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不同土壤肥力下有機(jī)氮部分替代化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成及土壤養(yǎng)分的影響

2020-12-09 05:31毛偉曾洪玉李文西唐寶國(guó)姚開文陳明趙海濤
關(guān)鍵詞:土壤養(yǎng)分小麥

毛偉 曾洪玉 李文西 唐寶國(guó) 姚開文 陳明 趙海濤

摘要:探討不同基礎(chǔ)肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成和土壤養(yǎng)分含量的影響,為減少化學(xué)氮肥施用和科學(xué)的小麥肥料運(yùn)籌提供基礎(chǔ)支撐。采用大田試驗(yàn)方法,以長(zhǎng)江下游平原河網(wǎng)區(qū)習(xí)慣施肥為依據(jù),在高、中、低肥力條件下采用不同比例的有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮,以不施氮、磷、鉀化肥和僅施用磷、鉀化肥為對(duì)照,分析了不同有機(jī)氮替代率下小麥產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成、小麥植株氮、磷、鉀含量以及土壤養(yǎng)分賦存特征。結(jié)果表明,1)同時(shí)施用氮、磷、鉀化肥能夠顯著增加各肥力條件下小麥產(chǎn)量、小麥有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)及千粒質(zhì)量以及土壤有效磷和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,顯著增加高肥力土壤中速效鉀含量以及中肥力土壤中速效鉀、全氮含量,顯著降低低肥力土壤的pH。僅施用磷、鉀肥能夠顯著提升高肥力土壤中有效磷和速效鉀含量以及中肥力土壤中有效磷含量。2)有機(jī)氮完全替代化學(xué)氮會(huì)顯著降低小麥產(chǎn)量、小麥有效穗數(shù)。3)高、中肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代10%~30%化學(xué)氮以及低肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代20%~30%化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成無(wú)顯著影響。高、中、低肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代10%~40%化學(xué)氮對(duì)土壤有效磷、速效鉀、全氮和pH無(wú)顯著影響,在中、低肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代20%~50%化學(xué)氮能顯著增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量??梢?,長(zhǎng)江下游平原河網(wǎng)區(qū)麥田肥料運(yùn)籌中,低肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代20%~30%化學(xué)氮,高、中肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代10%~30%化學(xué)氮較為適宜。

關(guān)鍵詞:有機(jī)氮肥;化學(xué)氮肥;小麥;產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成;土壤養(yǎng)分

中圖分類號(hào):S146文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1000-4440(2020)05-1189-08

Abstract:In order to provide basic support for reducing the application of chemical nitrogen (N) and scientific operation of wheat fertilizer, the effects of organic N replacing chemical N on wheat yield components and soil nutrient content under different basic fertility conditions were studied. The method of field experiment was adopted, and the conventional fertilization in the plain river network area of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was used as the basis of fertilizer operation. Organic N was used to replace chemical N under the conditions of high, medium and low fertility. The yield and yield components of wheat, the contents of N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in wheat plants and the characteristics of soil nutrients were analyzed. The results showed that the application of N, P and K fertilizers at the same time could significantly increase the yield of wheat, the effective panicle number, the grain number per panicle, the 1000-grain weight and the contents of soil available P and organic matter. This fertilization strategy also significantly increased the content of available K in high fertility soil and the contents of available K and total N in medium fertility soil, but significantly reduced the pH of low fertility soil. Only applying P and K fertilizers could significantly improve the contents of available P and K in high fertility soil, and the available P content in medium fertility soil. The total substitution of organic nitrogen for chemical N significantly reduced the wheat yield and effective panicle number. The substitution of 10%-30% chemical nitrogen by organic N under the conditions of high and medium fertility, and the substitution of 20%-30% chemical N by organic N under the condition of low fertility had no significant effect on wheat yield. The replacement of 10%-40% chemical N by organic N had no significant effect on available P, available K, total N and pH under the conditions of high, medium and low fertility, but the replacement of 20%-50% could significantly increase the content of soil organic matter under the conditions of medium and low fertility. In conclusion, under the condition of low fertility, it is more suitable to replace 20%-30% of chemical N with organic N in the wheat field of the plain and river network area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Under the conditions of high and medium fertility, 10%-30% substitution is suitable.

不同肥力條件下,肥料運(yùn)籌對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量影響顯著。由圖1可知,與不施肥對(duì)照(N0P0K0M0)相比,土壤低肥力水平下農(nóng)民習(xí)慣施肥(N10PKM0)處理能夠顯著增產(chǎn)2.75倍;土壤中肥力水肥水平下,N10PKM0處理能夠顯著增產(chǎn)2.54倍;高肥力水平下,N10PKM0處理能夠顯著增產(chǎn)2.57倍??梢?,各肥力水平下農(nóng)民習(xí)慣施肥處理均可顯著增加小麥產(chǎn)量,土壤低肥力水平下施肥增產(chǎn)效果更明顯。3種肥力水平下,僅施磷、鉀肥(N0PKM0)處理小麥產(chǎn)量與N0P0K0M0處理差異均不顯著,但顯著小于N10PKM0處理。可見,在肥料運(yùn)籌中,氮對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量的影響比磷、鉀更大。全部施用有機(jī)氮處理顯著高于N0P0K0M0處理,但是顯著低于N10PKM0處理;低、中、高肥力水平下N0PKM10處理小麥產(chǎn)量?jī)H為N10PKM0處理小麥產(chǎn)量的61.6%、63.5%和62.6%,可見施用有機(jī)肥能夠提升不同土壤肥力水平下小麥的產(chǎn)量,但提升效果弱于化學(xué)氮肥。低肥力和高肥力水平下,10%~30%有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮處理的小麥產(chǎn)量與N10PKM0處理間差異不顯著,但40%和50%有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮處理的小麥產(chǎn)量顯著低于N10PKM0處理;中肥力水平下,10%~40%有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮處理的小麥產(chǎn)量與N10PKM0處理差異不顯著,但50%有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮處理的小麥產(chǎn)量顯著低于N10PKM0處理??傮w來看,在低、中、高肥力條件下種植小麥,10%~30%有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮是可行的。

2.2有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成的影響

施肥各處理增加了小麥有效穗數(shù)、每穗實(shí)粒數(shù)及千粒質(zhì)量。由表4可知,與N0P0K0M0相比,高、中、低肥力水平下N0PKM0處理的有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒質(zhì)量均有增加的趨勢(shì),但效果不顯著。與N0P0K0M0相比,土壤低、中、高肥力水平下N10PKM0能夠顯著增加小麥有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒質(zhì)量??梢?,僅施用磷、鉀肥對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素?zé)o顯著提升效果,施用氮、磷、鉀肥料能夠顯著增加小麥的有效穗數(shù)、每穗粒數(shù)及千粒質(zhì)量。表4還表明,低、中、高肥力下N0PKM10處理的有效穗數(shù)均顯著小于N10PKM0處理,高肥力和低肥力條件下N0PKM10處理的穗粒數(shù)顯著小于N10PKM0處理,不同肥力條件下有機(jī)氮完全替代化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥千粒質(zhì)量影響不顯著。進(jìn)一步分析可知,在高、中、低肥力條件下有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮高達(dá)50%會(huì)顯著降低小麥有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒質(zhì)量,有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮達(dá)到40%時(shí)顯著降低穗粒數(shù),20%~40%有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥有效穗數(shù)無(wú)顯著影響,10%~30%有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥千粒質(zhì)量無(wú)顯著影響。綜合來看,低肥力條件下,有機(jī)氮替代20%~30%化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成無(wú)顯著影響;高、中肥力條件下,有機(jī)氮替代10%~30%化學(xué)氮對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成無(wú)顯著影響。

2.3有機(jī)肥部分替代化肥對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分含量的影響

由表5可知,僅施用磷、鉀肥能夠顯著提升高肥力土壤中有效磷和速效鉀含量,以及中肥力土壤中有效磷含量。同時(shí)施用氮、磷、鉀肥料能夠顯著增加各肥力土壤中有效磷和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,顯著增加高肥力土壤中速效鉀含量、中肥力土壤中速效鉀含量和全氮含量,顯著降低低肥力土壤pH。表5還表明,有機(jī)氮完全替代化學(xué)氮主要影響土壤有效磷含量,對(duì)土壤速效鉀含量、全氮含量和pH無(wú)顯著影響。進(jìn)一步分析可知,高肥力土壤中有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量無(wú)顯著影響,中、低肥力土壤中有機(jī)氮替代化學(xué)氮達(dá)到20%時(shí)能顯著增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。在低肥力土壤中有機(jī)氮替代50%化學(xué)氮能顯著增加土壤有效磷含量。綜合來看,低、中、高肥力土壤中,有機(jī)氮替代10%~40%化學(xué)氮對(duì)土壤有效磷、速效鉀、全氮和pH無(wú)顯著影響;在中、低肥力土壤中有機(jī)氮替代20%~50%化學(xué)氮能顯著增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。

2.4相關(guān)性分析

不同肥力土壤中的小麥產(chǎn)量均受到小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成和土壤養(yǎng)分含量的影響。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果(表6)表明,高、中、低肥力土壤中各處理小麥產(chǎn)量均與有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒質(zhì)量呈正顯著相關(guān)。各肥力土壤中,土壤速效鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量與小麥產(chǎn)量顯著正相關(guān),中肥力土壤中全氮含量與小麥產(chǎn)量顯著正相關(guān)。高、低肥力土壤中土壤pH與小麥產(chǎn)量顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果(表6)還表明,高肥力土壤中,小麥產(chǎn)量與籽粒和秸稈氮含量極顯著正相關(guān);中肥力土壤中,小麥產(chǎn)量與秸稈氮含量、籽粒和秸稈磷含量、秸稈鉀含量顯著正相關(guān);低肥力土壤中,小麥產(chǎn)量與籽粒和秸稈氮含量、秸稈鉀含量顯著正相關(guān)。各肥力土壤中小麥植株氮吸收量與產(chǎn)量均極顯著正相關(guān)。

3討論

有機(jī)肥部分替代化肥能促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,提高產(chǎn)量,改善作物生長(zhǎng)的土壤環(huán)境。有機(jī)氮可以替代化學(xué)氮,25%有機(jī)氮與75%化學(xué)氮配合處理水稻籽粒產(chǎn)量最高,同時(shí)氮肥利用率可達(dá)到48.6%[21]。江蘇沿海地區(qū)商品有機(jī)肥替代30%~45%化學(xué)氮時(shí)小麥產(chǎn)量顯著提高,但替代比例超過60%會(huì)造成小麥顯著減產(chǎn)[22]。華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米輪作區(qū)三年定位研究結(jié)果表明,商品有機(jī)肥部分替代化肥施用后冬小麥和夏玉米平均產(chǎn)量水平與當(dāng)?shù)卦耘鄺l件下高產(chǎn)水平相當(dāng)[23]。也有研究結(jié)果表明,漢中盆地水稻栽培中微生物有機(jī)肥替代20%化學(xué)氮肥有利于改善土壤微生物結(jié)構(gòu),能夠比完全施用化學(xué)氮肥處理增產(chǎn)2.72%[18]。本研究結(jié)果表明,有機(jī)氮替代率20%~30%處理與全化學(xué)氮肥處理產(chǎn)量無(wú)顯著差異,說明長(zhǎng)江下游平原河網(wǎng)區(qū)小麥生產(chǎn)中有機(jī)氮替代20%~30%化學(xué)氮是可行的。

提高肥料利用率是實(shí)現(xiàn)化肥減量增效的重要途徑之一,可通過提高作物產(chǎn)量和養(yǎng)分吸收量來提高肥料利用效率。有機(jī)氮替代50%化學(xué)氮能夠提高玉米的氮素吸收量和氮素利用效率,同時(shí)能夠促進(jìn)氮素向玉米籽粒中轉(zhuǎn)移,提高玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量[15]。有機(jī)氮替代25%化學(xué)氮能夠提高水稻氮素吸收累積、水稻產(chǎn)量及氮肥利用率[21]。長(zhǎng)期適宜的有機(jī)氮替代部分化學(xué)氮可有效調(diào)節(jié)氮素積累和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),提高氮肥利用效率[24]。肥料三要素中氮素對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量的影響最顯著?;瘜W(xué)氮肥和有機(jī)氮肥配合施用是提高肥料三要素,尤其是氮素吸收的重要原因。因?yàn)榛逝涫┯袡C(jī)肥能夠改善土壤微生物區(qū)系,構(gòu)建更為健康、有益于作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的土壤微生物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。健康的土壤微生物能夠更為有效調(diào)控化學(xué)氮,促進(jìn)化學(xué)氮更好地被吸收、轉(zhuǎn)化和利用。合理的有機(jī)肥與無(wú)機(jī)配施可以提高養(yǎng)分利用率,在減少化學(xué)氮肥用量的同時(shí)保證作物產(chǎn)量,降低氮素淋失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。土壤基礎(chǔ)肥力顯著影響作物產(chǎn)量。本研究結(jié)果表明,相同量肥料運(yùn)籌下,高肥力條件下的小麥產(chǎn)量依次高于中肥力和低肥力條件下的小麥產(chǎn)量,施肥對(duì)低肥力條件下的小麥產(chǎn)量提升量高于高肥力條件下的小麥產(chǎn)量提升量。低肥力條件下肥料運(yùn)籌中有機(jī)氮替代10%~20%化學(xué)氮的小麥相對(duì)增產(chǎn)效益高于高肥力條件下小麥相對(duì)增產(chǎn)效益,但是有機(jī)氮替代率達(dá)到30%~50%時(shí)呈相反特征??梢?,基礎(chǔ)地力影響有機(jī)氮替代無(wú)機(jī)氮的適宜比例。有機(jī)肥具有營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡,養(yǎng)分全面,提高土壤生物多樣性和土壤生物學(xué)活性,改善土壤理化性質(zhì),提高土壤肥力等特性[26-28],但有機(jī)肥養(yǎng)分含量低,肥效緩慢,不能及時(shí)滿足作物生長(zhǎng)所需[29]。本研究結(jié)果表明,有機(jī)氮100%替代化學(xué)氮會(huì)造成小麥減產(chǎn),說明有機(jī)肥在作物肥料運(yùn)籌中還是有局限性的一面,難以有效契合作物生長(zhǎng)過程中對(duì)養(yǎng)分吸收的需要?;瘜W(xué)肥料能夠有效彌補(bǔ)有機(jī)肥的缺陷,提高作物產(chǎn)量。有研究結(jié)果表明,有機(jī)肥替代部分無(wú)機(jī)肥可提高土壤中全氮、有效磷、速效鉀、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,改善土壤理化性狀、提高作物產(chǎn)量[30-31]。

本研究結(jié)果表明,長(zhǎng)江下游平原河網(wǎng)區(qū)麥田肥料運(yùn)籌中,低肥力土壤條件下有機(jī)氮替代20%~30%化學(xué)氮,高肥力和中肥力土壤條件下有機(jī)氮替代10%~30%化學(xué)氮較為適宜。

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(責(zé)任編輯:陳海霞)

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