楊秀麗 李元海
[摘要] 目的 探討靜脈輸注利多卡因對無痛纖維支氣管鏡檢查中的丙泊酚用量和術后恢復情況的影響。 方法 選擇2019年3月~2020年1月安徽醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院行無痛纖維支氣管鏡檢查患者100例,采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為對照組和利多卡因組,每組各50例。利多卡因組麻醉誘導時靜脈注射利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,以2 mg/(kg·h)速度持續(xù)輸注至檢查結束,對照組給予等量生理鹽水。記錄兩組患者丙泊酚誘導劑量和總量,圍術期不同時點生命體征變化情況,術前1 d和術后1 d恢復質量量表評分(QoR-40)及術后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生情況。 結果 利多卡因組丙泊酚總量低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。T1時點對照組心率(HR)、平均動脈壓(MAP)高于T0,且利多卡因組高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。此外,HR和MAP存在交互作用(P < 0.05)。T1、T2時點,兩組患者脈搏血氧飽和度高于T0,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。利多卡因組術后1 d QoR-40量表情緒狀態(tài)、身體舒適度、疼痛評分及總分顯著高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。對照組術后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率顯著高于利多卡因組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=5.01,P < 0.05)。 結論 靜脈輸注利多卡因運用于無痛纖維支氣管鏡檢查中,可減少丙泊酚總量,穩(wěn)定血流動力學,改善患者術后恢復質量。
[關鍵詞] 利多卡因;靜脈輸注;術后恢復質量;丙泊酚
[中圖分類號] R614 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)06(a)-0105-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of intravenous Lidocaine on the amount of Propofol during painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy and postoperative recovery. Methods From March 2019 to January 2020, a total of 100 patients undergoing painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were enrolled as the subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into control group and Lidocaine group, with 50 cases in each group. In the Lidocaine group, 1.5 mg/kg Lidocaine was intravenously injected during anesthesia induction, and the infusion was continued at a rate of 2 mg/(kg·h) until the end of the examination, while the control group was given the same amount of normal saline. The dose and total amount of Propofol induction, the changes of vital signs at different points during the perioperative period, the quality of recovery 40 (QoR-40) score 1 day before operation and 1 day after operation, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the two groups were recorded. Results The total amount of Propofol in the Lidocaine group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At T1 points, the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the control group were higher than those of T0 points, while the Lidocaine group were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In addition, HR and MAP interacted between groups (P < 0.05). At T1 and T2 points, pulse oxygen saturation in two groups were higher than those in T0 points, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The score of mood state, physical comfort, pain and total score of the QoR-40 scale in the Lidocaine group on 1 d postoperatively were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of nausea and vomiting in the control group was significantly higher than that in the Lidocaine group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.01, P < 0.05). Conclusion Intravenous Lidocaine in painless bronchoscopy could reduce Propofol requirement and the incidence of nausea and vomiting after operation, and accelerate post-bronchoscopy recovery.
[Key words] Lidocaine; Intravenous infusion; Postoperative recovery; Propofol
無痛纖維支氣鏡檢查是呼吸內(nèi)科常用的一種檢查技術,可直接觀察腫物的形態(tài)、定位以及氣管、支氣管病變程度[1-2]。無痛纖維支氣管鏡檢查常采用喉罩全身麻醉,檢查期麻醉深度控制不當,可在氣管鏡經(jīng)過聲門時出現(xiàn)嗆咳等氣道反應或心血管不良事件。因此,提高無痛纖維支氣管鏡的檢查質量和促進患者術后早期恢復成為臨床醫(yī)生關注的熱點話題。靜脈注射利多卡因可以有效預防氣管插管時咳嗽嗆咳等氣道反應[3],促進腔鏡婦科[4]和甲狀腺[5]手術患者術后早期恢復。本研究擬探討靜脈輸注利多卡因在無痛纖維支氣管鏡檢查中的應用,觀察對丙泊酚用量、術后恢復質量等影響,為臨床麻醉提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究經(jīng)安徽醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準,均與患者和家屬簽署知情同意書。選取2019年3月~2020年1月我院擇期行無痛纖維支氣管鏡檢查患者100例為研究對象。采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為對照組和利多卡因組,每組各50例。納入標準:年齡18~65歲,體重指數(shù)(BMI)18~30 kg/m2,美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ASA)分級為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級。排除標準:合并肝腎系統(tǒng)疾病,丙泊酚、大豆、牛奶或局麻藥物過敏,近期服用鎮(zhèn)靜類藥物,有精神病史或語言理解障礙等不能配合完成研究者。兩組患者性別、年齡、身高、體重ASA分級、恢復質量量表(QoR-40)評分、檢查時間等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 方法
所有患者均采用全憑靜脈麻醉,常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖(ECG)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)、平均動脈壓(MAP)和腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(BIS)。開放外周靜脈通路后靜脈給予10 mg地塞米松和1 mg鹽酸戊乙奎醚。利多卡因組麻醉誘導時靜脈緩慢注射2%利多卡因(上海朝暉藥業(yè)有限公司,批號:1911J12),隨后以2 mg/(kg·h)速度持續(xù)靜脈輸注至檢查結束;對照組以同樣方法予以等量生理鹽水。麻醉誘導依次靜脈注射1.0~2.0 mg/kg丙泊酚(北京費森尤斯卡比醫(yī)藥有限公司分裝,批號:16NI5432)、0.2 μg/kg舒芬太尼(人福醫(yī)藥,批號:91A 10261)。待意識消失后,利多卡因組靜脈給予1.5 mg/kg利多卡因,對照組患者靜脈輸注等量生理鹽水。待BIS值≤60時,給予1.0 mg/kg琥珀膽堿(上海旭東海普藥業(yè)有限公司,批號:AA180301),1 min后置入i-gel喉罩(30~50 kg患者選用3#喉罩;50~90 kg患者選用4#喉罩)行機械通氣。麻醉維持:調(diào)節(jié)丙泊酚血漿靶濃度(2.0~3.0 μg/mL),BIS值為40~60。術中維持心率(HR)和MAP基礎值約20%,術畢拔出喉罩后護送至麻醉恢復室。
1.3 觀察指標
記錄丙泊酚誘導劑量和總量;記錄患者入室后(T0)、纖維支氣管鏡進入聲門時(T1)和拔出纖維支氣管鏡時(T2)HR、MAP和SpO2;術前1 d和術后1 d 記錄QoR-40量表評分。QoR-40量表是由患者生活質量共5部分組成,分別是情緒狀態(tài)(9項)、身體舒適度(12項)、心理支持(7項)、自理能力(5項)和疼痛(7項)[6]。其中每項1~5分,總分40~200分,得分越高提示恢復質量越好。記錄患者術后1 d惡心嘔吐發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
運用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,符合正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,重復測量數(shù)據(jù)采用重復測量方差分析。計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組患者丙泊酚用量比較
兩組患者丙泊酚誘導量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。利多卡因組丙泊酚總量低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者圍術期生命體征比較
兩組患者各時點HR、MAP束體分析發(fā)現(xiàn),組間比較、時間比較及交互作用差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者T0時點HR、MAP比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05);T1時點對照組HR、MAP高于T0,且利多卡因組低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者T0時點SpO2比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05);T1、T2時點,兩組患者SpO2高于T0,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組患者術后1 d QoR-40量表評分比較
利多卡因組術后1 d QoR-40量表情緒狀態(tài)、身體舒適度、疼痛評分及總分顯著高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表4。
2.5 兩組患者術后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率比較
對照組術后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率(9例,18%)顯著高于利多卡因組(2例,6%),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=5.01,P = 0.03)。
3 討論
纖維支氣管鏡在呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的診斷和治療過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。喉罩全麻下纖維支氣管鏡檢查因降低患者恐懼感、提高操作期安全性,深受廣大患者和醫(yī)生歡迎[7]。與外科手術相似,纖維支氣管鏡檢查也是一項有創(chuàng)操作。尤其是纖維支氣管鏡進入聲門時,可能會出現(xiàn)嗆咳,支氣管痙攣甚至高血壓、心動過速等不良事件,影響患者術后快速康復。因此,麻醉醫(yī)生如何更好地保全患者在纖維支氣管鏡檢查期安全、加速患者術后早期康復,是迫切需要解決的問題。
利多卡因通過可逆性阻斷鈉離子電流從而抑制動作電位的產(chǎn)生和擴散,是臨床上常用的局部麻醉和抗心律失常藥物。本研究參照文獻[8],選擇在麻醉誘導時靜脈給予利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,并以2.0 mg/(kg·h)速度輸注至檢查結束。本研究結果顯示,靜脈輸注利多卡因可減少無痛纖維支氣管鏡檢查患者術中丙泊酚用量。這種丙泊酚的節(jié)儉效應也可見于其他全憑靜脈麻醉[9-11]。同樣在吸入麻醉中,丙泊酚科也可顯著減少七氟烷的需要量[12]。利多卡因減少丙泊酚使用的機制可能是抑制N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體[13]和激活大腦中的鈉離子通道和邊緣系統(tǒng)[14];另一種可能機制是鎮(zhèn)痛機制相關,通過減弱神經(jīng)感應刺激從而降低丙泊酚的輸注速度[15]。此外,本研究結果顯示,利多卡因組術后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率顯著降低,這與Wang等[4]研究結果一致。利多卡因降低術后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生可能與術中穩(wěn)定的血流動力學、減少術后疼痛[16-17]以及加速胃腸功能恢復有關[17-18],然而具體機制尚不清楚。QoR-40量表具有較高的有效性、準確性和全面性,現(xiàn)已廣泛用于評估患者術后恢復質量[19-21]。本研究結果顯示,利多卡因組QoR-40量表評分高于對照組,與De Oliveira等[8]靜脈給予利多卡因改善急診腔鏡手術患者術后恢復質量的研究結果是一致的。
綜上所述,利多卡因靜脈輸注可減少術中丙泊酚用量,降低術后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率,改善患者術后早期恢復質量,可安全有效地應用于無痛纖維支氣管鏡麻醉。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-02 ?本文編輯:王曉曄)