黃偉釗 吳穎猛 葉紅雨 吳漢明 胡榮貴 梁毅 姜海明
【摘要】目的分析和總結(jié)同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌的臨床病理學(xué)特點(diǎn)及外科治療的預(yù)后情況,指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐。方法對(duì)72例接受外科手術(shù)的同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,記錄所有患者手術(shù)方式,分析第一原發(fā)癌患者術(shù)后病理結(jié)果、總體生存曲線以及影響因素。結(jié)果第一原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除29例、肺段切除15例、肺楔形切除28例,第二原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除20例、肺段切除4例、肺楔形切除48例,第三原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除2例、肺段切除2例、肺楔形切除7例,其他原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除1例、肺段切除1例、肺楔形切除3例?;颊呤中g(shù)方式第一原發(fā)癌為腺癌的65例(90.3%),第二原發(fā)癌同樣以腺癌為主,共68例(94.4%),其中第一原發(fā)癌為腺癌合并第二原發(fā)癌為腺癌共63例(87.5%),其第二原發(fā)癌的亞型包括:浸潤性腺癌25例,微浸潤性腺癌22例,原位腺癌16例。第一原發(fā)癌病理T1期48例、T2期24例,淋巴結(jié)NO期62例、Nl期4例、N2期6例。生存分析顯示,3.5年生存率分別為91.7%、72.2%。單因素分析顯示,第一原發(fā)癌直徑、T分期、N分期均為遠(yuǎn)期生存率的影響因素fP<0.05)。結(jié)論同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌的診斷應(yīng)該結(jié)合臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)特征、病理診斷等多方面進(jìn)行;其預(yù)后與第一原發(fā)癌的直徑和分期有顯著關(guān)系。
【關(guān)鍵詞】同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌;外科手術(shù);胸腔鏡;預(yù)后
DOl:10.14163/j.cnki.ll-5547/r.2020.19.001
Clinical analysis of surgical treatment of synchronous multiple primary lung cancers HUANG Wei-zhao.WU Ying-meng,YE Hf Hng-yu,et at、Sun Yat-sen People's Ho.spital(.Sun Yat-sen University Affiliated .Sun Yat-sen HaspitaI),Zhongshan 528403. China
【Abstract】Objective To analvze and summarize the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosisof surgical treatment of svnchronous multiple primary lung cancers, and guide clinical practice. Methods Theclinical data of 72 patients with svnchronous multiple primary lung cancers who underwent surgical treatment wereretrospectively analvzed, the surgical methods of all patients were recorded. and the postoperative pathologicalresults. overall survival curve and influencing factors of the first primary cancer patients were analvzed.Results The first primarv cancer was treated bv lobectomv in 29 cases, segmental resection in 15 cases. andwedge resection in 28 cases. The second primarv cancer was lobectomy in 20 cases, segmental resection in4 cases. and wedge resection in 48 cases. The third primary cancer was treated hv Iobectomv in 2 cases, segmentresection in 2 cases. and wedge resection in 7 cases. Other primary cancers was treated by lobectomv in l case.segmental resection in l case. and wedge resection in 3 cases. The first primary cancer of 65 cases (90.3%) wasadenocarcinoma. and the second primary cancer was also mainly adenocarcinoma.a total of 68 cases(94.4%).Among them, 63 patients (87.5%) had the first primary cancer as adenocarcinoma and the second primary canceras adenocarcinoma. and its second primary cancer suhtypes include: 25 cases of invasive adenocarcinoma.22 cases of microinvasive adenocarcinoma. and 16 cases of adenocarcinoma in situ. First primary cancerpathological stage: 48 cases in Tl stage and 24 cases in T2 stage. Lymph node stage: 60 cases in NO stage,4 caseswere Nl stage, and 6 cases in N2 stage. Survival analvsis showed that the 3-and 5-year survival rates were 91.7%and 72.2%. respectively. Single factor analvsis showed that the diameter,T stage and N stage of the first primarycancer were all the factors influencing the long-term survival rate of the patients (P<0.05). Conclusion Thediagnosis of synchronous multiple primary lung cancers should be combined with clinical manifestations, imagingfeatures, and pathological diagnosis. lts prognosis is significantly related to the diameter and stage of the firstprimary cancer.
【Key words】Synchronous multiple primary lung cancers; Surgical treatment: Thoracoscopy; Prognosis
全球范圍內(nèi)肺癌的發(fā)病率不斷上升,多原發(fā)的肺癌也變得日益常見,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),高達(dá)80%的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)是多發(fā)病灶的[1,2];而在接受外科手術(shù)的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中有2.6%~7.9%患有同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌(synchronous multiple primary lung cancers,SMPLC) [3-5],并且這種趨勢(shì)正在增加[5]。手術(shù)切除已成為同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌治療的主要手段,5年生存率為34.4%-77.6%[6-8]。目前關(guān)于多原發(fā)肺癌的診斷、治療尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本研究通過對(duì)一組接受外科治療的同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析,以指導(dǎo)臨床的決策。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選取2009年1月-2019年1月于中山市人民醫(yī)院接受外科手術(shù)的72例同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,所有患者的臨床資料及術(shù)后隨訪和生存資料均完整。所有患者均未接受術(shù)前新輔助治療。一般資料見表1。
1.2治療方法本院診斷同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌的病理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基于Martini-Melamed標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9],并納入了新的國際多學(xué)科肺腺癌分類要素[1O]。術(shù)前評(píng)估措施包括胸部X線攝片,胸部和上腹部的薄層CT以及必要時(shí)使用正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描(PET)。由相同的外科醫(yī)生團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行了所有外科手術(shù)。根據(jù)腫瘤的大小、位置和CT影像學(xué)特征以及患者一般情況和肺功能選擇手術(shù)方法。對(duì)于實(shí)性病灶、混合磨玻璃病灶首選采用肺葉切除術(shù),對(duì)純磨玻璃病灶首選采用亞肺葉切除術(shù)(肺楔形切除術(shù)或肺段切除術(shù))。根據(jù)TNM分類第8版對(duì)疾病階段進(jìn)行了重新分期。每個(gè)腫瘤都均單獨(dú)分期,以分期最高的腫瘤作為該患者的最終分期。病理分期Ⅱ期以上的患者接受輔助治療。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)記錄所有患者手術(shù)方式,分析第一原發(fā)癌患者術(shù)后病理結(jié)果、總體生存曲線以及影響因素。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù)。通過Kaplan-Meier方法進(jìn)行生存曲線分析,并使用對(duì)數(shù)秩檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行單變量分析。使用Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型進(jìn)行多變量分析。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1患者手術(shù)方式所有患者均經(jīng)胸腔鏡下完成手術(shù)治療,無中轉(zhuǎn)開胸;術(shù)后1例因出血需要二次手術(shù),2例出現(xiàn)肺部感染。術(shù)后恢復(fù)順利,圍術(shù)期無死亡病例,第一原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除29例、肺段切除15例、肺楔形切除28例,第二原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除20例、肺段切除4例、肺楔形切除48例,第三原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除2例、肺段切除2例、肺楔形切除7例,其他原發(fā)癌采用肺葉切除l例、肺段切除1例、肺楔形切除3例。見表2。
2.2第一原發(fā)癌患者術(shù)后病理結(jié)果第一原發(fā)癌為腺癌的65例(90.3%),第二原發(fā)癌同樣以腺癌為主,共68例(94.4%),其中第一原發(fā)癌為腺癌合并第二原發(fā)癌為腺癌共63例(87.5%),其第二原發(fā)癌的亞型包括:浸潤性腺癌25例,微浸潤性腺癌22例,原位腺癌16例。第一原發(fā)癌病理T1期48例、T2期24例,淋巴結(jié)NO期62例、N1期4例、N2期6例。見表3。
2.3總體生存曲線分析生存分析顯示,3、5年生存率分別為91.7%(66/72)、72.2%(52/72)。見圖l。單因素分析顯示,第一原發(fā)癌直徑、T分期、N分期均為遠(yuǎn)期生存率的影響因素(P<0.05)。見表4。
3討論
近年來,隨著肺癌的發(fā)病率不斷上升、疾病譜也在發(fā)生改變,多原發(fā)肺癌的發(fā)病率也明顯升高。對(duì)于多原發(fā)肺癌,尤其是同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌,給胸外科醫(yī)師帶來了新的挑戰(zhàn)。
診斷上的挑戰(zhàn)。肺內(nèi)同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)多個(gè)結(jié)節(jié),需要鑒別是同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌還是單發(fā)肺癌合并肺內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移。目前診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要以Martini-Melamed標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和美國胸科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American College of Chest Phvsician,ACCP)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),各有側(cè)重點(diǎn)。前者以臨床和病理學(xué)為診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),后者則結(jié)合了分子遺傳學(xué),同時(shí)也強(qiáng)調(diào)了需要綜合臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)、病理類型及亞型、分子遺傳學(xué)特征等作出診斷。然而多數(shù)的同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌是相同的病理類型,鑒別診斷仍存在一定難度。本組病例中第一原發(fā)癌為腺癌的共65例(90.3%),其中為63例(87.5%)合并不同浸潤程度的腺癌,屬于相同病理類型,為鑒別診斷增加了難度。盡管目前有多重關(guān)于分子遺傳學(xué)特征的檢測方法[11,12],但仍存在不少爭議,難以臨床推廣。但一般認(rèn)為不同亞型的腺癌、多個(gè)磨玻璃樣結(jié)節(jié)最不可能為肺內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移[13]。本組同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌患者的診斷也是參考Martini-Melamed標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)合了臨床病史、影像學(xué)特征及術(shù)后病理結(jié)果等,結(jié)果顯示預(yù)后較好,累計(jì)5年生存率為72.2%,可能是歸因于肺內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移得到了排除。
治療上也帶來很多困難。目前對(duì)于同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌的治療尚且缺乏權(quán)威的治療指南,但多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為積極的外科手術(shù)是有效的治療方法。日本學(xué)者報(bào)道一組同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌患者術(shù)后5年生存率達(dá)到87%,本組患者的5年生存率也超過70%,可見外科手術(shù)治療效果良好,應(yīng)該積極爭取手術(shù)機(jī)會(huì)。然而,同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌的外科手術(shù)在腫瘤學(xué)的兩大原則即最大限度地切除腫瘤和最大限度地保留器官功能之間往往難以兼顧。往往因?yàn)槎鄠€(gè)病灶,考慮肺功能的保護(hù)而妥協(xié)性行肺段切除或楔形切除術(shù),而非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的肺葉切除術(shù)。從本研究的結(jié)果表明,患者的5年生存率與第一原發(fā)癌的手術(shù)切除方式、淋巴結(jié)是否清掃、腫瘤個(gè)數(shù)、是否同期手術(shù)等無顯著關(guān)系,但與第一原發(fā)癌直徑、T分期、N分期有顯著關(guān)系,與既往的研究結(jié)果相近[14]。由此可見,第一原發(fā)癌的分期是影響患者預(yù)后的主要因素。本研究一般把體積較大的、中央型的、進(jìn)展較快的、癥狀明顯的、伴有肺門或縱隔淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的病灶作為第一原發(fā)癌。對(duì)于第一原發(fā)癌,條件允許時(shí)應(yīng)該采取最大限度地切除,尤其是實(shí)性病灶首選采用肺葉切除術(shù)和縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃,其他病灶則可采用亞肺葉切除以保留更多的肺功能。而對(duì)于肺功能有限的同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌,并不能盲目強(qiáng)調(diào)擴(kuò)大手術(shù)范圍或者追求進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的肺葉切除術(shù),保護(hù)更多的肺功能對(duì)患者術(shù)后的生活質(zhì)量甚為重要。Toufektzian等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺葉切除及亞肺葉切除(肺段切除或楔形切除)預(yù)后較全肺切除好,而肺段切除與楔形切除預(yù)后無差異。由此可見,切除方式對(duì)于預(yù)后的作用有限,過大的手術(shù)切除術(shù)范圍并不能使患者獲益。
綜上所述,目前同時(shí)性多原發(fā)肺癌的發(fā)病率越來越高,診斷上應(yīng)注意結(jié)合臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)特征、病理診斷等多方面進(jìn)行;其預(yù)后與第一原發(fā)癌的直徑和分期有顯著關(guān)系,與手術(shù)方式的選擇無顯著關(guān)系。
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[收稿日期:2020-01-13]
作者單位:528403中山市人民醫(yī)院(中山大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院)