韓子滿

passage 1

[1] Where there is financial connection1， we see that rapid improvements in quality of life can quickly follow. In modern world， there are several important channels to achieving this greater financial connectivity. I want to highlight two today： increased capital mobility and increased financial inclusion.

[2] First， enabling capital to flow more freely. Allowing capital to flow across borders can help support inclusive growth. Right now， foreign direct investment is only 1.9 percent of GDP in developing countries. Before the global financial crisis， it was at 2.5 percent. Making progress on major infrastructure needs2 will require capital flows to rise again and to be managed safely. Greater openness to capital flows can also bring down the cost of finance， improve the efficiency of the financial sector， and allow capital to support productive investments and new jobs.

[3] Second， we also need increased financial inclusion. Challenges come with opening up capital markets. Thankfully， we know from experience the elements that are required for success3. These include sound financial regulation， transparent rules for investment， and attention to fiscal sustainability. A few numbers： close to half of the adult population in low and middle-income Asia-Pacific economies do not have a bank account. Less than 10 percent have ever borrowed from a financial institution. And yet， we know that closing the finance gap is an “economic must-have” for nations to thrive in the 21st century. IMF analysis shows that if the least financially inclusive countries in Asia narrowed the finance gap to the level of Thailand， the poverty rate in those countries could be reduced by nearly 4 percent. How can we get there？ In part， through policies that enable more women and rural citizens to access financial services. The financial gender gap for women in developing countries is about 9 percent and has remained largely unchanged since 2011.

[4] There is no quick fix， but we know that Fintech can play a catalyzing role. In Cambodia， for example， strong public-private partnerships in supporting mobile finance has led to a tripling in the number of micro-financial institutions since 2011. These institutions have now provided loans to over 2 million new borrowers， representing nearly 20 percent of the adult population. Many of these citizens had never had a bank account. Now they can save for the future and perhaps even start a business of their own.

[5] These are ideas that can work everywhere. But countries have to be willing to partner and learn from each other. The IMF and World Bank launched the Bali Fintech Agenda last October. The agenda lays out key principles―from developing financial markets to safeguarding financial integrity―that can help each nation as it strives for greater financial inclusion.

【參考譯文】

[1] 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，只要有金融關(guān)聯(lián)的地方，生活質(zhì)量很快就會大幅提升。當(dāng)今世界有好幾個重要的渠道，可以加強(qiáng)金融關(guān)聯(lián)。今天我想強(qiáng)調(diào)其中兩個：加強(qiáng)資本流動和加強(qiáng)金融包容性。

[2] 首先，使資本流動更加自由。允許資本跨境流動有助于推動包容性增長。目前，對外直接投資在發(fā)展中國家只占GDP的1.9%，而國際金融危機(jī)發(fā)生以前是2.5%。要想更好地應(yīng)對大型設(shè)施需求，資本流動就要再次活躍起來，也要對其進(jìn)行安全管制。對資本流動更加開放也可以降低融資成本，提升金融部門的效率，使資本支持生產(chǎn)性投資并創(chuàng)造新的就業(yè)崗位。

[3] 其次，我們也需要加強(qiáng)金融包容性。開放資本市場會帶來挑戰(zhàn)。所幸，根據(jù)以往經(jīng)驗，我們知道成功應(yīng)對需要哪些要素，其中包括金融監(jiān)管健全、投資規(guī)則透明、關(guān)注財政可持續(xù)性。跟大家說幾個數(shù)字：在中低收入亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，接近一半的成年人沒有銀行賬戶，不到10%的人從金融機(jī)構(gòu)借過錢。然而我們知道，各國要想在21世紀(jì)繁榮發(fā)展，縮小金融差距是必須采取的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。國際貨幣基金組織的分析表明，如果金融包容性最不理想的亞洲國家能夠?qū)⒔鹑诓罹嗫s小到泰國的水平，其貧困率就可以減少4%。怎么做到這一點(diǎn)呢？部分措施是使婦女和農(nóng)村居民享受到金融服務(wù)。發(fā)展中國家女性面臨的金融性別差距大約是9%，且2011年以來基本沒有變。

[4] 沒有快速解決的辦法，不過我們知道金融科技可以起到催化劑的作用。比如在柬埔寨，政府與民營部門密切合作，支持移動金融，使得2011年以來該國微型金融機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)量增加了兩倍。這些小微型金融機(jī)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在為200多萬新的借款人提供貸款，相當(dāng)于該國近20%的成年人口。這些國民中，很多人此前從未有過銀行賬戶?，F(xiàn)在他們可以存錢以備將來之需，甚至自己創(chuàng)業(yè)。

[5] 這些想法在哪里都適用。但各國必須愿意合作，并相互學(xué)習(xí)。去年10月，世界銀行和國際貨幣基金組織發(fā)布了《巴厘島金融科技綱領(lǐng)》，列出了有助于各國增強(qiáng)金融包容性的重要原則，包括發(fā)展金融市場和保護(hù)金融誠信等許多內(nèi)容。

【譯評】

1. 本文專業(yè)性較強(qiáng)，用到了一些金融專業(yè)的術(shù)語，譯文最好用漢語金融術(shù)語的習(xí)慣譯法。下文的financial inclusion和inclusive growth等也是如此。

2. 原文意思比較含混，沒有說明是progress和needs到底是什么關(guān)系，翻譯為“更好地滿足……需求”或是“在滿足……需求上取得進(jìn)步”不一定準(zhǔn)確，譯文因此最好也含混一些。

3. 單純把success譯為“成功”，句子意思會過于含混。從下一句內(nèi)容來看，success肯定與上面的challenge相關(guān)，因此加上“應(yīng)對”。

passage 2

[1] NASA is going to pretend a deadly asteroid is on its way， to practise for a real one.1

[2] The “tabletop exercise” will allow the space agency and the other government organisations that will be tasked with responding to such an event to simulate their response， ahead of the possibility of a real example.2

[3] The scenario will see a very realistic but nonetheless fictional disaster， in which an asteroid will be headed for Earth3. The scenario has been developed by one of the NASA organisations tasked with studying such near-earth objects， or NEOs.

[4] It will bring together not just NASA but other international organisations to test out their response4. Such exercises are used across the disaster response sector to ensure that the real responses are as fast and effective as possible.

[5] “These exercises have really helped us in the planetary defense5 community to understand what our colleagues on the disaster management side need to know，” said Lindley Johnson， NASAs Planetary Defense Officer. “This exercise will help us develop more effective communications with each other and with our governments.”

[6] NASA and other organisations have spent more than 20 years scanning the skies for NEOs， looking for asteroids and comets that come within 30 million miles of Earths orbit. Groups such as NASAs Planetary Defense Coordination Office （PDCO） as well as the European Space Agencys Space Situational Awareness - NEO Segment and the International Asteroid Warning Network （IAWN） have been working to better communicate the danger that such objects pose to Earth.

[7] There is no strict script in such an exercise. Instead， it will be used to test out how NEO observers， space agency officials， emergency managers， decision makers and citizens would respond to the threat of an impact.

[8] Those taking part will discuss possible preparations： how they would explore the asteroid， work out the best ways of deflecting it and dealing with its impact effects.

[9] NASA has already participated in such exercises， working on some with the Federal Emergency Management Agency （FEMA）. Those exercises brought representatives from a variety of different federal agencies， including the departments of Defense and State.

[10] Previous exercises showed that the focus of emergency management officials was not on scientific details. Instead， they just want to know when， where and how an asteroid will hit the Earth， as well as what sort of damage is done， according to FEMA.

[11] NASA continues to work on that science， however， in an attempt to better improve humanitys ability to predict the exact location and effects of any impact.

[12] “NASA and FEMA will continue to conduct periodic exercises with a continually widening community of US government agencies and international partners，” said Leviticus Lewis of the Response Operations Division for FEMA. “They are a great way for us to learn how to work together and meet each others needs and the objectives laid out in the White House National NEO Preparedness Action Plan.”

【參考譯文】

[1] 美國宇航局準(zhǔn)備舉行一場“致命小行星來襲”模擬演練。

[2] 通過此次“桌面演練”，該航天部門和其他將要負(fù)責(zé)應(yīng)對此類事件的政府機(jī)構(gòu)可以在真正的襲擊來臨之前，模擬出應(yīng)該采取的響應(yīng)措施。

[3] 此次演練模擬的場景是一顆小行星即將飛向地球。這個災(zāi)難場景非常逼真，是由美國宇航局下屬一個負(fù)責(zé)研究近地天體的機(jī)構(gòu)擬定的。

[4] 參加此次應(yīng)急演練的不僅有美國宇航局，還有其他國際組織。這樣的演練在整個災(zāi)害響應(yīng)部門都會用到，以確保實(shí)際的響應(yīng)措施盡可能迅速且有效。

[5] “這樣的演練的確幫助我們行星防御人員了解到災(zāi)難管理部門的同事需要知道哪些信息?！泵绹詈骄中行欠烙倭值吕ぜs翰遜說，“此次演練將有助于我們加強(qiáng)相互間的溝通，以及與政府的溝通。”

[6] 美國宇航局等機(jī)構(gòu)20多年來一直在觀察太空，尋找近地天體，以及距離地球軌道3000萬英里以內(nèi)的小行星和彗星。美國宇航局行星防御協(xié)調(diào)辦公室、歐洲航天局空間態(tài)勢感知近地天體部以及國際小行星預(yù)警網(wǎng)絡(luò)等組織一直在合作，讓有關(guān)部門更好地了解有關(guān)此類天體對地球的威脅。

[7] 這樣的演練沒有明確的腳本，其目的是要考驗近地天體觀測人員、宇航局官員、應(yīng)急管理人員、決策人員及市民對天體撞擊如何響應(yīng)。

[8] 參加演練的人員會討論可能要做什么準(zhǔn)備：如何探測小行星，找到使其偏離軌道以及應(yīng)對撞擊影響的最佳方案。

[9] 美國宇航局已經(jīng)參加過這樣的演練，其中一些是與聯(lián)邦應(yīng)急管理局共同舉辦的。包括國防部和國務(wù)院在內(nèi)的許多聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)均派代表參加過這些演練。

[10] 之前的演練表明，應(yīng)急管理官員們并不關(guān)注科學(xué)細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)聯(lián)邦應(yīng)急管理局的說法，他們只想知道小行星會以何種方式在何時撞擊地球何地，以及造成怎樣的破壞。

[11] 不過，美國宇航局會繼續(xù)進(jìn)行這方面的科學(xué)研究，以提高人類預(yù)測天體確切撞擊地點(diǎn)及影響的能力。

[12] “美國宇航局和聯(lián)邦應(yīng)急管理局將與越來越多的美國政府部門和國際伙伴一起，繼續(xù)定期舉辦這樣的演練?！甭?lián)邦應(yīng)急管理局應(yīng)急行動部的勒維提克斯·劉易斯如是說，“演練是一種非常好的辦法，讓我們可以知道如何協(xié)作，滿足彼此的需求，實(shí)現(xiàn)白宮近地天體戰(zhàn)備行動計劃中列出的目標(biāo)?！?/p>

【譯評】

1. 這句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，意思好理解，但翻譯起來不容易，句子結(jié)構(gòu)需要調(diào)整，需要把意思重組后再表達(dá)。按照字面直譯，不僅句子難以組織，也不符合漢語習(xí)慣。原文是一則新聞，內(nèi)容是舉行演練、演練模擬的內(nèi)容和演練的目的。不妨根據(jù)漢語新聞的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，對這句重新組織。演練的內(nèi)容和目的合并在一起了，因為二者重合度較高，一個是pretend，一個是real。這種表達(dá)在漢語新聞中很常見。如“中國新聞網(wǎng)”3月13日一則新聞的第一句話就是：廣西壯族自治區(qū)南寧市西鄉(xiāng)塘區(qū)四聯(lián)小學(xué)舉行“學(xué)生健康入?！蹦M開學(xué)演練，以便在開學(xué)后，如遇到疫情，能迅速、有序、高效控制疫情，處理疫情。該新聞中，演練內(nèi)容和目的重合度低，因此表達(dá)不同。

2.此句有兩個可能的難點(diǎn)。一是原文的結(jié)構(gòu)，需要看出“allow... to simulate...”這個結(jié)構(gòu);二是要根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣對后一個分句進(jìn)行重組，example和possibility都無法按照字面譯出。

3.這句話中的which定語從句不太好處理。按照漢語習(xí)慣從句內(nèi)容應(yīng)該放在主句中，即先交代演練的場景，然后再對場景加以定性。

4.這里的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)最好提前，如果機(jī)械地譯為目的狀語，會比較累贅。這樣的演練本身就是為了測試響應(yīng)情況的。改為定語，就自然多了。

5. 翻譯為“地球防御”也可以。planetary這里其實(shí)就是地球的意思，美國宇航局設(shè)立的Planetary Defense Coordination Office，目的就是研究保護(hù)地球免受天體撞擊。國內(nèi)新聞媒體通常把這個機(jī)構(gòu)翻譯為“行星防御協(xié)調(diào)辦公室”。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?□