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經(jīng)顱超聲在帕金森病臨床診斷中的研究進(jìn)展

2020-07-27 16:29:37曹雙雙王建偉王展馬惠姿馮濤
關(guān)鍵詞:臨床價(jià)值局限性帕金森病

曹雙雙 王建偉 王展 馬惠姿 馮濤

[摘要] 近二十多年來,經(jīng)顱超聲(TCS)檢查越來越多地用于運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙性疾病的診斷及鑒別診斷。與其他影像學(xué)檢查手段(如CT、MRI、PET)比較,TCS設(shè)備相對(duì)便宜、操作便捷、檢查無創(chuàng),值得推廣。但TCS檢查結(jié)果受多種因素影響,如受檢者顳窗顯示情況、黑質(zhì)表現(xiàn)差異、檢查者經(jīng)驗(yàn)等因素,故檢查結(jié)果的有效性存在爭(zhēng)議。由于帕金森病的臨床異質(zhì)性較大,診斷帕金森病需結(jié)合臨床表現(xiàn)及多種輔助檢查。TCS檢查可作為一種影像學(xué)標(biāo)志物為帕金森病診斷提供輔助證據(jù)。本文詳細(xì)描述了經(jīng)顱黑質(zhì)超聲的檢查方法、判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及可能機(jī)制,總結(jié)分析TCS在帕金森病的診斷、鑒別診斷及高危人群監(jiān)測(cè)方面的價(jià)值,指出其局限性及改進(jìn)方向,為今后更好地應(yīng)用TCS檢查提供幫助。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)顱超聲;帕金森病;臨床價(jià)值;局限性;改進(jìn)方向

[中圖分類號(hào)] R742.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)06(c)-0053-04

[Abstract] In the past two decades, transcranial ultrasound (TCS) examination has been used more and more in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of movement disorders. Compared with other imaging inspection methods, such as computed tomography, as well as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, TCS is worthy of promotion with the advantages of lower cost, more convenient and non-invasive operation. However, the results of TCS examination are affected by many factors, such as the patient′s temporal window display, the difference in the performance of the substantia nigra, the examiner′s experience and other factors, so the validity of the examination results is controversial. Due to the great clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson′s disease, the diagnosis of Parkinson′s disease requires a combination of clinical manifestations and multiple auxiliary examinations. Transcranial ultrasound can be used as an imaging marker to provide supporting evidence for the diagnosis of Parkinson′s disease. This paper describes the examination methods, determination criteria and possible mechanisms of transcranial substantia nigra in details. Furthermore, we have summarized and analyzed the value of TCS in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and monitoring of high-risk populations in Parkinson′s disease, and pointed out its limitations with improving direction to help the better application in the further.

[Key words] Transcranial sonography; Parkinson′s disease; Clinical value; Limitation; Improving direction

帕金森病(Parkinson′s disease,PD)是最常見的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病之一。PD的主要病理表現(xiàn)是黑質(zhì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元變性缺失和路易小體(Lewy body,LB)形成。臨床表現(xiàn)以運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、靜止性震顫、肌強(qiáng)直為主要特征。PD診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是死后病理診斷,臨床診斷主要基于核心臨床癥狀及藥物反應(yīng)性等。然而帕金森樣癥狀并非PD患者所特有,且PD患者臨床異質(zhì)性較大,以上均對(duì)PD診斷帶來挑戰(zhàn)。為提高PD早期診斷率,眾多生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物被提出[1-2],包括臨床癥狀、生物化學(xué)、基因?qū)W和神經(jīng)影像學(xué)等。從Becker首次描述PD患者黑質(zhì)回聲增強(qiáng)(substantia nigra hyperechogenicity,SN+)以來,國(guó)內(nèi)外大量研究報(bào)道經(jīng)顱超聲(TCS)可作為PD影像學(xué)標(biāo)志物之一,為PD早期診斷提供輔助證據(jù),并協(xié)助鑒別其他運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙性疾病。現(xiàn)對(duì)TCS在PD臨床診斷中的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

1 經(jīng)顱黑質(zhì)超聲檢查(transcranial sonography of substantia nigra,SN-TCS)

1.1 操作方法

患者多取仰臥位,必要時(shí)也可取坐位。囑患者先將頭轉(zhuǎn)向檢查者對(duì)面,經(jīng)耳前顳窗軸位掃描,在軸位上可發(fā)現(xiàn)被高回聲信號(hào)的腳間池所包圍的低或無回聲信號(hào)的蝴蝶狀中腦結(jié)構(gòu),緩慢向上移動(dòng)10°~20°可探及第三腦室及周圍結(jié)構(gòu)。用相同方法對(duì)患者另一側(cè)顳窗部位進(jìn)行探查掃描。超聲參數(shù)一般設(shè)置為:穿透深度14~16 cm,動(dòng)態(tài)范圍45~55 dB,頻率2.0~3.5 MHz,根據(jù)需要調(diào)整亮度和時(shí)間增益補(bǔ)償[3]。

1.2 經(jīng)顱黑質(zhì)超聲的判定方法

1.2.1 黑質(zhì)回聲強(qiáng)度的判定? 通常分為5級(jí),Ⅰ級(jí):呈均勻分布低回聲;Ⅱ級(jí):可見散在點(diǎn)狀、細(xì)線狀稍高回聲;Ⅲ級(jí):回聲呈斑片狀增強(qiáng)并低于腳間池回聲;Ⅳ級(jí):回聲呈斑片狀增強(qiáng)并等于腳間池回聲;Ⅴ級(jí):回聲呈斑片狀增強(qiáng)并高于腳間池回聲。回聲強(qiáng)度≥Ⅲ級(jí)視為SN+。

1.2.2 經(jīng)顱黑質(zhì)超聲結(jié)果判定? Walter[4]回顧了SN-TCS的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),有的以SN+面積較大側(cè)為準(zhǔn),有的以雙側(cè)強(qiáng)回聲面積平均值為準(zhǔn)。多數(shù)研究以SN+面積≥0.25 cm2定義為黑質(zhì)回聲異常。Huang等[5]用黑質(zhì)強(qiáng)回聲面積/同側(cè)中腦面積(S/M),發(fā)現(xiàn)約92.5%的晚發(fā)型PD患者S/M>7%,故將最佳閾值界定為7%。

1.3 SN+的病理機(jī)制

目前導(dǎo)致中腦黑質(zhì)強(qiáng)回聲的機(jī)制尚不清楚。多數(shù)研究[6-7]提示可能與鐵沉積及神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生有關(guān)。正常情況下,黑質(zhì)中存在大量與蛋白結(jié)合的鐵,病理情況下游離鐵釋放增多。有研究[8]通過檢測(cè)PD患者血清和腦脊液中鐵及相關(guān)蛋白的水平,分析其鐵代謝特征,提示PD患者SN+與鐵代謝異常有關(guān),包括鐵從周圍系統(tǒng)向中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)增加、細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵釋放減少及腦內(nèi)鐵沉積過多。Zhu等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鐵沉積及神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活都有助于PD患者SN+形成,鐵沉積及SN+與多巴胺能神經(jīng)元壞死有關(guān),而鐵螯合劑去鐵胺通過抑制SN+表現(xiàn)出神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。另外,蒼白球中含有大量結(jié)合鐵,但并不致異?;芈曉鰪?qiáng),也提示SN+可能與游離鐵增多有關(guān)。

2 TCS對(duì)PD的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)84%~90%的原發(fā)性PD患者SN+[9-10],約10%的健康人群存在黑質(zhì)強(qiáng)回聲[3]。2013年歐洲運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙性疾病分會(huì)[11]建議TCS可用于以下方面:①PD與非典型帕金森綜合征(APS)的鑒別;②PD高危人群監(jiān)測(cè);③PD早期診斷。

2.1 PD與APS的鑒別

臨床上PD的鑒別診斷貫穿始終,尤其是病程早期,有時(shí)鑒別診斷非常困難。TCS檢查可為PD與APS鑒別提供依據(jù),但需結(jié)合顱內(nèi)其他部位檢查。SN+在PD患者中十分常見,而豆?fàn)詈嘶芈曉鰪?qiáng)(LN+)和第三腦室增寬(3V+)在APS中常見[12-14]。Alonso-Canovas等[15]將PD、APS及健康人群對(duì)比分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)SN+對(duì)診斷PD的敏感性良好(80%),但特異性較差(61%)。若將顱內(nèi)多個(gè)部位回聲特征聯(lián)合分析,如SN/LN、SN/3V、SN/3V/LN,可明顯增高診斷特異性,但敏感性大大下降。以上提示單純TCS檢查對(duì)鑒別PD與APS的作用有限。需要指出的是,SN+可能在鑒別PD與非變性病(如特發(fā)性震顫ET)方面更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Jesus-Ribeiro等[16]對(duì)比SN-TCS及123Ⅰ標(biāo)記的DAT-PET掃描,對(duì)早期PD(H-Y分期≤2期)與ET患者進(jìn)行鑒別,結(jié)果提示SN-TCS診斷PD的敏感性及特異性與DAT-PET相似。

2.2 PD高危人群監(jiān)測(cè)

PD患者的一級(jí)親屬、PD相關(guān)突變基因的攜帶者更常見SN+,功能影像學(xué)檢查顯示以上人群中部分人18F標(biāo)記的多巴胺攝取減少,說明已存在黑質(zhì)紋狀體功能受損[3]。多數(shù)研究[9,12]顯示ET患者SN+發(fā)生比例較正常人群高,在15%左右。ET患者SN+是發(fā)展為PD的危險(xiǎn)標(biāo)志物[17]。抑郁人群發(fā)展為PD的概率較正常人群高,抑郁癥患者在TCS檢查時(shí)可見腦干中縫核信號(hào)減低或消失,而中腦黑質(zhì)回聲多正常。若患者存在抑郁狀態(tài)且呈現(xiàn)SN+,則需警惕該患者的抑郁癥狀可能是PD的運(yùn)動(dòng)前期癥狀或PD本身的伴發(fā)癥狀[18-19]。

以上研究提示TCS檢查可為部分PD高危人群監(jiān)測(cè)提供幫助,但其對(duì)PD的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值仍待驗(yàn)證。Iranzo等[20]對(duì)55例原發(fā)性快速眼動(dòng)期睡眠行為障礙(IRBD)患者隨訪5年,發(fā)現(xiàn)SN+的IRBD患者預(yù)測(cè)發(fā)展為突觸核蛋白病的敏感性為42.1%,特異性為67.7%,陽性預(yù)測(cè)值為44.4%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值為65.6%,提示單純TCS檢查并不是IRBD發(fā)展為PD的有效預(yù)測(cè)工具,且黑質(zhì)強(qiáng)回聲面積隨時(shí)間變化不顯著。

2.3 PD早期診斷

TCS檢查對(duì)PD的早期診斷價(jià)值存在爭(zhēng)議。與健康人群比較,SN-TCS檢查是診斷PD的有效工具[21]。但在帕金森綜合征患者中,TCS檢查用于早期診斷PD的能力有限。例如與多系統(tǒng)萎縮(MSA)鑒別時(shí),TCS檢查可在一定程度上幫助區(qū)分非震顫為主型PD與多系統(tǒng)萎縮-帕金森型(MSA-P),但其鑒別特異性差,尤其是在疾病早期[22]。多項(xiàng)研究[23-24]用TCS與DAT-PET比較,結(jié)果提示TCS診斷PD的敏感性及特異性較差(64.7%~68.7%、40%~60%),提示TCS不能作為早期診斷PD的有效工具。需要指出的是,Alonso-Canovas等[25]對(duì)172例帕金森綜合征患者隨訪3年,發(fā)現(xiàn)黑質(zhì)回聲正常的患者往往預(yù)示對(duì)多巴胺能藥物反應(yīng)不佳,或最終否定PD診斷。

筆者認(rèn)為研究結(jié)果不一致的原因可能有:不同研究對(duì)TCS應(yīng)用于PD診斷的鑒別對(duì)象不同,與非變性病鑒別時(shí)效能良好,與APS鑒別時(shí)效能下降;研究的樣本量不同;更重要的原因可能是不同研究對(duì)SN+的界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,且SN+的判定與操作者經(jīng)驗(yàn)及主觀性有關(guān)。

3 TCS的局限性及新技術(shù)

TCS的局限性主要表現(xiàn)在以下方面:①部分受檢者顳窗顯示不良,亞洲老年女性檢查失敗率更高[26];②SN+的判定受人為因素影響:TCS檢查時(shí)最佳切面選擇與操作者經(jīng)驗(yàn)有關(guān);黑質(zhì)回聲強(qiáng)度判定存在主觀性;計(jì)算SN+面積、中腦面積時(shí)存在人為誤差。為突破TCS檢查的弊端,近年來TCS新技術(shù)不斷被報(bào)道。有研究[12,27]應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)分析系統(tǒng),先將大量超聲圖像整合到軟件中,當(dāng)檢查某位患者時(shí),操作人員僅需標(biāo)記出突出感興趣區(qū),計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)自動(dòng)測(cè)量相應(yīng)區(qū)域回聲強(qiáng)度,由此可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)黑質(zhì)回聲強(qiáng)度的量化。近期一項(xiàng)研究[28]顯示,將突出感興趣區(qū)范圍擴(kuò)大到整個(gè)中腦時(shí),其識(shí)別性能最佳。

TCS與磁共振聯(lián)合(TCS-MRI)形成融合圖像,可協(xié)助選擇黑質(zhì)強(qiáng)回聲最佳切面,還可應(yīng)用TCS將深部腦刺激(DBS)術(shù)后圖像與術(shù)前MRI圖像融合。Plate等[29-30]多次研究提示3D-TCS技術(shù)在經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的操作者中應(yīng)用前景較大。通過3D重建,不但可以幫助尋找黑質(zhì)回聲最佳成像,同時(shí)減少因顳窗不良導(dǎo)致的檢查失敗(3D-TCS失敗率為3.9%~4.3%,2D-TCD失敗率為10%~20%)。我國(guó)復(fù)旦大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室[31]將經(jīng)顱B超(TBS)與經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(TDS)結(jié)合,組成多模式TCS檢查,在檢測(cè)黑質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)及回聲強(qiáng)度的同時(shí)檢測(cè)血流特征,從而提高TCS在PD診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

需要注意的是,TCS因其操作方便、無創(chuàng)、價(jià)格低廉等優(yōu)勢(shì)被廣泛應(yīng)用,對(duì)其改進(jìn)時(shí)仍需保持其優(yōu)勢(shì)。TCS作為PD診斷的檢查手段之一,可聯(lián)合其他標(biāo)志物特征和檢查方法以提高臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。另外,仍需大樣本循證醫(yī)學(xué)研究來界定SN+的最佳判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

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(收稿日期:2019-11-21? 本文編輯:封? ?華)

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