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JWH133對(duì)MPP+誘導(dǎo)的原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞COX-2和iNOS表達(dá)的影響

2020-06-08 10:18賈翼鄧晗馬澤剛
關(guān)鍵詞:膠質(zhì)大麻誘導(dǎo)

賈翼 鄧晗 馬澤剛

[摘要] 目的 探討大麻素Ⅱ型受體(CB2受體)激活對(duì)1-甲基-4-苯基-吡啶離子(MPP+)誘導(dǎo)原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)的影響。方法 培養(yǎng)原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)良好時(shí)將其分為Control組、MPP+組、JWH133(CB2受體激動(dòng)劑)+MPP+組、AM630(CB2受體抑制劑)+JWH133+MPP+組。應(yīng)用免疫印跡法(Western Blot)檢測(cè)Control組和MPP+組細(xì)胞CB2受體蛋白的表達(dá)。應(yīng)用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(RT-PCR)檢測(cè)各組環(huán)氧化酶2(COX-2)和誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)基因的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與Control組相比,MPP+組的CB2受體蛋白表達(dá)上升(F=29.78,P<0.01)。與Control組比較,MPP+組COX-2和iNOS基因的表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)(F=22.59、11.27,q=10.13、5.57,P<0.01);JWH133預(yù)處理抑制MPP+誘導(dǎo)的COX-2和iNOS基因表達(dá)的上調(diào)(q=6.26、4.16,P<0.05);此抑制作用可被AM630所阻斷(q=5.34、5.67,P<0.01)。結(jié)論 激活CB2受體可抑制MPP+誘導(dǎo)的原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 受體,大麻酚,CB2;大麻素受體激動(dòng)劑;1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶;星形細(xì)胞;環(huán)氧化酶2;一氧化氮合酶Ⅱ型

[中圖分類號(hào)] R338.2 ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A ?[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)02-0156-05

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.071 [開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200417.0907.003.html;2020-04-18 15:26

[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2 receptor) on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced inflammatory response in primary cultured astrocytes. ?Methods Primary cultured astrocytes were cultured and divided into Control group, MPP+ group, JWH133 (CB2 receptor agonist)+MPP+ group, and AM630 (CB2 receptor antagonist)+JWH133+MPP+ group when growing well. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of CB2 receptor in Control group and MPP+ group. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). ?Results Compared with Control group, the MPP+ group had significantly up-regulated CB2 receptor protein expression (F=29.78,P<0.01) and significantly up-regulated COX-2 and iNOS mRNA expression (F=22.59,11.27;q=10.13,5.57;P<0.01). JWH133 pre-treatment significantly inhibited the up-regulated mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS induced by MPP+ (q=6.26,4.16;P<0.01), while this was blocked by CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 (q=5.34,5.67;P<0.01). ?Conclusion Activation of CB2 receptor can inhibit MPP+-induced inflammatory response in primary cultured astrocytes.

[KEY WORDS] receptor, cannabinoid, CB2; cannabinoid receptor agonists; 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; astrocytes; cyclooxygenase 2; nitric oxide synthase type Ⅱ

星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中數(shù)量最多的一類神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,它們?cè)诰S持細(xì)胞外液動(dòng)力學(xué)、調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)代謝、促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生和修復(fù)中起重要的作用[1],在帕金森?。≒D)的發(fā)生發(fā)展中也具有重要作用[2]。PD是一種常見(jiàn)的神經(jīng)變性疾病,其病理特征為黑質(zhì)致密部多巴胺(DA)能神經(jīng)元的選擇性缺失[3]。神經(jīng)炎癥則是PD神經(jīng)變性的主要因素之一[4]。在病理情況下,過(guò)度活化的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放一系列炎性遞質(zhì),如腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素1β(IL-1β)、環(huán)氧化酶2(COX-2)[5]和誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)等,可以引起神經(jīng)炎癥[6],并激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞繼續(xù)釋放炎性遞質(zhì)加重神經(jīng)炎癥,從而誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元死亡[7-8]。因此,有效抑制星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活化和炎性因子的釋放對(duì)于PD的治療有重要意義。大麻素Ⅱ型受體(CB2受體)是一種G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體[9],大量研究表明CB2受體在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)病中起重要作用[10-11]。關(guān)于CB2受體治療神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)的研究已經(jīng)取得了一定進(jìn)展。有研究證實(shí),WIN55、212-2(合成CB1/2受體激動(dòng)劑)和JWH133(選擇性CB2受體激動(dòng)劑)[12]通過(guò)激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體抑制脂多糖[13]和β-淀粉樣蛋白[14]誘導(dǎo)的TNF-α和一氧化氮(NO)的產(chǎn)生;在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中激活膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體可以通過(guò)抑制炎癥反應(yīng)來(lái)保護(hù)DA能神經(jīng)元[15-16]。CB2受體不僅在小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中表達(dá),在星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)元中也有表達(dá)[17],但目前缺少關(guān)于星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中CB2受體的研究。目前尚不清楚JWH133能否通過(guò)選擇性激活CB2受體抑制星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng)。本研究應(yīng)用1-甲基-4-苯基-吡啶離子(MPP+)制備原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥模型,觀察JWH133對(duì)MPP+誘導(dǎo)的COX-2和iNOS基因表達(dá)的影響,以及CB2受體拮抗劑AM630的阻斷效應(yīng),確定JWH133激活星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體是否具有抗炎作用,從而為PD的治療提供新靶點(diǎn)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料

二甲基亞砜(DMSO)、MPP+購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma-Aldrich公司;DEMED/F12培養(yǎng)液購(gòu)自美國(guó)Hyclone公司;青霉素/鏈霉素溶液購(gòu)自索萊寶公司;CB2受體激動(dòng)劑JWH133和抑制劑AM630購(gòu)自美國(guó)Tocris Bioscience公司,用DMSO溶解制成儲(chǔ)備溶液(1 mmol/L)置于-20 ℃儲(chǔ)存,使用時(shí)用培養(yǎng)液稀釋至工作濃度;兔源CB2受體抗體購(gòu)自英國(guó)Abcam公司;兔源GAPDH抗體購(gòu)自博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司;HRP標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG購(gòu)自聯(lián)科生物技術(shù)有限公司;TRIzol購(gòu)自南京諾唯贊生物科技有限公司;PCR逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒和SYBR Green購(gòu)自abm公司;新生SD大鼠購(gòu)自濟(jì)南朋悅實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物繁育有限公司。

1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及分組

取新生24 h SD大鼠中腦,將其置于DEMED/F12基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)液中,除去腦膜和血管,用1 000、200、10 μL槍頭輕輕吹打使其呈渾濁離散狀態(tài),收集至大離心管中。離心,棄上清,加入含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10胎牛血清、20 g/L青霉素/鏈霉素的DEMED/F12培養(yǎng)液,吹打混勻后將細(xì)胞接種到培養(yǎng)瓶中,在37 ℃、含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2培養(yǎng)箱中差速黏附處理(倒置放置)30 min,隔天更換新鮮培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)7 d以上,待細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)滿瓶底90%以上時(shí),置于37 ℃搖床中以210 r/min振蕩16~18 h除去其他膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,更換新鮮培養(yǎng)液,用胰酶消化法收集細(xì)胞,采用特定星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物(GFAP)的免疫熒光染色進(jìn)行鑒定,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞純度≥95%,進(jìn)行下一步實(shí)驗(yàn)。將原代培養(yǎng)的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分為Control組(A組)、MPP+組(B組)、JWH133+MPP+組(C組)和AM630+JWH133+MPP+組(D組)。 Control組正常培養(yǎng);MPP+組加入200 μmol/L的MPP+孵育24 h;JWH133+MPP+組用1 μmol/L JWH133預(yù)處理40 min,然后加入200 μmol/L MPP+共孵育24 h;AM630+JWH133+MPP+組用1 μmol/L JWH133和1 μmol/L AM630預(yù)處理40 min,然后加入200 μmol/L MPP+共孵育24 h。

1.3 免疫印跡法(Western Blot)檢測(cè)CB2 受體蛋白的表達(dá)

Control組和MPP+組星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞經(jīng)處理后,吸凈培養(yǎng)板中的培養(yǎng)液,每孔加入100 μL的裂解液(RIPA裂解液∶PMSF=99∶1),冰上裂解30 min。刮下底部的蛋白置于相應(yīng)的EP管中,在4 ℃下以12 000 r/min離心20 min,取上清80 μL,用BCA法測(cè)定蛋白濃度。每組蛋白的上樣量為20 μg,電泳(電壓為80 V和120 V)后將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至PDVF膜上(轉(zhuǎn)膜電流為300 mA)。用50 g/L BSA封閉液封閉1 h,然后將PDVF膜放入CB2受體一抗溶液中,置4 ℃搖床上孵育過(guò)夜。次日用TBST清洗3次,每次10 min,將PDVF膜放入二抗中,室溫孵育1 h,重復(fù)TBST 清洗。使用ECL顯色液處理進(jìn)行顯影。目的蛋白的表達(dá)以CB2受體與GAPDH灰度值的比值表示。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)5次,取平均值。

1.4 實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(PT-PCR)檢測(cè)COX-2和iNOS mRNA水平

本文4組星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞經(jīng)處理后,采用TRIzol法提取總RNA,將每個(gè)樣品在1 000 μL TRIzol試劑中勻漿以純化總RNA,使用反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒對(duì)2 μg的總RNA進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄:加入AccuRT反應(yīng)混合物(4×)和DEPC水,使總體積達(dá)到8 μL,42 ℃變性2 min;加入12 μL的反應(yīng)體系(內(nèi)含AccuRT反應(yīng)混合物終止液2 μL、多合一RT Master Mix(5×)4 μL、DEPC水6 μL) 25 ℃作用10 min,繼以42 ℃作用15 min逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA。采用SYBR Green染料法定量檢測(cè)COX-2和iNOS的基因表達(dá)[18]。大鼠原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞RT-PCR擴(kuò)增引物及其序列見(jiàn)表1。采用2-△△CT法計(jì)算目的基因相對(duì)表達(dá)量。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)5次,取均值。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

應(yīng)用Graphpad Prism 5.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,實(shí)驗(yàn)所得數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,兩組間比較采用F檢驗(yàn),多組間的比較采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),然后用Turkey法進(jìn)行組間兩兩比較,P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié) ?果

2.1 MPP+處理對(duì)原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體蛋白表達(dá)的影響

Control組和MPP+組CB2受體蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為0.80±0.08和1.12±0.08,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=29.78,P<0.01)。表明MPP+處理可以上調(diào)原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體蛋白的表達(dá),提示炎癥時(shí)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體表達(dá)增多。見(jiàn)圖1。

2.2 JWH133對(duì)MPP+誘導(dǎo)的原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞COX-2和iNOS基因表達(dá)的影響

與Control組相比,MPP+組COX-2和iNOS基因表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)(F=22.59、11.27,q=10.13、5.57,P<0.01);JWH133+MPP+組細(xì)胞COX-2和iNOS基因表達(dá)水平較MPP+組均明顯降低,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(q=6.26、4.16,P<0.05);而JWH133的抗炎作用可被AM630阻斷,AM630+JWH133+MPP+組COX-2和iNOS基因表達(dá)水平較JWH133+MPP+組明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(q=5.34、5.67,P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。

3 討 ?論

大麻素系統(tǒng)包括內(nèi)源性大麻素、大麻素受體以及內(nèi)源性大麻素的合成酶和降解酶。大麻素受體包含大麻素Ⅰ型受體(CB1受體)和CB2受體[7]。大麻素受體與G蛋白耦聯(lián),通過(guò)抑制腺苷酸環(huán)化酶和電壓門控鈣通道(例如N型、P/Q型和L型鈣電流)介導(dǎo)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[9],激活有絲分裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)和向內(nèi)整流鉀離子通道[19]。與CB1受體調(diào)節(jié)相比,CB2受體的激活已經(jīng)被證明沒(méi)有精神副作用[20]。近年來(lái)關(guān)于激活CB2受體對(duì)神經(jīng)退行性疾病具有保護(hù)作用的研究日漸增多,尤其是針對(duì)它的抗炎作用,已有大量研究證據(jù)支持CB2受體可以通過(guò)參與抑制炎癥反應(yīng)而起到神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[21-22]。GMEZ-GLVEZ等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),使用HU-308(一種CB2受體激動(dòng)劑)激活CB2受體可以抑制脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的紋狀體和黑質(zhì)中炎性因子(例如iNOS)的表達(dá)。CHUNG等[16]的研究表明,使用大麻素受體激動(dòng)劑WIN55、212和JWH133激活CB2受體,可以調(diào)節(jié)1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氫吡啶(MPTP)誘導(dǎo)的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化和炎性因子的表達(dá),從而防止PD小鼠模型中黑質(zhì)紋狀體DA能神經(jīng)元的死亡。TAO等[24]于2016年發(fā)現(xiàn),JWH133激活CB2受體可以通過(guò)促進(jìn)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞表型從M1轉(zhuǎn)至M2,顯著抑制炎性因子的釋放[25],從而對(duì)神經(jīng)炎癥產(chǎn)生影響。JWH133是一種選擇性CB2受體激動(dòng)劑,對(duì)CB2受體的選擇性是CB1受體的200倍,對(duì)CB2受體具有很高的親和力[11]。本課題組在前期工作中已顯示,JWH133激活CB2受體具有對(duì)抗MPP+誘導(dǎo)的SH-SY5Y細(xì)胞凋亡和神經(jīng)毒性的作用。關(guān)于CB2受體起到的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,人們更關(guān)注的是CB2受體在小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中的抗炎作用,或者CB1/CB2受體在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的協(xié)同工作[26]。但是最近有研究通過(guò)免疫組織化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)分析顯示,在PD病人腦中黑質(zhì)區(qū)CB2受體與星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞共定位,而不與其他神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞或神經(jīng)元共定位[27]。而且與正常對(duì)照組相比較,在PD病人中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥狀態(tài)下,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體的表達(dá)急劇增加[28]。星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在PD進(jìn)程中炎癥所導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)元功能障礙和死亡中起關(guān)鍵的作用[28-29],活化的反應(yīng)性星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放炎性因子(如IL-1β、TNF-α、COX-2和iNOS)以及活性氧的產(chǎn)生增加[30],會(huì)加劇炎癥過(guò)程,促進(jìn)PD的發(fā)生[7,31]。而抑制活化的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放炎性因子將會(huì)對(duì)PD起到一定的改善作用。

MPP+是MPTP的有毒代謝產(chǎn)物,它可以激活神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)元和肥大細(xì)胞釋放神經(jīng)炎性遞質(zhì)[32]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用MPP+制備原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎癥模型。Western Blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,MPP+作用于原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可引起CB2受體蛋白表達(dá)的升高,表明炎癥時(shí)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞CB2受體表達(dá)增多。為了檢測(cè)CB2受體表達(dá)增多是否具有抗炎作用,本研究使用選擇性CB2受體激動(dòng)劑JWH133來(lái)激活CB2受體,然后通過(guò)檢測(cè)炎性因子COX-2和iNOS的基因表達(dá)水平,探討JWH133對(duì)炎癥反應(yīng)的作用。COX-2是生成前列腺素的關(guān)鍵酶,iNOS可催化生成NO,它們對(duì)神經(jīng)元具有毒性作用,參與并誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)炎癥,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞死亡[33]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果顯示,使用1 μmol/L的JWH133對(duì)原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,能夠有效抑制MPP+誘導(dǎo)的COX-2和iNOS基因表達(dá)上調(diào),表明選擇性激活CB2受體對(duì)原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞具有明顯的抗炎作用。進(jìn)一步使用1 μmol/L的AM630進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果顯示其能夠阻斷JWH133的抗炎作用。

綜上所述,本實(shí)驗(yàn)初步證明JWH133激活CB2受體能抑制MPP+誘導(dǎo)的原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng),抑制COX-2和iNOS基因的表達(dá),其抗炎作用可以被AM630所阻斷。本文結(jié)果為通過(guò)激活CB2受體抑制星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)炎癥從而治療PD提供了新的方案[34],但還需要進(jìn)一步研究其所涉及的機(jī)制。

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(本文編輯 馬偉平)

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