools of Thought in Chinese history” took place, “the renaissance in the orient” was born, and “the first stage of global maritime trade” emerged.
To 38-year-old Xin Zan, it was probably the worst of times. Just as he was about to fulfill his aspirations, he suffered a crushing blow: the two emperors of the Northern Song were taken prisoner by the invading Jin (1115-1234) troops and the dynasty quickly fell. Because of his large family and, more importantly, because of his secret plan to fight the Jin forces once the Song dynasty recovered, Xin decided to stay put, rather than fleeing to the south. In the following years, he even pretended to serve under the Jin rule. Unfortunately, his dream to become a Song people once again never materialized.
Some of the readers may not be familiar with Xin Zan’s story, but they must have heard of his grandson, Xin Qiji (1140-1207), who was raised by Xin Zan as his father died early. In Xin’s childhood, his grandfather often told him about the time when the Song governed the north, asking him to be an honorable man and seek revenge.
Xin had been to Hangzhou five times throughout his life, which had been devoted to the recovery of Song’s lost territories. In 1162, a 23-year-old Xin Qiji, together with some 50 brave warriors, raided a 50,000-strong Jin military camp. Not only did he capture a traitor general, but he successfully persuaded about 10,000 former Song troops to come back with him all the way to Hangzhou, causing quite a sensation in the Southern Song. The second time when Xin was in Hangzhou, he was appointed to oversee agricultural matters. But in the next seven years, what occupied Xin’s mind was still taking back the north and he wrote the famous Jiu Yi (or Nine Theses), spelling out the strategies for Southern Song’s defense and offense against the enemy.
After two stints in Hangzhou in 1174 and 1192, Xin arrived in Hangzhou in 1204. This time, he was asked to be the prefectural magistrate of Zhenjiang, the frontline against the Jin invaders. Over 40 years had passed since his heroics, and Xin uttered one of the most memorable lines in poetry, “Dynasties rise and fall, as time goes by, only the flowing Yangtze River passes before my eyes“. Three years later, when the imperial court ordered him to report to the emperor immediately, Xin was too sick to travel. On October 3, moments before he died, Xin was still shouting “Kill the enemy! Kill the enemy!”
Some might argue that Xin’s poetry focused too much on war and he was too stubborn a person. On the contrary, Xin’s poetry, and his identity as both a poet and a soldier, is an ideal embodiment of the essence of the Song culture, combining steeliness (as a poet) with tenderness (as a soldier).
Of all the Chinese dynasties, the Southern Song dynasty is the most unique in the way it achieved its success: despite losing half of its territory, despite facing a strong enemy at its border, ready to attack at any time, the Southern Song dynasty created unprecedented prosperity. Between 1102 and 1104, Hangzhou boasted a population of 300,000, compared to no more than 100,000 in London and Paris. The “greater” Hangzhou area, which included the nine surrounding counties, had a population of about one million, which grew to 1.24 million between 1265 and 1274. In fact, the figure was a gross underestimate as a census by the Yuan dynasty (1206-1368) later found the figure stood at 1.83 million, with Hangzhou’s population reaching half a million.
It was also during the Southern Song that “curfew” was lifted, business spirit greatly liberated and transportation significantly improved. According to Mengliang Lu, or Dreaming Over a Bowl of Millet, a classic record on Hangzhou at the time, “Businesses along Hangzhou’s streets run day and night: people only begin to disperse deep into the night; but at daybreak, the morning market starts to bustle again.” Its booming commerce attracted “countries from all around the world”. On top of economic and social development, a total of 442 Shuyuan, or Academies of Classic Learning, were established during the Southern Song; the combined number of Shuyuan established in the past five centuries, i.e. from the Tang dynasty (618-907) to the Northern Song dynasty? 143.
For some, these accomplishments are still “tainted”, as the Southern Song decided to settle in a “corner”. However, it was a choice as much forced by circumstances as from serious strategic consideration, which, it was argued, was that at least the core, or the roots of the Southern Song could be preserved.
That core, it so happened, was concentrated in one single place, the Imperial City, the entirety of which is located in today’s Shangcheng district, extending to the West Lake Avenue to the north, the Songcheng Road to the south, the Nanshan Road to the west and the Jianguo South Road to the east.? When the remains of the Imperial City were first discovered in mid-2004, a tunneling project under the Wansong Hill, which had already cost over 30 million yuan, was temporarily halted to make way for its excavation and conservation. Eventually, with a new design, the project was successfully completed while at the same time all the archeological work went on smoothly. But it shows how the Chinese people care about their heritage.
Over the past two decades, the Shangcheng district government has spared no effort in protecting the Song dynasty heritage, which includes not only architecture and relics, but also social customs, arts and craftsmanship, through research, through integrating them into tourism and, more significantly, through making them part and parcel of ordinary people’s life. That, perhaps, is where the real beauty of the Song dynasty culture resides.