江西

筆者從教二十余載，工作之余喜歡命制完形填空等高考英語題型原創(chuàng)試題，在報刊、雜志等媒介發(fā)表原創(chuàng)完形試題多達二千篇。雖然小有收獲，但我深感要命制好一篇高質量的完形填空難度不小。如果要把同源文本命制成適合不同階段考生的完形填空從而達到考試的預定目的，更不是一件簡單的事，更需要命題人的精雕細琢。下面筆者結合自身的命題經(jīng)驗和《普通高中英語課程標準（2017 年版）》（以下簡稱《課程標準》）對學科素養(yǎng)的要求，談一談自己的看法和具體的做法。

一、做好考生特征分析

學生在義務教育階段已經(jīng)掌握了1 500 個常用單詞和一定數(shù)量的短語。進入高中后，他們通過英語課堂的學習和廣泛的閱讀，詞匯量逐漸擴大。根據(jù)《課程標準》的要求，高中英語必修課程應學習和掌握500 個單詞，累計達2 000 個詞匯。選擇性必修課程應學習和掌握1 000 個單詞，累計達3 000 個詞匯。高一、二年級的學生詞匯量偏少、對語法知識不夠熟練，分析長難句的能力偏弱，從而影響他們對篇章的理解和把握。另外，大部分學生的語言意識、英語語感、思維品質還有很大的提升空間。

對于高三年級的學生來說，通過一輪、二輪乃至三輪的復習，他們基本上系統(tǒng)地掌握了《課程標準》和《考試大綱》規(guī)定的必備知識，知識儲備中的詞匯、語法、語篇和語用等語言方面的知識和通用性知識日趨完善。隨著全方位的訓練，他們運用知識的能力、獨立思考的能力、分析問題和解決問題的能力等關鍵能力也得到了較大的提升。隨著他們認知水平的提升和心智的成熟，他們更容易理解隱含在文章里的跨文化思想，從而達到跨文化的交流。他們能夠從跨文化視角觀察和認識世界，對事物作出正確的價值判斷。

二、做好文本特征及選項特征分析

針對不同階段的考生，命題人一方面要結合他們的實際認知水平和能力水平，另一方面要依據(jù)《課程標準》和《考試大綱》，認真分析高考真題，才能命制出合理、科學且高質量的完形填空。毫無疑問，命制完形填空時應該參考和模仿近幾年的高考真題。從命題參數(shù)表（一）和命題參數(shù)表（二）來看，近三年的高考英語完形填空呈現(xiàn)以下特征：

1.文章短、邏輯性強。近三年的高考英語完形填空的體裁主要以記敘文和夾敘夾議文為主，短文的詞數(shù)為250左右。一般來說，高考完形填空首句不挖空，目的是給考生足夠的信息和減少考生解題過程中出現(xiàn)的不必要的壓力。文章短小，但上下文的語境暗示及邏輯關系非?？b密。

命題參數(shù)表（一）2017—2019 年高考英語完形填空體裁和題材統(tǒng)計

2.以語義空格為主。完形填空的命題原理是格式塔心理學派理論。王薔主編的《英語測試的理論與實踐》中提到：“格式塔心理學理論提出人的大腦有整體識別圖形的趨向，越是熟悉的圖形越是容易識別。引申到語言學習中來，則是語言熟練程度越高，整體理解文章的能力就越強，即使在一些詞語被刪除的情況下也不影響理解。”格式塔心理學強調整體感知和對文章從語義上的整體把握。一篇完形填空測試考生的重點和考查初衷與短文的空格設計密切相關。文章空格要求考生填入名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等實義詞，這些空格為語義空格。

命題參數(shù)表（二）2017—2019 年高考英語完形填空考點設置統(tǒng)計

3.注重語篇理解和考生應用能力。近幾年，《考試大綱》明確要求加強對考生應用能力的考查，在應用中測試考生運用英語基礎知識的能力，這一點在近三年高考英語完形填空中體現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。具體體現(xiàn)在文章中題目設置上相似項增加，迷惑選項增強，考生必須通過尋找上下文隱含信息，感受語境，采用直接和排除等技巧才能找出符合題意的最佳選項。同一空格所對應的四個選項應是同一詞性，或在句中充當相同的語法功能，這是擬選項時應遵循的最基本原則。更注重考查對上下文的理解，要求考生通過具體的語言環(huán)境來做出選擇。

4.體現(xiàn)育人功能。記敘文體裁的完形填空往往偏重于講述人物故事、個人經(jīng)歷或者日常生活，文章里面隱寓著積極向上、感人等情感因素，通過閱讀此類文章，考生獲取了語言信息和文化信息，同時也收獲了滿滿的正能量。體裁為夾敘夾議文的完形填空往往采用“故事+感悟”的模式。感悟是文章的升華部分，是某件事或者某個經(jīng)歷觸發(fā)作者的思考并產(chǎn)生情感共鳴，往往隱寓著深刻的人生哲理。此類體裁的文章有助于考生形成正確的世界觀、人生觀和價值觀，學會做人、做事，成長為有文化素養(yǎng)和社會責任感的人。

三、做好同源文本的處理

根據(jù)以上對考生特征、文本特征和選項特征三方面的分析，命題人如何把同源文本改編成適合不同階段考生的完形填空文本呢？下面以來自網(wǎng)站Treehugger 的題為Why not make helping neighbors a new fitness craze?的文章為例進行說明。

A snowstorm hit my neighborhood the other day.I’d recently agreed to be the house’s“groundskeeper,”which meant I got tasked with shoveling the ten or so inches of snow that covered the driveway.

I’d been cooped up in the house during the storm,so I was actually pretty happy to head outside.I shoveled for an hour or so,and I felt muscles in my arms and legs that I’d rarely used start to burn.By the time I finished shoveling,I was feeling the serotonin buzz I normally get from biking.Shoveling was,as it turned out,pretty good exercise.I was actually sorry to stop.

A few days later,a few friends and I got into a discussion about how hard it is to exercise.Going to gyms is pretty much the most annoying thing ever.And that’s a big problem,since not exercising is so unhealthy.Less than 5 percent of adults are physically active for half an hour a day.Not exercising enough can bring about heart disease,diabetes,hypertension,cancer,bone and joint diseases,obesity and depression.

And yet,shoveling snow was easy.It didn’t take much willpower because I wasn’t shoveling for the exercise.I was shoveling because I needed to clear the driveway.Which makes sense:humans didn’t evolve to go to gyms; we evolved to expend energy by dealing with daily chores.It hit me:what if,instead of paying the fitness industry to exercise,neighbors could just help each other with manual labor?

People shell out tons of money in gym memberships and classes to exert energy that benefits no one.Surely they’re better off saving that money and putting the energy to practical use.

A neighborhood could have,say,a Facebook group where people could post things they needed help with.Then,people who wanted exercise could help them out.Win-win,no money or willpower necessary.Instead of making it about“helping people,”it could be framed as a new fitness craze.

Anyway,that’s all I’ve got:a simple idea.What do you think? Would people go for it? Have you tried something like that?

文本分析：該文本共計356 詞，難度中等，體裁為夾敘夾議文，主題語境為人與自我范疇內的第二點“健康的生活方式、積極的生活態(tài)度”。一場暴風雪過后，作者承擔了左鄰右舍的鏟雪任務，這項任務不僅讓作者體會到了其中的樂趣，還引發(fā)了他的思考：與其花錢在體育館鍛煉，倒不如幫助別人做一些需要耗體力的事情，這是一件雙贏的事。文章內容完整、主題積極向上、句子難度不大，非常適合命制成一篇適合高中各階段的完形填空，但需要作者對文本進行不同程度的加工處理。

（一）難度較小文本的改編

A snowstorm hit my neighborhood the other day.I’d recently agreed to be the house’s “groundskeeper,” (its cleaner),which meant Igot tasked with shoveling the ten or so inches of snow (had the task of clearing the snow) that covered the driveway.

I’d been cooped up(I had stayed) in the house during the storm,so I was actually pretty(quite) happy to head outside.I shoveled（鏟）for an hour or so (about an hour),and I felt muscles in my arms and legs that I’d rarely usedstart to burn.By the time(When) I finished shoveling,I was feeling the serotonin buzz (had got the exercise) I normally get from biking.Shoveling was,as it turned out,pretty good exercise.(Honestly speaking,) I was actually sorry to stop (the task).

A few (Several) days later,a few friends and I got into a discussion (began to discuss) about how hard it is to exercise.Going (We concluded that going) to gyms is pretty much(nearly becoming) the most annoying thing ever.And that’s a big problem,since not exercising is so unhealthy.Less than 5 percent(5%) of adults are physically active for half an hour a day.Not exercising enough can bring about heart disease,diabetes,hypertension,(and) cancer,bone and joint diseases,obesity and depression.

And yet(However),shoveling snow was (quite) easy.It didn’t take much willpower(determination) because I wasn’t shoveling for the exercise.I was shoveling because I needed to clear the driveway.Which makes sense:humans didn’t evolve to go to gyms; we evolved to expend energy by dealing with daily chores.It hit me:what if,instead of paying the fitness industry to exercise,neighbors could just help each other with manual labor?

（合并）People shell out tons of money in gym memberships and classes to exert energy that benefits no one.(People pay much money for gym memberships and classes to consume energy that benefits no one.So why not stop paying money for that exercise and help with each other with such kind of labor?)Surely they’re better off saving that money and putting the energy to practical (better) use.

A neighborhood could have,say,a Facebook group where people could post (share) things they needed help with.Then,(And then) people who wanted exercise could help them out(give a hand to help out).Win-win,no money or willpower necessary.Instead of making it about “helping people,”it could be framed as a new fitness craze.(It’s a win-win game,for there is no money or willpower needed and people who want to exercise could benefit from it.)

Anyway,that’s all I’ve got:a simple idea.What do you think? Would people go for it? Have you tried something like that?

文本改編小結：在深刻理解文章大意的基礎上，筆者運用了刪除、替換和合并等三種方式對文本進行了改編。刪除了個別與文本大意關聯(lián)不是很大的詞匯，如第三段的“diabetes,hypertension,bone and joint diseases,obesity and depression.”和第七段的“say”，刪除了部分難度較大、邏輯關系不是很強且不符合中國學生閱讀水平的句子，如：第三段的“And that’s a big problem,since not exercising is so unhealthy.”，第四段的“Which makes sense:humans didn’t evolve to go to gyms; we evolved to expend energy by dealing with daily chores.It hit me:what if,instead of paying the fitness industry to exercise,neighbors could just help each other with manual labor?”，最后一段的“Anyway,that’s all I’ve got:a simple idea.What do you think? Would people go for it?Have you tried something like that?”；替換了部分難度較大的詞匯和句子，如把第二段的“cooped up”換成“stayed”、“actually pretty”換成“quite”，把第五段的“practical”換成“better”；合并了第四段和第五段的內容。文本由最初的356 詞刪改至279 詞，文脈更加流暢且邏輯更加清晰，還降低了文本的難度。

（二）難度較大文本的改編

A snowstorm hit my neighborhood the other day.I’d recently agreed to be the house’s “groundskeeper,”(groundskeeper,) which meant I got tasked with shoveling the ten or so inches of snow that covered the driveway.

I’d been cooped up (stayed) in the house during the storm,so I was actually pretty happy to head outside.I shoveled（鏟）for an hour or so (about an hour),and I felt muscles in my arms and legs that I’d rarely usedstart to burn.By the time I finished shoveling,I was feeling the serotonin buzz(I’d got the exercise) I normally get from biking.Shoveling was,as it turned out,pretty good exercise.(Honestly speaking,) I was actually sorry to stop.

A few (Several) days later,a few friends and I got into a discussion about how hard it is to exercise.Going(We concluded that going) to gyms is pretty much (nearly becoming) the most annoying thing (routine) ever.And that’s a big problem,since not exercising is so unhealthy.Less than 5 percent(5%) of adults are physically active for half an hour a day.Not exercising enough can bring about heart disease,diabetes,hypertension,cancer,bone and joint diseases,(and)obesity and depression.

And yet (However),shoveling snow was (that) easy.It didn’t take much willpower(determination) because I wasn’t shoveling for the exercise.I was shoveling because I needed to clear the driveway.Which makes sense:humans didn’t evolve to go to gyms; we evolved to expend energy by dealing with daily chores.It hit me:what if,instead of paying the fitness industry to exercise,neighbors could just help each other with manual labor?

（合并）People shell out tons of money in gym memberships and classes to exert energy that benefits no one.Surely they’re better off saving that money and putting the energy to practical use.(People pay much money for gym memberships and classes to consume energy that benefits no one.So why not stop paying the fitness industry to exercise and help with each other with such kind of labor? Undoubtedly,they’re better off saving that money and putting the energy to practical use.)

A neighborhood could have,say,a Facebook group where people could post things they needed help with.Then,(And then) people who wanted exercise could help them out (lend a hand to help out).Win-win,no money or willpower necessary.Instead of making it about “helping people,” it could be framed as a new fitness craze.(It’s a win-win game,for there is no money or willpower needed and people who want to exercise could benefit from it.)

Anyway,that’s all I’ve got:a simple idea.What do you think? Would people go for it? Have you tried something like that?

文本改編小結：結合《課程標準》《考試大綱》和高三學生的心智特征等方面的信息，筆者對材料進行了適當?shù)母木?，保留了文本完整的信息和原有的難度。筆者刪除了第四段的“Which makes sense:humans didn’t evolve to go to gyms; we evolved to expend energy by dealing with daily chores.It hit me:what if,instead of paying the fitness industry to exercise,neighbors could just help each other with manual labor?”和最后一段的“Anyway,that’s all I’ve got:a simple idea.What do you think? Would people go for it? Have you tried something like that?”；改寫了第六段的“Win-win,no money or willpower necessary.Instead of making it about“helping people,” it could be framed as a new fitness craze.”，使其變成了狀語從句“It’s a win-win game,for there is no money or will power needed and people who want to exercise could benefit from it.”，增加了個別高難詞匯，如第五段的“Undoubtedly”；合并了第四、五段的內容，文本由原來的356 詞刪改至284 詞，文脈更加流暢且邏輯更加清晰。

四、同源文本的命題策略

根據(jù)命題參數(shù)表（二）可知，近三年高考英語完形填空的考點基本上是以名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞為主，并且同一空格處的四個供選選項是同一詞性或符合同一結構的詞和短語。那么根據(jù)以上兩個難度不同的文本，該如何命制出難度不同且適合不同階段的完形填空呢？根據(jù)多年的命題經(jīng)驗，筆者認為命題人可以從以下幾個方面去思考。

（一）句式相同，考點設置要靈活處理。如：

【例1】I’d recently had agreed to be its cleaner,which meant I had the ________ of clearing the snow that covered the driveway.（文本一）

A.way B.dream

C.task D.purpose

【例2】I’d recently agreed to be the house’s groundskeeper,which meant I got ________ with shoveling inches of snow that covered the driveway.（文本二）

A.charged B.filled

C.tasked D.crowded

命題分析：從文本一這個句子來看，have the task of doing 意為“有一項……的任務”，選項和文本較直觀，理解難度小，對考生來說難度不是很大。從文本二這個句子來看，get tasked with 意為“有……的任務”，task 的詞性為動詞，句子的理解難度小，但選詞的難度比文本（二）增加了一些，這有助于考查考生根據(jù)語境靈活運用語言能力，非常適合高考考生的水平。

又如：

【例3】Several days later,a few friends and I began to________ about how hard it is to exercise.We concluded that going to gyms is nearly becoming the most annoying thing ever.（文本一）

A.think B.fight

C.argue D.discuss

【例4】Several days later,a few friends and I got into a________ about how hard it is to exercise.We concluded that going to gyms is nearly becoming the most annoying routine ever.（文本二）

A.party B.meeting

C.fight D.discussion

命題分析：從文本一這個句子來看，discuss about 意為“討論”，選項和文本較直觀，理解難度小，考生很容易從“We concluded that going to gyms is nearly becoming the most annoying thing ever.”得到答案。從文本二這個句子來看，got into a discussion about 意為“開始……的討論”，discussion 的詞性為名詞，選項的難度不大，但考生要理解“got into”的意思，并結合下文的“We concluded that going to gyms is nearly becoming the most annoying routine ever”才可以選出答案，這有助于考查考生的思維品質和理解能力，非常適合高考考生的水平。

（二）同一空格，選項要考慮不同階段考生的語言能力。如：

【 例5】Several days later,a few friends and I began to discuss about how hard it is to exercise.We concluded that going to gyms is nearly becoming the most annoying ________ever.（文本一）

A.homework B.thing

C.hobby D.business

【例6】Several days later,a few friends and I got into a discussion about how hard it is to exercise.We concluded that going to gyms is nearly becoming the most annoying ________ever.（文本二）

A.session B.routine

C.process D.reality

命題分析：同樣考查名詞，文本一的選項難度小，容易區(qū)分，根據(jù)語境考生容易選出答案，這樣的命制適合高一、高二年級的學生。文本二的選項難度較大，尤其是A項session 和C 項process 給學生辨認詞匯帶來一定的阻力。當然文本二的設置明顯是為層次和水平較高的考生準備的。

又如：

【例7】However,shoveling snow was quite easy.It didn’t take too much ________ because I wasn’t shoveling for the exercise.（文本一）

A.energy B.money

C.determination D.time

【例8】However,shoveling snow was that easy.It didn’t take too much ________ because I wasn’t shoveling for the exercise.（文本二）

A.energy B.strength

C.determination D.mind

命題分析：同樣考查名詞，但文本一的A、B、D 三個選項難度明顯比文本二的A、B、D 三個選項小，容易區(qū)分，根據(jù)語境考生容易選出答案。適合高一、高二年級的學生。但文本二的選項較難區(qū)分，給學生的選擇帶來一定的影響，在某種程度上提升了考生的水平和能力。

（三）同一考點及選項設置要體現(xiàn)考生的思維品質

【 例9】A neighborhood could have a Facebook group where people could ________ things they needed help with.（文本一）

A.change B.share

C.send D.seek

【例10】A neighborhood could have a Facebook group where people could ________ things they needed help with.（文本二）

A.refer B.post

C.provide D.recognize

命題分析：同樣考查動詞，因不同階段學生的思維品質層次不同，文本一的“a Facebook group”給學生留下的最佳選項為B 項，share 意為“分享，共享”，該句句意：街區(qū)可以在Facebook 建群，鄰居們可以在群里分享需要別人幫助做的事情。但文本二的“a Facebook group”給學生留下的最佳選項為B 項，post 意為“公布（某事），將告示貼在某物上”，思維品質或心智較成熟的學生往往會把該詞理解為“發(fā)帖”。

綜上所述，要想把同源文本命制成適合不同階段的考生的完形填空，命題人應認真思考以下幾個方面的內容：一、《課程標準》；二、《考試大綱》；三、近三年的高考真題；四、考生的學科素養(yǎng)。不管難度如何，都是為了檢驗教師的教學效果，以便不斷優(yōu)化教師教學策略，命題人不能為了難住學生而刻意出偏、難、怪的試題。當然，完形填空只是試卷中的一部分，只占30 分，因此，命題人應該從整套試卷的難度出發(fā)，合理、科學選材和設題，從而達到考試的預定目的。

Two friends,Jim and Stew,had joined a big sales company together just after graduation.Both of them worked really hard.

Three years have passed and the company’s director promoted one of them—Stew became sales executive.Jim did not get any promotion and remained at sales department.

Jim decided that it is unfair,so he came to his boss and told him,that he doesn’t appreciate a hard working staff.The boss knew that Jim works hard,and in order to show difference between him and Stew,he asked:“Go and find anyone selling watermelons in the market.”When Jim returned,the boss asked:“How much per kg?”So Jim went back to the market and then returned to say the price—$12 per kg.

Then the boss asked Stew the same thing.Stew went to the market,and when he returned he told:“at the moment there is one person selling watermelons,$12 per kg,$100 for 10 kg,now he has 340 watermelons in stock.On the table there are 48 water melons,each of them weighs about 15 kg.Water melons were bought from the South two days ago,they are fresh and good quality.”

Jim was impressed by the difference between him and Stew.He realized that he needs to learn a lot from his friend.

As you can see from this story,successful people are more observant.They think and see several years ahead,while most of people see only tomorrow.