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妙用五招 文采飛揚(yáng)
——談提高讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)性的策略

2020-12-29 10:47浙江
教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2020年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:畫(huà)面感生動(dòng)原文

浙江

讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)要求學(xué)生在閱讀一篇350詞以?xún)?nèi)的文本后,完成兩個(gè)段落的文字續(xù)寫(xiě)??忌谟邢薜臅r(shí)間內(nèi)用150左右的單詞將自己對(duì)文本中的故事情節(jié)發(fā)展、人物個(gè)性和情感價(jià)值觀的理解表達(dá)出來(lái)。如果把故事主題看成故事的靈魂,把結(jié)構(gòu)看成它的骨骼,那么語(yǔ)言則是構(gòu)建骨骼、裝載靈魂的血液。在過(guò)去的寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐中,學(xué)生使用的更多且更為習(xí)慣的是記敘性的語(yǔ)言,缺乏對(duì)描寫(xiě)性語(yǔ)言的積累和運(yùn)用。因此,在新高考新題型的背景下,有些考生要么記流水賬,要么堆積重復(fù)性和概括性的語(yǔ)言,這就造成了記敘枯燥干澀、內(nèi)容空洞、表達(dá)千篇一律。那么,考生應(yīng)該如何提高語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)力,使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)形象、具有畫(huà)面感呢?

一、抓住五種感覺(jué),多維再現(xiàn)畫(huà)面

通過(guò)耳朵(聽(tīng)覺(jué))、眼睛(視覺(jué))、舌頭(味覺(jué))、鼻子(嗅覺(jué))和手(觸覺(jué)),我們接受外界傳遞的信息。因此,在寫(xiě)景狀物時(shí),我們可以提煉五種知覺(jué)帶來(lái)的沖擊和體驗(yàn),使描寫(xiě)細(xì)膩、逼真。

如2016年10月浙江省高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě),所給原文講述的是女主人公Jane與丈夫Tom在野營(yíng)過(guò)程中發(fā)生爭(zhēng)吵賭氣獨(dú)自走開(kāi),隨后迷路的故事。續(xù)寫(xiě)部分第一段所給的句子是“But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again...”。分析原文語(yǔ)境和本段開(kāi)頭句可知,本段續(xù)寫(xiě)內(nèi)容可以預(yù)設(shè)為女主人公Jane天黑陷入困境之后的內(nèi)心活動(dòng)。如果考生采用“Jane was alone in the dark wilderness,feeling very frightened.”之類(lèi)的概括性語(yǔ)言,記敘就會(huì)顯得呆板空洞,缺乏語(yǔ)言魅力??忌梢宰プ£P(guān)鍵字眼“it was getting dark again”,并結(jié)合原文語(yǔ)境,以五種感覺(jué)為抓手,對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的自然環(huán)境細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行渲染,以烘托女主人公Jane的內(nèi)心狀態(tài):

But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again.Clusters of stars decorated the vast sky,weakly shining in the moon-eclipsed darkness.(視覺(jué))The shrubs were standing in the distance like human figures,appearing to be ready to attack anybody in sight.(視覺(jué))The leaves were rustling as if some monsters were advancing towards them.(聽(tīng)覺(jué))At that very moment,the atmosphere seemed to be permeated with blood-sucking beasts.(嗅覺(jué))She scratched her head,only to find it was bleeding.(觸覺(jué))She slapped herself on the face,regretting that she had lost her mind over trivial details.

上文通過(guò)視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)和觸覺(jué)的綜合運(yùn)用,從側(cè)面反映出了女主人公的處境艱難,也襯托出了女主人公的恐懼和后悔之情。當(dāng)然,由于受篇幅所限,考生在進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)創(chuàng)作時(shí),可以只抓住五種感覺(jué)中的一種或任意幾種組合來(lái)描寫(xiě)再現(xiàn)畫(huà)面。

二、聚焦鏡頭特寫(xiě),創(chuàng)意畫(huà)面拼接

在續(xù)寫(xiě)創(chuàng)作過(guò)程中,針對(duì)故事情節(jié)的鋪設(shè)考生不能平均用力,有些鏡頭或者畫(huà)面應(yīng)該濃墨重彩,而有些只需點(diǎn)到為止,有些甚至采用留白的手法即可。為了讓故事情節(jié)扣人心弦,鏡頭特寫(xiě)不可或缺。特寫(xiě)應(yīng)該生動(dòng)形象、有條理、有層次,有時(shí)可以把一個(gè)整體分解成若干個(gè)畫(huà)面來(lái)描寫(xiě)??忌枰阽R頭特寫(xiě)的基礎(chǔ)之上,再進(jìn)行畫(huà)面拼接,輔之以上文提到的五種感覺(jué)中的一種或者幾種感覺(jué)描寫(xiě),便可以達(dá)到畫(huà)面躍然紙上的描寫(xiě)效果。

如2020年1月浙江省高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě),所給原文講述了小主人公深情地告別父母和寵物狗Poppy去上大學(xué),之后Poppy因?yàn)樗寄钚≈魅斯栾埐凰?,小主人公父母買(mǎi)來(lái)了另外一條寵物狗,希望可以安撫Poppy的故事。續(xù)寫(xiě)部分第一段的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)為“Dad opened the box and a sweet little dog appeared.”。分析原文語(yǔ)境和本段開(kāi)頭句可知,本段續(xù)寫(xiě)內(nèi)容可以預(yù)設(shè)為“兩條狗之間的互動(dòng)情況”和“父母與兩條狗之間的互動(dòng)情況”。如果考生采用“Poppy was very happy to see a new friend after some hesitation and they soon became close friends.In the end,the boy’s parents felt relieved.”之類(lèi)的概括性的語(yǔ)言,描寫(xiě)就變成了流水賬,毫無(wú)畫(huà)面感,也無(wú)法引起讀者的共鳴。此時(shí),考生可以聚焦兩條狗互動(dòng)的鏡頭,以及兩條狗和小孩父母的互動(dòng)鏡頭,然后創(chuàng)意拼接,烘托出一條新的小狗到來(lái)之后家庭氛圍的巨大變化——告別了“The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there.”死氣沉沉的氛圍,迎來(lái)了家庭生機(jī):

Dad opened the box and a sweet little dog appeared.Feeling greatly astonished,Poppy leapt backwards,with her back arched and tail wagging intensely.The next minute,she barked with great excitement,fixing her eyes on the adorable little companion.Noticing Poppy’s curiosity and hospitality,the little dog jumped forward,stretched out her two fluffy legs,and hugged Poppy.Instantly,the two dogs were playing a game of chase in the courtyard,with excited barks lingering around.Such a scene warmed the hearts of the boy’s parents,who had never expected that the two dogs could break the ice so soon.A relieved smile flashed across Dad’s face while Mom turned back and wiped off her happy tears which welled up unconsciously.

上文聚焦兩條狗互動(dòng)的畫(huà)面和父母欣慰感動(dòng)的畫(huà)面,再進(jìn)行兩個(gè)畫(huà)面的創(chuàng)意拼接,使得整個(gè)場(chǎng)面描寫(xiě)極具畫(huà)面感,兩條狗互動(dòng)的形象躍然紙上,父母的感動(dòng)欣慰也讓人感覺(jué)身臨其境。運(yùn)用“鏡頭特寫(xiě),畫(huà)面拼接”時(shí),要注意條理,按照時(shí)間或空間順序,排好畫(huà)面順序。最后拼接時(shí),要不留痕跡。如本片段中“Such a scene warmed the hearts of the boy’s parents”,看似是對(duì)上文的總結(jié),其實(shí)更是對(duì)下文的總起。

三、選取典型特征,塑造人物形象

在進(jìn)行讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)創(chuàng)作之前,考生需要分析記敘文的基本要素,即分析5w1h(what、who、when、where、why和how),厘清文本中的故事情節(jié)、語(yǔ)言特色、情感基調(diào)、人物形象、價(jià)值取向以及寫(xiě)作意圖等。故事主題是文章的靈魂,人物刻畫(huà)則是創(chuàng)作成功與否的關(guān)鍵。在續(xù)寫(xiě)創(chuàng)作時(shí),刻畫(huà)人物是塑造人物形象、展現(xiàn)人物性格的重要手段。故事續(xù)寫(xiě)講求短小精悍,因此在刻畫(huà)人物時(shí)應(yīng)該選取主人公的典型特征,通過(guò)外貌描寫(xiě)、語(yǔ)言描寫(xiě)、動(dòng)作描寫(xiě)、心理描寫(xiě)和神態(tài)描寫(xiě)等塑造人物形象。

如2017年11月浙江省高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě),所給原文講述了健忘的媽媽帶著丈夫和兩個(gè)孩子跨州出游的故事。所給文本第一段交代了媽媽的人物典型特征——absent-minded and forgetful。續(xù)寫(xiě)第一段開(kāi)頭句為“The next day we remembered the brand-new tent we had brought with us.”。依據(jù)續(xù)文和原文的人物個(gè)性應(yīng)保持協(xié)同的原則可知,本段可以預(yù)設(shè)為“健忘的媽媽帶領(lǐng)全家?guī)づ褚盃I(yíng)過(guò)程中的趣事”。考生應(yīng)抓住媽媽健忘的這一典型特征,并以此語(yǔ)境展開(kāi)畫(huà)面,如:

Having decided on our camping site,we pulled over beside a lake,where we found a lot of travelers busy putting up their tents.The sunset cast a ray of orange light over Mom’s face and sparkled her otherwise tired face,kindling her interest in taking selfies.Unconsciously,half an hour had passed before she noticed that we were asking her where she packed away the tent.Abruptly,the enchanted smile on her face took a French leave.“Oh,Gosh,I forgot to pack it up,”Mom screamed.When we finally borrowed one from other campers,Mom was heard screaming again.“Oh,I left the pillows behind!”What a misconception! Despite the ache of my neck,we had some great nights.

上文通過(guò)典型事件描寫(xiě)“忘記帳篷”和“忘記枕頭”以及語(yǔ)言描寫(xiě)、外貌描寫(xiě)和動(dòng)作描寫(xiě)來(lái)刻畫(huà)、渲染媽媽的健忘的特點(diǎn),使得媽媽的形象栩栩如生,并以此回扣主題“健忘的媽媽使我有一個(gè)有趣的童年”。

四、善用修辭手法,激活多維畫(huà)面

在敘事抒情時(shí),可以借助一些修辭手法來(lái)達(dá)到理想的表達(dá)效果。英語(yǔ)中的修辭手法繁多,筆者在此僅列舉適用于故事續(xù)寫(xiě)的其中幾種。例如:比喻(simile or metaphor)能生動(dòng)形象、簡(jiǎn)潔凝練地描寫(xiě)事物,化抽象為具體;擬人(personification)可以賦予事物以人的思想、感情、個(gè)性和動(dòng)作,使物人格化,從而達(dá)到描寫(xiě)生動(dòng)形象之效果;夸張(hyperbole)能凸顯人或物的特征,從而給讀者強(qiáng)烈而鮮明的印象;擬聲法(onomatopoeia)的運(yùn)用能形象生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)人物心情、事物特征、動(dòng)作行為狀態(tài),使讀者產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想。押韻(rhyme)則能賦予讀者詩(shī)歌般的美感與享受。

如2017年6月浙江省高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě),原文講述了Mac因?yàn)槊撾x同伴獨(dú)自騎行,路遇野狼襲擊的故事。續(xù)文第一段的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)為“The car abruptly stopped in front of him.”。分析原文可知,續(xù)寫(xiě)第一段續(xù)寫(xiě)內(nèi)容可以設(shè)定為“司機(jī)搭救,奮勇逃生”的驚險(xiǎn)畫(huà)面。為了使畫(huà)面更具沖擊力,可以嘗試使用多種修辭,如:

The car abruptly stopped in front of him.A man screeched(擬聲)the car to a sudden stop,and stretched out his hand,bellowing,“Get in!” Mac clutched at the last straw(比喻)without delay of even one second,flung his bicycle behind,flew into(夸張)the car and banged the door closed behind him.The blood in his body was boiling(夸張)and his hair was standing up,making him gasp.Sitting still in shock,he was trembling all over,fearing as if the fiery eyes of the bloodthirsty wolf would penetrate the steel window of the car(夸張).A chill crept down his spine(擬人),spawning goose bumps.However,the car whizzed away(擬聲),leaving the wolf far behind,which made him sigh(擬聲)with relief.Mac thanked Paul and Becky and afterwards they pulled over by the road to wait for Mac’s friends.

通過(guò)一系列修辭的合理運(yùn)用,作者把司機(jī)搭救、奮勇逃生、劫后驚魂未定的場(chǎng)面描寫(xiě)得驚心動(dòng)魄,亦讓讀者身臨其境,血脈僨張。

五、運(yùn)用文字技巧,活化語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用

在進(jìn)行故事續(xù)寫(xiě)實(shí)踐時(shí),考生還可以靈活運(yùn)用文字技巧,使語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)形象化、場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)可視化。語(yǔ)言技巧的習(xí)得關(guān)鍵在于訓(xùn)練與積累,可以從句子訓(xùn)練做起,然后拓展到片段描寫(xiě),最后過(guò)渡到語(yǔ)篇層面。

1.用“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+修辭”替換be動(dòng)詞。如:

(1) It was a rainy day.(用be動(dòng)詞表達(dá))

(2) The rain fell pitter patter on the window made of canvas.(用“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞fall +擬聲pitter patter”替換be動(dòng)詞)

(3) Raindrops also dripped down from the eaves as if they would never want to have a rest.(用“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞drip +擬人”替換be動(dòng)詞)

(4) The rain wove a thick silk cascade,blurring my sight.(用“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞weave +比喻”替換be)

(5) The rain drummed on the window,putting on an orchestra together with the twitter of the birds and chirp of the insects.(用“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞drum +比喻”替換be動(dòng)詞)

對(duì)比句(1)與句(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)可以感覺(jué)到,be動(dòng)詞的表達(dá)不如“實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+修辭”那么生動(dòng)形象,也無(wú)法創(chuàng)設(shè)具有畫(huà)面感的語(yǔ)境之美。

2.用表意更具體的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞替換表意相對(duì)籠統(tǒng)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。如:

(1) “I have something to tell you,” the boss said.(用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞say來(lái)表達(dá)“說(shuō)”,聽(tīng)者不明其意)

(2) “I have something to tell you,” the boss boasted.(用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞boast來(lái)表達(dá)“說(shuō)”,聽(tīng)者知道老板要炫耀一番)

(3) “I have something to tell you,” the boss whined.(用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞whine來(lái)表達(dá)“說(shuō)”,聽(tīng)者知道老板要哭訴一番)

(4) “I have something to tell you,” the boss announced.(用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞announced來(lái)表達(dá)“說(shuō)”,聽(tīng)者知道老板要宣布事項(xiàng))

(5) “I have something to tell you,” the boss whispered.(用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞whisper來(lái)表達(dá)“說(shuō)”,聽(tīng)者知道老板有秘密要分享)

對(duì)比句(1)與句(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)可知,有時(shí)表意相對(duì)籠統(tǒng)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞會(huì)給人以枯燥死板的感覺(jué),甚至?xí)屄?tīng)者不明其意。而具體的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞更達(dá)意,且生動(dòng)形象,令人眼前浮現(xiàn)鮮活的畫(huà)面。當(dāng)然,文字運(yùn)用技巧還有很多,希望本文能起拋磚引玉的作用。

總之,一篇優(yōu)秀的續(xù)寫(xiě)文章,所續(xù)寫(xiě)段落要在與原文內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)言、結(jié)構(gòu)和情節(jié)等方面高度協(xié)同的基礎(chǔ)上,做到語(yǔ)言豐富、形象生動(dòng)和具有畫(huà)面感。因此,學(xué)生在進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)創(chuàng)作時(shí),應(yīng)立足文本語(yǔ)境,挖掘故事主題,展開(kāi)故事情節(jié),嘗試?yán)蒙鲜鑫宸N策略描繪形象,喚起語(yǔ)言表象的藝術(shù)功能,使寫(xiě)作生動(dòng)形象、具有畫(huà)面感,以此塑造細(xì)節(jié),強(qiáng)化主題。

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