弭雪 隗闖 張萌 石海群 陳娜 周宇
[摘要] 目的 探討GHS-R1a缺失對(duì)Aβ1-42模型小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)和記憶的影響。方法 借助腦立體定位注射技術(shù),5只GHS-R1a敲除的Ghsr1a-/-小鼠及6只同窩對(duì)照野生型Ghsr1a+/+小鼠背側(cè)海馬CA1區(qū)注射Aβ1-42,另外7只野生型Ghsr1a+/+小鼠背側(cè)海馬CA1區(qū)注射等量生理鹽水(NS)作為空白對(duì)照。1周后對(duì)3組小鼠同時(shí)進(jìn)行Morris水迷宮訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試,檢測(cè)小鼠的空間學(xué)習(xí)和空間記憶能力。結(jié)果 Ghsr1a+/++Aβ1-42組小鼠經(jīng)過(guò)6 d的訓(xùn)練能夠迅速找到水下隱匿平臺(tái),且找到平臺(tái)所用的時(shí)間與Ghsr1a+/++NS組小鼠比較差異無(wú)顯著意義(P>0.05),說(shuō)明Aβ1-42注射不影響小鼠的空間學(xué)習(xí)。水迷宮測(cè)試顯示,Ghsr1a+/++NS組小鼠在平臺(tái)象限探索的時(shí)間百分比明顯高于其他3個(gè)象限(F=8.401,q=5.603~7.642,P<0.01),說(shuō)明訓(xùn)練后該組小鼠形成了正常的空間記憶;而接受Aβ1-42注射的兩組小鼠在平臺(tái)象限探索的時(shí)間百分比與其他3個(gè)象限相比,差異均無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05),提示這兩組小鼠存在空間記憶障礙。接受Aβ1-42注射的兩組小鼠在平臺(tái)象限探索的時(shí)間百分比比較,差異也無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 海馬腦區(qū)Aβ1-42注射損害小鼠的空間記憶能力,對(duì)小鼠的空間學(xué)習(xí)能力無(wú)影響。GHS-R1a敲除不能改善Aβ1-42模型小鼠的空間記憶障礙。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 受體,胃促生長(zhǎng)素;淀粉樣β肽類;CA1區(qū),海馬;空間學(xué)習(xí);空間記憶;小鼠
[中圖分類號(hào)] R338.2 ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A ?[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)02-0169-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.070 [開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200417.0914.005.html;2020-04-17 16:16
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the effects of GHS-R1a deficiency on spatial learning and memory in an Aβ1-42-injected mouse model. ?Methods Five GHS-R1a knock-out mice (Ghsr1a-/-) and six wild-type littermates (Ghsr1a+/+) received a stereotactic injection of Aβ1-42 into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. As a blank control, seven Ghsr1a+/+mice received an injection of an equal volume of normal saline (NS) into the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region. After one week, the Morris water maze task was simultaneously applied in the three groups to assess the spatial learning and memory capabilities of the mice. ?ResultsAfter 6 d of training, the Ghsr1a+/+ mice with Aβ1-42 injection quickly found the hidden platform, and there was no significant difference in time to the hidden platform between the Ghsr1a+/+ mice with Aβ1-42 injection and with NS injection (P>0.05), indicating that Aβ1-42 injection did not affect spatial learning. The probe test showed that the Ghsr1a+/+ mice with NS injection spent a significantly higher percentage of time in the platform quadrant than in the other three quadrants (F=8.401,q=5.603-7.642,P<0.01), indicating that these mice acquired normal spatial memory after training. However, for the mice with Aβ1-42 injection, there was no significant difference in the percentage of time between the four quadrants (P>0.05), suggesting that these mice had spatial memory impairment; and the percentage of time spent in the platform quadrant showed no significant difference between the Ghsr1a-/- mice and Ghsr1a+/+ mice with Aβ1-42 injection (P>0.05). ?Conclusion Injection of Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus impairs the spatial memory of mice but has no effect on the spatial learning. Knocking out the GHS-R1a fails to improve spatial me-mory deficits in Aβ1-42-injected mice.
[KEY WORDS] receptors, ghrelin; amyloid beta-peptides; CA1 region, hippocampal; spatial learning; spatial memory; mice
阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是最常見的進(jìn)行性、神經(jīng)退行性疾病,主要以β淀粉樣蛋白沉積和Tau蛋白過(guò)度磷酸化為標(biāo)志性病理改變。記憶和認(rèn)知功能減退是AD早期腦功能減退典型的臨床表現(xiàn)。與學(xué)習(xí)記憶密切相關(guān)的海馬是AD神經(jīng)退變最敏感的腦區(qū)之一[1-4]。海馬注射Aβ1-42作為一種簡(jiǎn)單的造模方法被廣泛應(yīng)用于AD的基礎(chǔ)研究[5-7]。GHS-R1a是目前所知的乙?;痝hrelin發(fā)揮作用的唯一受體亞型,該受體在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)有廣泛分布,在下丘腦以及下丘腦以外、與記憶和情緒調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān)的腦區(qū)(例如海馬、皮質(zhì)和杏仁核等)均有較豐富的表達(dá)[8-10]。GHS-R1a對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)記憶的調(diào)節(jié)作用已有大量報(bào)道,但結(jié)論并不一致[11-13]。有研究結(jié)果表明,外周ghrelin注射能夠增加海馬CA1區(qū)樹突棘的密度,促進(jìn)離體海馬腦片的長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng),從而提高嚙齒動(dòng)物的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[14]。另有研究指出,海馬齒狀回多巴胺受體1型(DRD1)介導(dǎo)的場(chǎng)景恐懼記憶和工作記憶的增強(qiáng)均依賴于該區(qū)存在的DRD1-GHS-R1a異源二聚體[15],強(qiáng)調(diào)了GHS-R1a獨(dú)立于配體ghrelin之外對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)記憶的調(diào)節(jié)作用。但也有研究結(jié)果表明,ghrelin及其受體激活對(duì)記憶有損害作用[16]。最近的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GHS-R1a敲除小鼠的空間記憶明顯優(yōu)于正常對(duì)照小鼠[17],提示 GHS-R1a 的激活可能干擾空間記憶的形成。因此,本研究借助海馬注射Aβ1-42誘導(dǎo)AD小鼠模型的空間學(xué)習(xí)和記憶障礙,觀察GHS-R1a敲除對(duì)模型小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)和記憶障礙的可能影響。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組
成年C57BL6J小鼠與GHS-R1a敲除小鼠雜交得到子一代雜合子小鼠,不同籠的雜合子小鼠交配得到子二代GHS-R1a敲除純合子(Ghsr1a-/-)小鼠以及同窩野生對(duì)照(Ghsr1a+/+)小鼠,選用其中3~5月齡雄性小鼠用于本研究。將13只適齡Ghsr1a+/+小鼠隨機(jī)分為2組,一組小鼠海馬注射生理鹽水(NS)(Ghsr+/++NS組,n=7),另一組小鼠海馬定位注射Aβ1-42(Ghsr+/++Aβ1-42組,n=6);5只Ghsr1a-/-小鼠海馬定位注射等量的Aβ1-42(Ghsr-/-+Aβ1-42組)。
1.2 Aβ1-42 的配制
取1 mg Aβ1-42(Sigma公司)溶于1 mL六氟異丙醇(Sigma公司)中,室溫靜置1 h后冰上靜置5 min。將溶液放于通風(fēng)櫥內(nèi)約2 d,使其徹底風(fēng)干。然后加入50 μL二甲基亞砜(Sigma公司),待徹底溶解后再加入0.01 mol/L的PBS溶液。Aβ1-42的終濃度為5 g/L,放于37 ℃恒溫箱中老化7 d,-20 ℃儲(chǔ)存待用[18]。
1.3 立體定位注射
小鼠按照10 mL/kg體質(zhì)量腹腔注射40 g/L的水合氯醛和40 g/L的烏拉坦混合溶液,待小鼠麻醉后將其固定于腦立體定位儀上,碘附消毒皮膚后,于兩眼連線中點(diǎn)后約5 mm位置切開皮膚,切口長(zhǎng)約1 cm。剝離骨膜,暴露前后囟,調(diào)整耳桿使小鼠頭部位于同一平面。背側(cè)海馬CA1區(qū)的立體定位坐標(biāo)為:前囟后1.6 mm、左右旁開2.0 mm、深度2.0 mm[19]。鉆孔定位注射Aβ1-42或NS,注射完畢留針10 min,使其充分?jǐn)U散??p合皮膚,連續(xù)3 d肌肉注射青霉素,術(shù)后休息7 d。
1.4 Morris水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)
該系統(tǒng)由測(cè)試圓桶(圓桶分為4個(gè)象限:平臺(tái)象限、對(duì)側(cè)象限、左側(cè)象限、右側(cè)象限)、可移動(dòng)的平臺(tái)、運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡追蹤系統(tǒng)及分析軟件4部分組成。實(shí)驗(yàn)前在水池內(nèi)放入增白劑以隱匿平臺(tái)位置,控制水溫在24 ℃左右。實(shí)驗(yàn)分為訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試兩部分,測(cè)試動(dòng)物對(duì)平臺(tái)所在區(qū)域的偏好可以反映其空間記憶能力[20]。訓(xùn)練階段先將小鼠放在平臺(tái)上30 s,隨后于6個(gè)入水點(diǎn)的任意一點(diǎn)面朝桶壁將小鼠釋放入水,讓其尋找水下平臺(tái)60 s。如小鼠60 s內(nèi)未找到平臺(tái)則由實(shí)驗(yàn)者將其引導(dǎo)至平臺(tái),并讓小鼠在平臺(tái)上再次停留30 s。系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)記錄小鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡和找到平臺(tái)的時(shí)間,未找到平臺(tái)的小鼠將時(shí)間記作61 s。小鼠每天接受兩輪訓(xùn)練,間隔1 h以上,且每次選取不同的入水點(diǎn)將小鼠緩慢釋放入水池中,每天訓(xùn)練完成小鼠返回飼養(yǎng)籠。訓(xùn)練天數(shù)依據(jù)小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)能力而定,直到正常對(duì)照小鼠能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速找到水下的隱匿平臺(tái)。訓(xùn)練的第4天開始空間記憶測(cè)試,隔天測(cè)試1次(如第4天測(cè)試時(shí)正常對(duì)照小鼠未能區(qū)分平臺(tái)象限和其他象限,則第6天再次測(cè)試,且第4、5、6天訓(xùn)練照常進(jìn)行)。測(cè)試時(shí),小鼠先在平臺(tái)上停留60 s,然后撤掉平臺(tái),從原平臺(tái)的對(duì)角線位置將小鼠釋放入水池。軟件自動(dòng)記錄小鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡、穿越平臺(tái)象限的次數(shù)、探索各個(gè)象限的時(shí)間百分比等參數(shù),測(cè)試時(shí)間為60 s。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用Graph Pad Prism 6軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,所得的計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用±s表示,多組比較采用雙因素方差分析,繼以Tukey法進(jìn)行組間兩兩比較,P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) ?果
2.1 海馬注射Aβ1-42對(duì)野生小鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力的影響
水迷宮訓(xùn)練6 d后,Ghsr1a+/++NS組小鼠可以迅速找到水下的隱匿平臺(tái),找到平臺(tái)的平均時(shí)間從最初的(52.11±16.41)s縮短到(19.45±10.55)s(F=10.750,q=5.022,P<0.01),表現(xiàn)出正常的空間學(xué)習(xí)能力。第6天訓(xùn)練結(jié)束后的空間記憶測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示,Ghsr1a+/++NS組小鼠在平臺(tái)象限探索的時(shí)間百分比明顯高于其他3個(gè)象限(F=8.401,q=5.603~7.642,P<0.01),表明該組小鼠有良好的空間記憶能力。經(jīng)過(guò)6 d的水迷宮訓(xùn)練,Ghsr1a+/++Aβ1-42組小鼠也可以迅速找到水下隱匿的平臺(tái),找到平臺(tái)的平均時(shí)間從最初的(56.84±7.32)s縮短到(27.68±10.63)s(F=10.750,q=5.958,P<0.01),表明海馬區(qū)Aβ1-42注射對(duì)小鼠的空間學(xué)習(xí)無(wú)明顯影響。但是空間記憶測(cè)試的結(jié)果顯示,Ghsr1a+/++Aβ1-42組小鼠在平臺(tái)象限的探索時(shí)間百分比與其他3個(gè)象限相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示海馬腦區(qū)Aβ1-42注射可損傷小鼠的空間記憶能力。見表1、2。
2.2 GHS-R1a敲除對(duì)海馬Aβ1-42注射誘導(dǎo)的小鼠空間記憶障礙的影響
Ghsr1a-/-+Aβ1-42組小鼠的空間學(xué)習(xí)受損,在6 d的水迷宮訓(xùn)練中,該組小鼠每天訓(xùn)練找到平臺(tái)平均時(shí)間差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。Ghsr1a+/++Aβ1-42組和Ghsr1a-/-+Aβ1-42組小鼠均不能區(qū)分平臺(tái)象限與其他3個(gè)象限,兩組小鼠在各個(gè)象限的探索時(shí)間百分比比較差異均無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);兩組小鼠之間比較,在平臺(tái)象限的探索時(shí)間百分比差異也無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。表明兩組小鼠均沒(méi)有形成關(guān)于平臺(tái)所在空間位置的記憶,即GHS-R1a缺失并不能緩解海馬Aβ1-42注射誘導(dǎo)的小鼠空間記憶障礙。見表1、2。
3 討 ?論
Ghrelin和GHS-R1a在腦內(nèi)隨衰老、炎癥、神經(jīng)退變等發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)變化。研究表明,AD病人血中g(shù)hrelin濃度明顯升高,治療后降低[21]。與此相一致,AD病人和5xFAD模型小鼠海馬內(nèi)GHS-R1a的表達(dá)明顯增加[22],提示GHS-R1a的表達(dá)增加與AD認(rèn)知功能減退呈負(fù)相關(guān)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室的前期研究顯示,基底外側(cè)杏仁核注射ghrelin抑制大鼠條件性味覺厭惡記憶的獲取[23]。結(jié)合我們及其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室的前期研究結(jié)果,我們推測(cè)GHS-R1a的激活或表達(dá)增加抑制學(xué)習(xí)記憶,而GHS-R1a的缺失可以緩解AD相關(guān)的記憶和認(rèn)知障礙。因此,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了本實(shí)驗(yàn),以探討GHS-R1a敲除對(duì)Aβ1-42模型小鼠空間記憶障礙的可能影響。本文結(jié)果顯示,GHS-R1a敲除并未改善Aβ1-42注射誘導(dǎo)的小鼠空間記憶障礙,具體原因目前仍不清楚,可能和GHS-R1a以及Aβ1-42的具體作用機(jī)制不同相關(guān),又或者在細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路上,Aβ的作用靶點(diǎn)處于ghrelin/GHS-R1a信號(hào)通路的下游。總之,本文結(jié)果提示GHS-R1a缺失不能對(duì)抗Aβ對(duì)海馬神經(jīng)元的毒性作用。
Aβ自1985年被發(fā)現(xiàn)是腦內(nèi)淀粉樣神經(jīng)斑塊的主要成分后備受關(guān)注[24]。大腦內(nèi)Aβ蛋白異常聚集、形成毒性斑塊是AD病人的一個(gè)重要特征,多年來(lái)聚焦于Aβ靶點(diǎn)探索AD發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展緩慢,這使得人們不得不尋找新的治療靶點(diǎn)。有研究表明,Aβ蛋白的聚集可能是AD病理性進(jìn)展起始的關(guān)鍵,而其下游信號(hào)如Tau蛋白的過(guò)度磷酸化和神經(jīng)炎性因子激活為神經(jīng)退行性變的發(fā)展提供主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力[25]。在GHS-R1a缺失對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的調(diào)控作用中炎性因子激活等事件可能占有重要的地位。接下來(lái)我們將借助脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的炎性AD小鼠模型,進(jìn)一步探討GHS-R1a敲除對(duì)于該模型小鼠認(rèn)知功能的影響。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)