>>明 艷 程劉童《中國考試》2019年第12期《基于高考評價體系的英語科考試內(nèi)容改革實施路徑》一文中提到,高考英語科考查內(nèi)容中的關(guān)鍵能"/>
>>>明 艷 程劉童
《中國考試》2019年第12期《基于高考評價體系的英語科考試內(nèi)容改革實施路徑》一文中提到,高考英語科考查內(nèi)容中的關(guān)鍵能力在閱讀理解中歸納為7項具體能力:(1)理解詞匯;(2)理解具體信息;(3)理解主旨要義;(4)理解觀點、態(tài)度;(5)理解目的;(6)推斷;(7)理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)、類型。本文通過對近幾年高考真題進(jìn)行分析,來解析高考題對考生“理解詞匯”微技能的考查特點,以達(dá)到提升學(xué)生能力的目的。
詞匯是文章的基本要素,考生要能辨識句子及語篇中詞語(單詞、詞組或固定搭配)的意義或指代關(guān)系,能夠通過上下文判斷其在特定語境中的具體含義。理解詞匯是在考查考生的詞匯量嗎?當(dāng)然不是。根據(jù)全球語言監(jiān)測機構(gòu)的研究,到2009年,英語詞匯已經(jīng)超過了100萬個。美國高中畢業(yè)生掌握的詞匯量大概在7000~8000個,這也是托福和雅思考試所要求達(dá)到的詞匯量。我們不可能認(rèn)全所有英語單詞,那么在碰到不懂的單詞時,該怎么辦呢?所以,必須具備猜詞能力,猜測詞義或語義題也應(yīng)運而生,用以考查考生理解詞匯的能力。只有具備了這種能力,閱讀理解的速度才能大大提高。
猜測詞義或語義題的主要特點有:題目要求考生判斷文中劃線部分單詞、短語或句子的含義;題干中已經(jīng)給出了該單詞、短語或句子的定位點;所考查的單詞、短語或句子一般為超綱內(nèi)容。本文在此介紹一些常見的方法。
(2021年全國乙卷,25題) What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue.
C.Remember. D.Remark.
(信息源)Of those Australians who still have a landline,a thirdconcedethat it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket——19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.
劃線詞的上文提到“在仍然有座機”的澳大利亞人中,下文提到“三分之一的人”以及“并不必要,只是當(dāng)作給人帶來安全的東西”。所以,可以推斷這些有座機的人承認(rèn)這一情況。故答案為A。如果選B“爭辯”,指的是“這些有座機的澳大利亞人爭辯說座機有用”;D選項表達(dá)的是“說或評論說”;C選項混淆性不大。
(2021年全國甲卷,9題) What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?
A.Be careful! B.Well done!
C.No way! D.Don’t worry!
(信息源)Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.…A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting,“Safe!Safe!Safe!”And that’s what mattered——landing tricks,being a good skater.
通過上文提供的“safe”的三個涵義范圍和下文代詞that后的部分“那就是最重要的——落地技巧,當(dāng)一個好的滑板手”,可以猜出劃線部分的詞義是同伴們說的“welldone”, 表示鼓勵和贊賞。故答案為B。
(2020年全國I卷,26題)What does the underlined word “currency”in paragraph 4 refer to?
A.Debt. B.Reward.
C.Allowance. D.Face value.
(信息源)But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,rereading an author’s work is the highestcurrencya reader can pay them.
劃線詞的上下文構(gòu)成了轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,“雖然錢的確很好很必要,但是重讀一個作者的作品才是一個讀者對作者最高的回饋”。通過轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系也是猜測詞義的一個好方法,故答案為B。
(2021年3月天津卷,43題)The underlined part“l(fā)eaving behind the layer”in Paragraph 8 can be understood as _______ .
A.letting go of the past.
B.looking for a new job.
C.getting rid of a bad habit.
D.giving up an opportunity.
(信息源))As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform,I saw himleaving behind the layerthat no longer served him,just as our lizard had.
通過下文的“just as our lizard had”以及上文提到的蜥蜴脫皮行為可知,此處作者的兒子脫掉籃球服,換上棒球服,正是“放下過去,向前看”的意思,運用了比較的關(guān)系猜詞。故答案為A。
(2020年全國II卷,30題)What does the underlined word “collapsed”in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A.Boomed. B.Became mature.
C.Remained stable. D.Crashed.
(信息源))The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutriacollapsedin the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
“幾十年來,皮毛貿(mào)易使得海貍鼠的數(shù)量受到抑制,但是當(dāng)二十世紀(jì)八十年代后期這個市場垮掉的時候,這種像貓一樣大小的動物的數(shù)量開始激增?!蔽闹须[含了因果關(guān)系,通過下文海貍鼠數(shù)量激增這個結(jié)果,可以推斷上文海貍鼠市場垮掉這個原因。故答案為D。
(2020年全國III卷,26題)What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Listing completely.
B.Directing professionally.
C.Promoting successfully.
D.Watching carefully.
(信息源))One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, iskeeping tabs onmore than 2,000 productions this year.
一個非營利性組織“監(jiān)管”電影娛樂業(yè)對待動物的方式,所以下文是對“監(jiān)管”一詞的解釋,“今年對兩千多個作品進(jìn)行了仔細(xì)的查看”。故答案為D。
(2019年全國I卷,25題)What does the underlined word “stumbles”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Improper pauses.
B.Bad manners.
C.Spelling mistakes.
D.Silly jokes.
(信息源)“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld”,a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers...“...Vote for...me...”Except for somestumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.
文中幾處省略號形象地表達(dá)了小男孩緊張的情緒,也不難猜出“stumbles”一詞是“不恰當(dāng)?shù)耐nD”的意思。故答案為A。
3.通過例證猜測詞義
(2020年北京卷,42題) What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A.Enormous in quantity.
B.Changeable daily.
C.Stable in quality.
D.Present everywhere.
(信息源) Certain forms of AI are indeed becomingubiquitous.For example,algorithms(算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets,self-driving cars are appearing on city streets,and our smartphones are translating from one language into another.
“一些形式的人工智能真的變得處處皆是。比如,在我們的金融市場上算法在操作大量交易,城市街道上是無人駕駛的汽車,智能手機在把一種語言翻譯成另外一種語言。”通過For example后列舉的例子可以推測出劃線詞是“無所不在”的意思。故答案為D。
(2018年全國I卷,29題)Which of the following best explains “dominant”underlined in paragraph 2?
A.Complex. B.Advanced.
C.Powerful. D.Modern.
(信息源)In recent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
“近幾百年來,貿(mào)易、工業(yè)化、單一民族國家以及普遍的義務(wù)教育,尤其是近幾十年來全球化以及通訊的更好發(fā)展,都導(dǎo)致很多語言消失,像英語、西班牙語和中文這樣的主導(dǎo)語言變得越來越盛行?!蓖ㄟ^such as后的例子可以推斷dominant一詞是“占主導(dǎo)地位的”。故答案為C。
(2020年7月浙江卷,25題)What does the underlined word “that”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Increased length of green lights.
B.Shortened traffic signals cycle.
C.Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D.Smooth traffic flow on the road.
(信息源)The traffic signal along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington,generally don’t flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour...Just like the traffic itself, the timing of signals changes.
“Thatis by design.”
劃線詞出現(xiàn)在第二段開頭。此處指代第一段中表述的內(nèi)容,即:華盛頓州貝爾維尤市一條街道上的交通信號燈的時間會根據(jù)交通情況靈活變化。 第二段的“That is by design”意為“那是有意為之”,故 “that”指的是“交通信號的靈活變化”。故答案為C。
(2017年全國I卷,29題) What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Jazz becoming more accessible.
B.The production of jazz growing faster.
C.Jazz being less popular with the young.
D.The jazz audience becoming larger.
(信息源))Despite the celebrations,though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.
一般代詞指代上一句中的某個名詞或某種情況。此處that指代上一句中提到的“爵士樂觀眾持續(xù)減少并且觀眾年齡在增大”,后面又強調(diào)“這種音樂已經(jīng)不能與年輕一代建立情感聯(lián)系”。所以,Jason Moran的工作就是想辦法改變這種現(xiàn)狀。故答案為C。
(2017年全國II卷,26題) What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Their belief.
B.Their care for children.
C.Their success.
D. Their support for each other.
(信息源)We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back——he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly,but sharingthatbrought us together.
雖然此處“that”距離所指代名詞“belief”比較遠(yuǎn),但是通過觀察上句的核心信息,即破折號前的部分以及共同的動詞share,可以猜出代詞所指。故答案為A。
(2016年全國II卷,27題)What does the underlined word “downside” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Mistake. B.Drawback.
C.Difficulty. D.Burden.
(信息源)Encouraging this kind of thinking has adownside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.
前綴down表示“下降,減少”,類似的詞有:downgrade(降職),downhill(下山),download(下載),downpour(下大雨),downstairs(下樓)等?!癲raw”有繪畫的意思,就是在拉或畫線條,back是后退或扯后腿的意思,所以drawback一詞,是拉著你后退的東西,所以指“不利條件”。故答案為B。
總之,猜測詞義或語義題不僅考查了考生對詞匯的理解,也考查了考生的高階思維,以及在情境中理解運用所學(xué)知識的能力。所以考生要了解該類題的考查目的和命題方法,關(guān)注文本的上下文語境,發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的邏輯關(guān)系,正確得出劃線部分的語義。
輕松一刻
事情也有例外
老師在課堂上講解物理常識:“磨刀石中間是著力的地方,經(jīng)常跟刀子摩擦,因此凹下去;磨刀石兩頭因為不著力,所以凸了起來?!?/p>
“老師,事情也有例外?!敝緩娬f道,“例如我的腳底板,兩頭凸出來的恰好是著力的地方,每天都在跟地面摩擦;而腳底板中間是不著力的地方,反而凹進(jìn)去了?!?/p>
保持謙虛
一位頗有名氣的哲學(xué)家在演講結(jié)束后與學(xué)生交談。一個學(xué)生問道:“您認(rèn)為誰是當(dāng)今最優(yōu)秀的哲學(xué)家?”
哲學(xué)家說:“孩子,你使我面臨兩難處境!一方面,我的品格要求我謙虛,因而我不便說出這個名字;另一方面,我的品格要求我誠實,因而我又不得不說出這個名字。我這樣解釋,也許已經(jīng)讓你想到這個名字了。如果你沒有想錯,那我要謝謝你讓我保持了謙虛,又擁有了誠實?!?/p>
事半功倍
兒子問父親:“什么叫事半功倍呀?”
父親解釋道:“說的是人們因為做事方法得當(dāng),只耗費了一半的力氣,就收到了加倍的成效?!?/p>
兒子點了點頭,說:“就像鄰居阿姨一次生了一對雙胞胎,就是事半功倍,對吧?”
父親:……
車夫
兩匹老馬站在高速公路旁看著來來往往的汽車,它們發(fā)現(xiàn)駕駛員身上都系著安全帶。
其中一匹對另一匹說:“我知道人們?yōu)槭裁床恍枰覀兞?,現(xiàn)在,他們都自己拉車了?!?/p>