陶啟貴
摘要:短文改錯是高考題中的必考題型,所涉及知識很基礎,但很多學生得分較低。主要原因是他們不知解題方法,沒有掌握好解題技巧。本文就短文改錯常見“癥狀”及“藥方”提出自己的一些看法,希望對學生有所幫助。
關鍵詞:高考;短文改錯;常見“癥狀”及“藥方”
中圖分類號:G632.0文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1992-7711(2020)06-0169
短文改錯是高考題中對學生基礎知識進行考查的一種題型,所涉及知識很基礎,但學生往往在此題失分較多。其實做好短文改錯并不難,只要我們能像大夫一樣,了解常見“癥狀”,就能“對癥下藥”。只要我們在學習中認真積累、反思,在做題時明察秋毫,我們就可擁有一雙慧眼。以下列舉一些常見錯誤及應對策略,供參考。
癥狀一:冠詞使用錯誤
藥方:該癥狀一般為誤用a和an(根據(jù)單詞的第一個因素判斷),以及冠詞搭配錯誤。
1. (2018全國卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside with my father to visit my gandparents.
此處countryside特指祖父母所住的農(nóng)村,其前須加定冠詞the.
2. Yesterday afternoon I paid visit to Mr Johnson.
pay a visit to為固定搭配,應在visit前加a。
3. (2019全國卷III)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.
an→a. unique首字母u為元音字母,非元音音素。
癥狀二:名詞及所有格使用錯誤
藥方:此癥狀常表現(xiàn)為名詞單復數(shù)錯用,以及可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞錯用。
1. Paul,only five year old,hid and locked himself in a storage mailbox by accident.
此處five year應為復數(shù),改year為years.
2. She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.
根據(jù)句意分析,schoolmate應改為復數(shù)形式schoolmates.
3. (2019全國卷III)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.
Many different后應用city的復數(shù)形式cities.
癥狀三:短語及常見句型搭配錯誤
藥方:要求學生在平時學習中注意對語言基本現(xiàn)象和基本規(guī)律的積累。如,do wrong→go wrong,on particular→in particular. neither... or...→neither...nor...,for a result→as a result,share for→share with,suffer by→suffer from等。還有一些固定結構的誤用,如,so...that被誤用作very...that,too...to被誤用very...to,as...as被誤作so...as等。
1. Ive suffered by back pain for years.
2. Every day,he spend too much time with his work.
3. (2019全國卷Ⅱ)They were two reasons for the decision.
上述1中suffer from為固定搭配,應將by改為from. 2中with改為on. 3中考查固定句式,此句為存在句,故用there be句型,將They改為There.
癥狀四:時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣錯誤
藥方:時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣錯誤是歷年考查的熱點。多數(shù)動詞有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣變化形式,還有上下文或主從句的時態(tài)對應等特點。有時看一篇文章,要看上下文的時態(tài)是否一致。
1. Quietly,I step into the room.I saw him lying in bed,looking at some of the pictures we had taken together.
此句明顯描述的是過去的動作。從saw及had taken等處可以知道,應將step改為stepped.
2. (2018全國卷Ⅱ)I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
根據(jù)上下文的時態(tài)呼應,應改are為were.
癥狀五:形容詞和副詞用錯
藥方:形容詞一般在句中作定語修飾名詞或代詞,作表語說明主語的特征;系動詞(be/become/go等)和感官動詞(smell/feel等)后用形容詞。而副詞的作用較復雜,常修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞。有些詞用法易混,如exciting與excited,hard與hardly,possible與possibly,here與there等,以及形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級的用法等。
1. The first man got over his shock and polite said to the angel.
2. (2019全國卷Ⅱ)First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so coolly.
1中polite處應為副詞修飾行為動詞,應將polite改為politely.2中l(wèi)ook是系動詞,意為“看起來”,后面應用形容詞cool作表語。
癥狀六:從屬連詞----各種從句的引導詞錯誤
藥方:要能熟練掌握各類從句的特點,用法,引導詞等。一般具有較高的區(qū)分度。
1. I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China.
此句后一部分是非限制性定語從句,應用關系代詞which作主語。
2. (2018全國卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
先行詞pond在定語從句中作狀語,指養(yǎng)魚的地方,故須用關系副詞where或“介詞in+which”來引導這個定語從句。
癥狀七:并列連詞使用錯誤
藥方:應根據(jù)上下文,分清并列連詞的種類,看是否正確。
經(jīng)常出錯的地方是:and,but,or,so等之間的混用;because與so并用;although與but并用;why與because并用。
1. (2014全國卷Ⅰ)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year,but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.
2. (2019全國卷Ⅰ)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.
1句去掉but或but→yet.2句“足球落到我面前”與“幾乎砸到我”之間是并列關系,故將but改為and來連接。
(作者單位:四川省廣元中學628017)