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葉菌唑與4種殺菌劑復(fù)配對(duì)小麥赤霉病的毒力及防效

2020-08-25 10:03劉程程孫海燕張?chǎng)╂?/span>儲(chǔ)西平明亮
植物保護(hù) 2020年4期

劉程程 孫海燕 張?chǎng)╂谩?chǔ)西平 明亮

摘要 采用菌絲生長(zhǎng)速率法測(cè)定了葉菌唑分別與咪鮮胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺的幾種不同配比復(fù)配劑對(duì)禾谷鐮孢菌的室內(nèi)聯(lián)合毒力,并通過(guò)田間試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)復(fù)配劑對(duì)小麥赤霉病的防效。結(jié)果表明,葉菌唑、咪鮮胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺對(duì)禾谷鐮孢菌的有效抑制中濃度(EC50)分別為0.016 3~0.038 3、0.014 7、0.280 7、0.094 5、0.230 0 μg/mL,復(fù)配劑葉菌唑∶咪鮮胺1∶2和葉菌唑∶戊唑醇1∶1具有增效作用,SR值分別為1.540 5和1.515 3。按此比例制備了30%葉菌唑·咪鮮胺水乳劑和20%葉菌唑·戊唑醇懸浮劑用以進(jìn)行田間防效試驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,這2個(gè)復(fù)配劑的田間防效均與用量呈正相關(guān)性,且一次防效均在65%以上,并且對(duì)小麥安全,這一結(jié)果表明葉菌唑與咪鮮胺、戊唑醇這2種不同作用機(jī)制的殺菌劑可以復(fù)配使用,大大延緩了小麥赤霉病菌抗藥性的進(jìn)一步加劇,為赤霉病的綜合防控和抗藥性治理提供依據(jù),具有良好的市場(chǎng)開發(fā)前景。

關(guān)鍵詞 葉菌唑; 咪鮮胺; 戊唑醇; 聯(lián)合毒力; 田間防效

中圖分類號(hào): S 435.121.45

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: B

DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019211

Synergistic toxicity and field control effects of metconazole mixed with four fungicides against Fusarium graminearum on wheat

LIU Chengcheng1, SUN Haiyan2, ZHANG Wenting1, CHU Xiping1,2, MING Liang1,2*

(1. Suke Agro-Chemical of Jiangsu Province Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China;

2. Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China)

Abstract

Toxicities of metconazole, prochloraz, tebuconazole, prothioconazole, fluazinam and their mixtures to Fusarium graminearum in wheat were detected by mycelial growth assay in vitro, and the control efficacy of mixtures to wheat head blight disease was evaluated in the field. The results showed that the EC50 values for metconazole, prochloraz, tebuconazole, prothioconazole and fluazinam were 0.016 3-0.038 3, 0.014 7, 0.280 7, 0.094 5 and 0.230 0 μg/mL, respectively. The mixtures of metconazole and prochloraz with the ratio of 1∶2, and metconazole and tebuconazole with the ratio of 1∶1 demonstrated synergistic inhibition effect, with the synergy ratio of 1.540 5 and 1.515 3, respectively. 30% metconazole and prochloraz emulsion in water and 20% metconazole and tebuconazole suspension concentrates were prepared at this proportion in field trials. The results showed that field control effects of the two compound agents were positively correlated with the dosage, with the efficacy over 65%. These fungicides were safe to wheat at the used dosages. The above results indicated that metconazole mixed with prochloraz or tebuconazole can be used to defer the resistance of wheat head blight disease, which provides the basis for comprehensive control and resistance management, and has good market development prospects.

Key words

metconazole; prochloraz; tebuconazole; synergistic toxicity; field control efficacy

小麥赤霉病是由禾谷鐮孢Fusarium graminearum引起的世界性真菌病害。近些年,受到全球氣候和耕作制度等因素的影響,小麥赤霉病的發(fā)生頻率大幅增加,發(fā)生范圍也逐漸擴(kuò)大[1]。小麥赤霉病的發(fā)生不僅會(huì)造成小麥減產(chǎn),還因產(chǎn)真菌毒素造成小麥品質(zhì)下降,對(duì)人畜健康構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅,已成為當(dāng)前制約我國(guó)小麥生產(chǎn)安全及麥類食品質(zhì)量安全最重要的病害之一[2-4]。生產(chǎn)上防治小麥赤霉病主要采用以抗病品種為基礎(chǔ)、以藥劑防治為重點(diǎn)的綜合防治方法。但抗病品種的選育存在抗性改良周期長(zhǎng)、高效抗性種質(zhì)資源缺乏等一系列問(wèn)題[5-6],使用化學(xué)藥劑仍然是防治小麥赤霉病的重要措施。目前防治小麥赤霉病的藥劑還是以多菌靈為主[7],由于多年連續(xù)使用,抗性問(wèn)題發(fā)展迅速,抗性菌株檢出率急劇上升,防效也逐年下降[8],因此開發(fā)新的替代藥劑或新復(fù)配劑迫在眉睫。目前報(bào)道的替代藥劑中,甾醇抑制劑如葉菌唑、戊唑醇、咪鮮胺效果較好[9-11]。葉菌唑?qū)儆谛滦腿蝾悮⒕鷦渥饔脵C(jī)理是作為麥角甾醇生物合成中C-14脫甲基化酶抑制劑,對(duì)由殼針孢、鐮孢和柄銹菌等引起的病害防效卓越[12]。戊唑醇和丙硫菌唑也屬于三唑類殺菌劑,但與葉菌唑的活性譜有較大的差別。咪鮮胺屬于咪唑類殺菌劑,它通過(guò)抑制菌體麥角甾醇化合物的生物合成,對(duì)子囊菌和半知菌等引起的病害具有極佳的防效[13]。氟啶胺屬于吡啶胺類殺菌劑,是線粒體氧化磷酸化解偶聯(lián)劑,對(duì)多種真菌病害具有較好的防治效果[14-15]。

施藥后調(diào)查了小麥的葉形、葉色以及揚(yáng)花情況等,均未發(fā)現(xiàn)藥害癥狀,表明30%葉菌唑·咪鮮胺水乳劑和20%葉菌唑·戊唑醇懸浮劑在用量為600、750 g/hm2時(shí)對(duì)小麥安全。

3 討論

選育高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)抗病品種固然是預(yù)防小麥赤霉病的最根本途徑,但由于赤霉病的抗性機(jī)理復(fù)雜,導(dǎo)致抗性品種資源缺乏[20]。在小麥赤霉病的流行年份,最有效的方法還是通過(guò)化學(xué)藥劑防治。單個(gè)化學(xué)藥劑的作用位點(diǎn)單一,長(zhǎng)期使用易使病菌產(chǎn)生抗性,選擇結(jié)構(gòu)類型不同的殺菌劑進(jìn)行科學(xué)復(fù)配不僅提高了藥效,還延緩了病原菌對(duì)化學(xué)藥劑產(chǎn)生抗藥性,能更有效地解決小麥赤霉病防治中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題[21]。國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究表明,三唑類殺菌劑葉菌唑與戊唑醇單劑對(duì)小麥赤霉病具有很好的預(yù)防和治療作用[22-26], 咪鮮胺作為咪唑類殺菌劑,能有效抑制抗多菌靈菌株,可防治具有多菌靈抗性的禾谷鐮孢引起的小麥赤霉病[26]。目前葉菌唑與戊唑醇、咪鮮胺、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺的復(fù)配劑研究還未見文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。

在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,本研究采用菌絲生長(zhǎng)速率法檢測(cè)了葉菌唑與4種殺菌劑的幾種配比復(fù)配劑對(duì)禾谷鐮孢的室內(nèi)聯(lián)合毒力,并分析了復(fù)配劑的聯(lián)合作用類型。結(jié)果表明,葉菌唑與4種殺菌劑混配后均表現(xiàn)出相加及增效作用,其中葉菌唑與咪鮮胺配比為1∶2和葉菌唑與戊唑醇配比為1∶1有增效作用,且任一藥劑比例增加時(shí)增效系數(shù)均表現(xiàn)出下降趨勢(shì)。初步確定了葉菌唑與咪鮮胺和戊唑醇復(fù)配的最佳比例,并按此比例制備了30%葉菌唑·咪鮮胺水乳劑和20%葉菌唑·戊唑醇懸浮劑進(jìn)行田間防效試驗(yàn)。2個(gè)復(fù)配劑的田間防效均與用量呈正相關(guān),且藥后30 d防效均在65%以上,表明30%葉菌唑·咪鮮胺水乳劑和20%葉菌唑·戊唑醇懸浮劑具有良好的市場(chǎng)開發(fā)前景,但本研究的大田試驗(yàn)的用量和防效有待進(jìn)一步完善;藥劑對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量及籽粒中DON等毒素積累的影響有待進(jìn)一步研究;復(fù)配制劑的劑型也有待進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。

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(責(zé)任編輯:楊明麗)

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