四川雙流中學(xué) 蔣建平（特級(jí)教師）

感知·素養(yǎng)解讀

【考綱解讀】

研讀近幾年的《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱》（英語）內(nèi)容可知，高考英語閱讀七選五主要考查考生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容以及上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解和掌握，突出考查考生的語用能力：一是考查考生對(duì)文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò)層次的理解；二是考查考生對(duì)文章事實(shí)信息和情節(jié)發(fā)展的理解；三是考查考生對(duì)作者的寫作意圖、態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)的理解等。

探究·專題技巧

【命題特點(diǎn)】

閱讀七選五命題體現(xiàn)了《考試大綱》中關(guān)于閱讀理解能力的第五項(xiàng)要求，即“理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)”。命題人從一篇文章中抽出主旨句、過渡句及細(xì)節(jié)句進(jìn)行命題，其中從事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)方面命題的比例較大。

文體特點(diǎn) 體的近 文三 章年 結(jié)高構(gòu)嚴(yán)考全謹(jǐn)國、脈卷絡(luò)閱清讀晰七、選 層五 次的分明文章、邏體輯裁性大強(qiáng)多，數(shù) 便是 于說 考明 生文 在，閱偶讀爾的會(huì)基有礎(chǔ)議上論進(jìn)文行和綜記合敘理文解。。這類文選材特點(diǎn) 社會(huì)近 生幾活、年體高育考介全紹國、未卷來閱規(guī)讀劃七、選商五務(wù)的管題理材、工大作多職貼業(yè)近等考內(nèi)生容生?；睿瑑?nèi)容與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，主要涉及文化教育、閱讀材料一般是一篇長度為300 詞左右的短文，其中正文為240 詞左右，備選項(xiàng)為60 詞左右。題目形式 七個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與短文相關(guān)，選項(xiàng)多為完整的句子，句型不一，長短不同，七個(gè)備選項(xiàng)通常由短到長排列。依據(jù)挖空位置，可將5 個(gè)題目分為段首題、段中題和段尾題；依據(jù)句子在文中的作用，可分為設(shè)題方式 “主旨概括句（涉及文章整體內(nèi)容）”、“過渡句（反映文章結(jié)構(gòu)）”和“細(xì)節(jié)注釋句（反映上下文的邏輯關(guān)系）”三個(gè)類型。

【解題策略】

一、看圖表

二、兩判斷

1.通過設(shè)題位置判斷。

（1）段首設(shè)空一般找能概括本文中心意思的選項(xiàng)。

（2）段尾設(shè)空一般找能總結(jié)歸納該段的選項(xiàng)。

2.根據(jù)語境線索判斷。語境線索主要指反映上下文關(guān)系的銜接手段,如篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)、同現(xiàn)、邏輯、連接、指代、同構(gòu)等。

（1）“詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)”是為了保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對(duì)同一概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述。詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)主要是指原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同源詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。通過尋找復(fù)現(xiàn)詞匯可迅速確定答案。

（2）“同現(xiàn)”是指跟此詞匯相關(guān)或同一領(lǐng)域的詞匯在文章中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，達(dá)到語義銜接的目的?？忌梢栽谶x項(xiàng)中找到與此詞匯最接近的詞，從而快而準(zhǔn)地確定答案。一般來說，上下文中詞匯聯(lián)系越接近，上下文的銜接關(guān)系就越緊密。

（3）“邏輯”是指事物之間存在的必然的關(guān)系,包括時(shí)間先后關(guān)系、空間位置關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、歸納總結(jié)關(guān)系、總分關(guān)系等。

（4）“連接”是指用連接語表明上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系,如and,however,therefore,as a result,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,in a word 等。

（5）“指代”是指用代詞代替前文提到過的人物、事件、物品等,如it,he,she,they 等。

（6）“同構(gòu)”是指上下文使用同一結(jié)構(gòu)或類似的句子。

【考題調(diào)研】

1.（2018·全 國 丙 卷）Before there was the written word,there was the language of dance.Dance expresses love and hate,joy and sorrow,life and death,and everything else in between.

36We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays,office parties and just to fill the time.

“I adore dancing,”says Lester Bridges,the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can't imagine doing anything else with my life.”Bridges runs dance classes for all ages.“Teaching dance is wonderful.37It's great to watch them.For many of them,it's a way of meeting people and having a social life.”

38“I can tell you about one young couple,”says Bridges. “They're learning to do traditional dances.They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.39”

So，do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer, healthier? Andrea Hillier says,“Dance,like the pattern of a beating heart,is life.Even after all these years,I want to get better and better.40I find it hard to stop!Dancing reminds me I'm alive.”

A.So why do we dance?

B.Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.

C.If you like dancing outdoors,come to America.

D.My older students say it makes them feel young.

E.I keep practicing even when I'm extremely tired.

F.Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G.They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

【答案】36.B 37.D 38.A 39.F 40.E

【答案解析】

36.可用關(guān)聯(lián)邏輯法解題。根據(jù)空后的句子“We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays, office parties and just to fill the time.”可知，舞蹈在美國到處都有，故選項(xiàng)B 符合語境。

37.可用詞匯鎖定法解題。D 項(xiàng)中的them指代My older students?？蘸蟮膬蓚€(gè)them 也指代My older students。

38. 可用關(guān)聯(lián)邏輯法解題。 由本段中的“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，跳舞可以讓原本情緒低落的他們變得開心，故A 項(xiàng)（那么我們?yōu)槭裁刺枘?？）符合語境。

39.可用關(guān)聯(lián)邏輯法解題。 由上句“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，他們跳完舞后，精神狀態(tài)發(fā)生了很大的變化，故F 項(xiàng)（舞蹈似乎完全改變了他們的心情。）符合語境。

40. 可用關(guān)聯(lián)邏輯法解題。 由空后的“I find it hard to stop！”可知E 項(xiàng)（我即使在極其疲憊的時(shí)候，也堅(jiān)持練習(xí)。）符合語境。

2.（2019·全國乙卷)

Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?

We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”36According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.

37If the air you're breathing is clean—which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with lifegiving,energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply,allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.

Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈).38In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green,growing things can reduce stress,lower blood pressure,and put people into a better mood（情緒）.Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.39It gives us a great feeling of peace.

40While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working,and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.

A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.

B.So what are you waiting for?

C.Being in nature refreshes us.

D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.

G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

【答案】36.E 37.A 38.G 39.C 40.D

【答案解析】

36.根據(jù)本段第一句話“人們總是讓我們出去呼吸新鮮空氣”和空后一句“回答是肯定的”可知，此處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)一般疑問句，即“新鮮空氣果真如媽媽總說的那樣好嗎？”

37. 文章開頭講述了新鮮空氣對(duì)人有好處，那接下來應(yīng)該介紹具體的好處?？瞻滋帒?yīng)是本段的總起句。通過閱讀本段后面部分可知，本段主要講述了遠(yuǎn)離城市霧霾，到大自然中呼吸新鮮空氣給人體帶來的好處。而對(duì)人體呼吸和氧氣供應(yīng)有影響的器官，就是肺。只有肺里清潔，呼吸才能暢通無阻，才能讓人充滿活力。由此推斷，選項(xiàng)A 更符合常識(shí)以及本段大意。

38.本段空后提到In these places 可知，空處應(yīng)該是某個(gè)地點(diǎn)。此外，本段第一句提到研究人員在研究自然環(huán)境和疾病痊愈之間的關(guān)系，那么緊接著應(yīng)該要建立這種接近自然的康復(fù)中心，因此選G。

39.從本段的In these places 一直到此空前，作者描述了接近大自然的患者康復(fù)更快，再結(jié)合此空后“這給了我們平和寧靜”可知，此處應(yīng)為總結(jié)句，描述大自然的作用，因此選C。

40.該空后一句提到，盡管太陽光線會(huì)使人的皮膚老化、受損，但也能提供有益人體的維生素D。由此可知，空處應(yīng)該與太陽光線有關(guān)，因此選D。

【高頻考點(diǎn)】

考點(diǎn)1：問題設(shè)在段首

1.通常是段落主題句

假如問題出現(xiàn)在段首，那么它通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。

2.與后文之間是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等

著重閱讀后文第一、二句，鎖定線索信息詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)特征詞，通常正確答案與空后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句之間會(huì)有某種形式的銜接手段。

3.可能是段落間的過渡句

這時(shí)要瞻前顧后找啟示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常正確答案與上一段結(jié)尾能有機(jī)地銜接起來，并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否能將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來。

【試題調(diào)研】

（2018·全國乙卷）...But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

38.They're the little spots of color like throw pillows,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms.Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas,dinner tables or bookshelves...

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings,and floors...

D.Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with

E.It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

【答案解析】D。本空是一個(gè)主題句。上一段提到了由“小、中、大”三種規(guī)模物品的顏色選擇，而下文依次講述的是“中、大”兩種規(guī)模物品的顏色選擇，故本段介紹的是“小規(guī)模物品的顏色選擇”，所以D 項(xiàng)為本段的主題句。

考點(diǎn)2：問題設(shè)在段尾

1.通常是結(jié)論，概括性語句

注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信息詞，如therefore、as a result、thus、hence、in short、to sum up、to conclude、in a word 等 詞語，選項(xiàng)中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。

2.與前文之間是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系

此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系。

3.與前文之間是并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

在這種情況下，通常是該段落要求補(bǔ)全說明本段主題的其他細(xì)節(jié)。因此，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，在原文和選項(xiàng)中找到相關(guān)的特征詞。通常選項(xiàng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或與前文類似的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，或出現(xiàn)同義詞等其他線索。

4.所選答案是引出下一段的內(nèi)容

如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)可考慮與下一段開頭是否有一定的銜接。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段開頭幾句，看是否與正確選項(xiàng)緊密銜接。

5.如果第一段的段尾是空白， 要認(rèn)真閱讀，看此處是細(xì)節(jié)還是全文主題。

通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會(huì)用一些信息詞，如轉(zhuǎn)折詞引出來，正確答案應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。

【試題調(diào)研】

（2017·全國 乙 卷）If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping,I would have laughed heartily.Campers,in my eyes,were people who enjoyed insect bites,ill-cooked meals,and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me.36

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer...

B.Things are going to be improved.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then,however.

【答案解析】D。本題為段尾題?？涨耙痪湔f“他們與我沒有共同之處”，空后一段講述了作者的一次野營，前后之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以此處需要填一個(gè)承上啟下的轉(zhuǎn)折句，這與D 項(xiàng)中的however 相呼應(yīng)。

考點(diǎn)3：問題設(shè)在段中

如果問題設(shè)在段中，則通常從語境和邏輯兩方面設(shè)題，或設(shè)空在上下文有密切關(guān)系的句子中。這通?？疾檫^渡句和細(xì)節(jié)注釋句，注意所選選項(xiàng)要在語境方面與原文無縫銜接。要學(xué)會(huì)分析一個(gè)段落內(nèi)部的層次，也就是語篇層次。段落之間的發(fā)展靠句際間意義的結(jié)合，以及句際間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞、邏輯性插入語來連接。做題時(shí)要特別注意體現(xiàn)時(shí)間、原因、方式、轉(zhuǎn)折等邏輯關(guān)系的語篇標(biāo)志詞（關(guān)聯(lián)詞）。

【試題調(diào)研】

（2017·全國乙卷）The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

【答案解析】C。此題設(shè)在段中，考查細(xì)節(jié)注釋句。根據(jù)下文可知，這次野營活動(dòng)從住宿、飲食到洗澡都很艱苦，故選C 項(xiàng)，對(duì)下文進(jìn)行注釋、概括。