閱讀七選五是高考英語試卷中一個重要的題型,試題主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)與上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解和掌握。該題主要考核方向是:1. 段落主題句或段落大意;2. 上下文邏輯關(guān)系;3. 上下文的指代關(guān)系。要做好閱讀七選五題目,考生實際的閱讀理解能力無疑是首要的,但掌握一定的解題方法與步驟也很有必要。在高三的復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)中,這里歸納的“三法三步驟”對做好閱讀七選五題目具有很好的指導(dǎo)作用。
三法,即線索法、結(jié)構(gòu)法和邏輯關(guān)系法;三步驟,即分析選項、串聯(lián)主題,辨別語境、確定線索,選擇答案、入文復(fù)查。下面結(jié)合高考試題就“三法”做簡要分析。
一、線索法
線索法,就是在空格前后圈定線索詞、詞組或句子,然后在選項中查找與該線索匹配的有關(guān)內(nèi)容。
1.詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)
復(fù)現(xiàn),是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種手段,主要包括原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。
(1)原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
典型例題1
… ●? Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus (教學(xué)大綱) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight.
…
G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.(2019全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)
典型例題2
. Theyre the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.
…
D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with
…(2018全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】例1中,第37空的下一句第一個詞Questions和再下一句中的asking questions,分別與選項G中的questions和ask questions對應(yīng);例2中,選項D中的Small color choices與本段落最后一句中的small color choices對應(yīng)。以上三種情況均為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
(2) 同義詞/近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
典型例題3
…? While the suns rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb a days worth of Vitamin D.
…
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
…(2019全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)
典型例題4
… ● Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.
…
B. Your quality of sleep improves.
…(2018全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)
【點撥】例3中,第40空下一句中的suns rays(太陽的光線)與選項D中的sunlight(陽光)是同一個意思的兩種不同表達(dá)方式,屬于同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn);例4中,第37空前的makes you more awake與選項B中的quality of sleep improves意思相近,都表示良好的睡眠帶來的好結(jié)果,屬于近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
(3)派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
典型例題5
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36 …
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
… (2017全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】例5中,該段第2句句首的Campers與選項D中的camping均是camp的派生詞,其中camper意為“露營者”,camping意為“露營”,這兩者均屬于派生詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
※詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法解題十分管用,但這并不意味著凡是有文中的復(fù)現(xiàn)詞的選項就正確,有時命題人會在干擾項中設(shè)置復(fù)現(xiàn)內(nèi)容,因此考生得將選項代入原文檢驗,判斷其正誤。
2.代詞提示
代詞的作用是指代文章前面提及的名詞。利用指代關(guān)系,并根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異,有時可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。
典型例題6
… Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. 39 They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
…
E. They can change according to circumstances.
…(2019全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)
【點撥】例6中,第39空位于兩句之間,前一句“記住目標(biāo)是靈活的”,而后一句開頭的指示代詞They,與選項E開頭的They照應(yīng),均指代第39空前一句里的goals。另外,flexible還與change according to circumstances還構(gòu)成近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
二、結(jié)構(gòu)法
當(dāng)文中出現(xiàn)明顯的文章結(jié)構(gòu)上的詞、詞組,或空格句在特殊位置(如段首、段尾等)時,要考慮文章或段落的行文結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)空格句在文中所起的作用來作答。
1.文中出現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)詞、詞組:
當(dāng)文中有firstly,secondly,next,then,in conclusion等明顯的結(jié)構(gòu)詞時,圈出這些結(jié)構(gòu)詞,理清文章或段落結(jié)構(gòu),對解題會有很大幫助。
典型例題7
… There are many common methods used to cook fish. 20 First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (調(diào)料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, its ready to serve...
…
B. The easiest is to steam it.
…(2016全國新課標(biāo)大綱卷)
【點撥】例7中,第20空后有結(jié)構(gòu)詞First和Then,因此可以判斷第20空是一個總領(lǐng)性主題句。根據(jù)Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot可知,本段介紹的是蒸魚的方法。 B項中的steam正好與段落大意相符,故選B。
2.空格句在段首
(1)段落主題句:空格所在句就是主題句(topic sentence)。
(2)過渡句:空格所在句子起承上啟下的作用。
典型例題8
… 37 More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.
…
B. So how should you motivate yourself?
…(2019全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)
【點撥】例8中,第37空屬于“空格句在段首”。根據(jù)空后的More than that(不僅如此)可知,該空與后句內(nèi)容為遞進關(guān)系,選項B中的So是承接上文。再結(jié)合“你怎樣才能保持動力去實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)呢?”,以及句中how should you與選項B中的how should you屬于原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)可知,選項B為承上啟下的過渡句,故選B。
3.空格句在段尾
(1)總結(jié)、概括性句子:閱讀選項,先搜尋選項中是否有表總結(jié)的詞、詞組,如in conclusion,in summary,in a word,therefore等,再看哪個選項是對前文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)、概括。
(2)過渡句:引出下一段的內(nèi)容。如果在前文中找不到線索,就從下一段的開頭尋找提示,看看是否有哪個選項可以和下一段開頭形成有機銜接。
(3)首段末句:空格句在第一段末尾出現(xiàn),很有可能是全文的主題句。此時要把握全文主題來分析作答。
典型例題9
…? “I can tell you about one young couple,” says Bridges. “Theyre learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.? ”
…
F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
…(2018全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)
【點撥】例9中,第39空屬于“空格句在段尾”,上文提到這位夫婦的改變,說明舞蹈改變了他們,故選項F中change their feeling是對上文的概括,因此F項是一個段尾總結(jié)句,故39空選F。
三、邏輯關(guān)系法
邏輯關(guān)系法,即通過分析句子間的邏輯關(guān)系進行解題。文中的邏輯關(guān)系詞、詞組是答題的重要線索。高考常見的邏輯關(guān)系詞、詞組如下:
· 并列關(guān)系:and, and also, not only… but also…, similarly, likewise
· 遞進關(guān)系:then, besides, whats more, in addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore
· 因果關(guān)系:because, since, as, therefore, hence, thus, as a result, consequently, accordingly
· 轉(zhuǎn)折、對比關(guān)系:but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas
· 讓步關(guān)系:though, although, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of
· 條件關(guān)系:if, as long as, on condition that, providing that, provided that
典型例題10
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” 36 According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
…
B. So what are you waiting for?
…
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
…(2019全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】例10中,第36空設(shè)空在兩句中間,應(yīng)聯(lián)系前后句分析。從第36空后句中的the answer is a big YES可知,該空必定提出了與之對應(yīng)的問題。選項B和選項E都是問句,選項B以So開頭,與前句是因果關(guān)系,且提問“所以你還在等什么?”;選項E以But開頭,與前句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,且提問“但是新鮮空氣是真的像你媽媽口中所說的那么好嗎?”根據(jù)兩個選項的意思及與前后句的關(guān)系可知,第36空是一個表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的一般疑問句,故選E。
綜上所述,考生要在閱讀七選五題目上得到高分,一要掌握解題“三法”,二要熟練并靈活地運用“三步驟”,只要熟練運用“三法三步驟”,一定能在閱讀七選五題目上取得優(yōu)異的成績。