李毅
過去分詞做狀語時需重點判斷出分詞邏輯主語以及邏輯主語與分詞之間的邏輯關(guān)系。過去分詞做狀語,其邏輯主語是句子中的主語,表示被動或完成意義。過去分詞做狀語相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句,表示原因、時間、條件、伴隨等。例如:
Greatly moved by the film, they all cried. 深深被電影感動,他們都哭了。
【注意】 非謂語動詞做狀語時,通常表示時間、原因、條件等情況,有時可在其前面加上連詞when, while, if, unless, once等。例如:
Believe it or not, when first introduced to Europe, tomato was thought to be poisonous. 信不信由你,西紅柿第一次被帶入歐洲的時候被認(rèn)為是有毒的。
While staying in London, the young engineer picked up some English. 待在倫敦期間,這個年輕的工程師學(xué)會了英語。
If kept in the fridge, the fruit can remain fresh for more than a week. 如果保存冰箱里,水果可以保鮮一個多星期。
某些動詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化,此時這些過去分詞表示一種狀態(tài)。這樣的詞(短語)有:hidden (隱藏的),lost (迷路的),seated (坐),born (出身于),lost/absorbed in (沉溺于),dressed in (穿著),tired of (感到厭煩),faced with (面對)等。例如:
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound. 沉浸在思緒里,他沒有聽到聲音。
Seated in the front of the classroom, he can see the blackboard. 坐在教室的前排,他可以看清黑板。
【拓展】 現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語時,分詞表示的動作是由句子主語執(zhí)行的,它們之間是主動關(guān)系?,F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式即having done(被動形式having been done)表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 聽到那個消息,他高興得跳了起來。
Not knowing his name, I found it hard to find him. 不知道他的名字,我發(fā)現(xiàn)很難找到他。
Having failed many times, he didn't lose heart. 雖然失敗了很多次,他也沒有喪失信心。
1. 做時間狀語
過去分詞在句子中做時間狀語時一般位于句首,功能上相當(dāng)于時間狀語從句。例如:
Left to itself in the room, the baby began to cry. 當(dāng)被獨自留在房間里時,嬰兒哭了起來。
Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 當(dāng)被問及為什么做這件事時,班長說這是他的職責(zé)。
2. 做原因狀語
過去分詞做原因狀語時一般位于句首,功能上相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句。例如:
Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被濃煙嗆了,幾乎不能呼吸了。
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因為淋了一場大雨,所以他全身濕透了。
3. 做方式或伴隨狀語
過去分詞做伴隨狀語時位于句尾,在功能上相當(dāng)于并列謂語。有時前面可加連詞as if。例如:
Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully. 那位教授在學(xué)生的簇?fù)硐?,興高采烈地坐在那兒。
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那位老人在妻子的攙扶下,走進(jìn)了房間。
He stood there silently, moved to tears. 他靜靜地站在那里,被感動得熱淚盈眶。
4. 做條件狀語
過去分詞做條件狀語時一般位于句首,功能上相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句。例如:
Watered more, these cabbages could have grown better. 如果多澆點水,這些卷心菜還可以長得更好。
Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided. 要是多加注意,那次事故就能避免了。
5. 做結(jié)果狀語
過去分詞做結(jié)果狀語時一般位于句尾,功能上相當(dāng)于結(jié)果狀語從句。例如:
He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken. 他從一棵很高的樹上摔了下來,腿摔斷了。
The cup fell down to the ground, broken. 茶杯掉到了地上,摔碎了。
6. 做獨立成分
Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening. 假如天氣好,我們的船將于星期一晚上到達(dá)上海。