01 Using CiteSpace to analyze Chinese journal publications： an optimized research paradigm

Weichen Jia， Wenguang Li and Mingmei Yu

11 The development of intelligent education equipment in China： status quo and directions for future R&D

Yafeng Zheng， Chunxiao Wang Yang， Xiaomei Yan， Zhizhen Zhang and Yonghe Zheng

20 Worldwide wisdom of the crowd in education and development

Sanjaya Mishra

28 Reviewing the philosophy and practice of open education： an international perspective

Xiangxu Wang and Xiaotang Yang

39 Reflection on openness in education： its historical evolution in the West

Xiaochun Qiu and Longhai Xiao

47 A study of the relationship between university students ‘early-rising and ‘book-borrowing

bahaviours and their learning performance

Shuang Du， Yunqian Fei， Mu He and Hang Hu

59 The impact of virtual reality technology on learning performance： a meta-analysis of 59 experiments

and quasi-experiments

Yuting Cui and Zhiqun Zhao

68 Factors influencing learning performance on online learning platforms： a user-experience perspective

Wei Dong， Mei Zhang， Chenlu Gao and Haisheng Pan

76 Abstracts

78 Contents