鄭雅玲 許志飛 羅艷琳
【摘要】 目的:探討睡眠呼吸障礙(sleep disordered breathing,SDB)對(duì)兒童選擇性注意功能的影響。方法:選取7~12歲SDB患兒75例,行多導(dǎo)睡眠圖監(jiān)測(cè)(polysomnogram,PSG)。根據(jù)PSG結(jié)果分為原發(fā)性打鼾組(primary snoring,PS組,n=42)和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征組(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS組,n=33)。選取同年齡段無打鼾兒童為對(duì)照組(n=48)。受試者均進(jìn)行注意功能測(cè)試。結(jié)果:圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn)中,PS組和OSAS組反應(yīng)時(shí)均長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),PS組正確率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);位置判斷實(shí)驗(yàn)中,PS組、OSAS組反應(yīng)時(shí)均長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),三組正確率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:PS和OSAS均可損害兒童的選擇性注意功能,即使單純打鼾兒童也可能存在認(rèn)知功能缺陷,臨床上應(yīng)重視SDB。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 選擇性注意功能 睡眠呼吸障礙 兒童
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effect of selective attention function in children with varying degrees of sleep disordered breathing. Method: A total of 75 children with SDB aged from 7-12 years old, they were given polysomnogram (PSG), according to the results of PSG they were divided into primary snoring group (PS group, n=42) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome group (OSAS group, n=33). 48 aged-matched, asymptomatic and non-snoring children came from a primary school were selected randomly as the control group. All of the subjects underwent attention test. Result: In test of graphic resolution, the reaction times of OSAS group and PS group were higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The accuracy of PS group was lower than that of control group (P<0.05). In test of position judgment, the reaction times of OSAS group and PS group were higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The accuracy difference of three groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Attention function difficulties are present in children with PS as well as OSAS. Children with snoring may have cognitive impairment, SDB should be paid more attention in clinic.[Key words] Selective attention function Sleep disordered breathing ChildrenFirst-authors address: Women and Childrens Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
睡眠呼吸障礙(sleep disordered breathing,SDB)主要包括原發(fā)性打鼾(primary snoring,PS)和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS),通常與腺樣體及扁桃體肥大、肥胖等有關(guān)。國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)[1-2]報(bào)道,兒童PS發(fā)病率為1.5%~27.6%,OSAS發(fā)病率為1.2%~5.7%。在我國(guó)八個(gè)城市的20 152名5.08~11.99歲兒童進(jìn)行的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示習(xí)慣性打鼾的發(fā)生率為12.0%[3]。另外一項(xiàng)大樣本調(diào)查顯示,小學(xué)生習(xí)慣性打鼾的發(fā)生率為7.2%[4]。國(guó)內(nèi)外研究證實(shí),SDB影響兒童認(rèn)知功能及行為表現(xiàn)[5-6],導(dǎo)致多種認(rèn)知功能缺陷,主要表現(xiàn)為注意、工作記憶等[7-8]。注意功能是人類認(rèn)知功能重要的一部分,與智力、記憶力、學(xué)業(yè)成就之間有著非常緊密的聯(lián)系,目前有不少文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道SDB患兒存在注意力不集中、多動(dòng)等[9-10]。根據(jù)父母問卷調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示,OSAS及打鼾兒童與對(duì)照組相比存在更高的注意缺陷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在腺扁桃體切除后注意功能較前好轉(zhuǎn)[11]。因此本研究通過計(jì)算機(jī)編程的神經(jīng)心理測(cè)驗(yàn)對(duì)SDB患兒和正常兒童注意功能進(jìn)行測(cè)試,探討SDB對(duì)兒童注意功能是否存在影響?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2013年7月-2014年7月由呼吸??漆t(yī)生診斷為SDB并至首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京兒童醫(yī)院睡眠中心進(jìn)行多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)的7~12歲患兒共75例為試驗(yàn)組,平均年齡(9.17±1.89)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):睡眠時(shí)打鼾>3晚/周,病程持續(xù)時(shí)間>6個(gè)月,夜間睡眠過程中伴有張口呼吸、呼吸困難甚至呼吸暫停;均為首診患者,未經(jīng)任何特殊治療;經(jīng)耳鼻喉??漆t(yī)生確診為扁桃體和/或腺樣體不同程度的肥大。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):伴其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,如癲癇、腦癱、顱外傷等;伴慢性間質(zhì)性肺炎、心臟疾病病史、血液系統(tǒng)疾病及腎病等;伴注意缺陷多動(dòng)障礙(ADHD)及其他明顯視、聽、運(yùn)動(dòng)缺陷、情感障礙、社會(huì)適應(yīng)不良和軀體、精神疾病等。同時(shí)期根據(jù)年齡和性別匹配原則隨機(jī)從本市某小學(xué)選取無打鼾的48例健康兒童作為對(duì)照組,平均年齡(9.65±1.62)歲。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),研究對(duì)象監(jiān)護(hù)人均知情同意。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè) 采用美國(guó)偉康A(chǔ)lice5多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)對(duì)試驗(yàn)組患兒于夜間進(jìn)行持續(xù)至少7 h的睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)。根據(jù)PSG監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果將試驗(yàn)組患兒分為PS組和OSAS組。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考國(guó)內(nèi)公認(rèn)的2007年《兒童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征診療指南草案(烏魯木齊)》[12]:整夜睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)記錄到的呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)>5次/h為異常,阻塞性呼吸暫停指數(shù)(OAI)>1次/h為異常;低氧血癥:最低血氧飽和度(LSaO2)<92%。符合以上兩條或兩條以上者診斷為OSAS,未達(dá)到OSAS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不伴有低氧血癥的打鼾則診斷為PS。
1.2.2 注意功能測(cè)試 共2個(gè)測(cè)試,即圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn)與位置判斷實(shí)驗(yàn)。測(cè)試完畢,軟件可自動(dòng)記錄被試者每次的反應(yīng)情況。(1)圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn):實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激為由一個(gè)大圓和一個(gè)小的幾何圖形構(gòu)成的圖片,實(shí)驗(yàn)過程每個(gè)大圓正中央始終呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)“+”,刺激的幾何圖形分別位于“+”的正上方、正下方、正左方、正右方四個(gè)方位。實(shí)驗(yàn)開始時(shí),在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕中央呈現(xiàn)注視點(diǎn)“+”500 ms,注視點(diǎn)消失后在屏幕中心呈現(xiàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激圖片3 000 ms,所呈現(xiàn)的小幾何圖形為三角形按左鍵,不是則按右鍵。如果被試者在3 000 ms內(nèi)未做出按鍵反應(yīng),該次試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目計(jì)為錯(cuò)誤,程序自動(dòng)進(jìn)入下一項(xiàng)目。計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)記錄被試每個(gè)方位的反應(yīng)時(shí)和正確數(shù)。(2)位置判斷實(shí)驗(yàn):實(shí)驗(yàn)刺激材料同圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn)。要求被試快速判斷小的幾何圖形位置,如果在大圓的內(nèi)側(cè),按左鍵;在外側(cè)則按右鍵。如果被試者在3 000 ms內(nèi)未做出按鍵反應(yīng),該次實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目計(jì)為錯(cuò)誤,程序自動(dòng)進(jìn)入下一個(gè)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 比較各組各實(shí)驗(yàn)反應(yīng)時(shí)和正確率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組一般資料比較 三組年齡、男女性別構(gòu)成比、城市/農(nóng)村來源比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 注意功能測(cè)試結(jié)果比較
2.2.1 三組圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn)及位置判斷實(shí)驗(yàn)反應(yīng)時(shí)比較 圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn)中,PS組和OSAS組反應(yīng)時(shí)均長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),三組各反應(yīng)時(shí)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。位置判斷實(shí)驗(yàn),PS組反應(yīng)時(shí)長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),OSAS組僅在位置“上”反應(yīng)時(shí)長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),三組各反應(yīng)時(shí)比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
2.2.2 三組圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn)及位置判斷實(shí)驗(yàn)正確率比較 三組圖形分辨實(shí)驗(yàn)在位置“上”的正確率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),PS組在位置“上”的正確率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見表4。三組位置判斷試驗(yàn)正確率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表5。
3 討論
許多研究已證實(shí),PS和OSAS患兒均存在注意功能缺陷[9-11,13-16]。本研究采用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編程的神經(jīng)心理測(cè)驗(yàn),患兒配合好,測(cè)量更精確,提高了檢測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性和敏感性。筆者初步推斷,SDB患兒具有選擇性注意功能缺陷。眾所周知,ADHD兒童存在注意功能障礙,其注意抑制能力均弱于正常兒童[17]。且ADHD兒童比正常兒童發(fā)生習(xí)慣性打鼾的概率高出3倍,SDB通過影響注意功能而導(dǎo)致兒童ADHD的發(fā)生[18]。關(guān)于SDB影響兒童注意功能今后研究可設(shè)計(jì)敏感性和特異性更強(qiáng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)范式進(jìn)行深入探討。文獻(xiàn)[19-20]發(fā)現(xiàn),PS患兒在學(xué)習(xí)測(cè)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)明顯差于OSAS患兒及對(duì)照組兒童。注意是認(rèn)知功能的基礎(chǔ),對(duì)于學(xué)齡期兒童,良好的注意力是其順利完成學(xué)業(yè)的重要條件。SDB患兒由于存在注意功能缺陷,使得他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)過程中不能像正常兒童一樣專心致志,注意的持續(xù)時(shí)間短、好動(dòng)、容易分心,而這些問題又會(huì)加深他們的學(xué)業(yè)困難,影響學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī),從而形成惡性循環(huán)。綜上所述,OSAS與PS均會(huì)引起兒童注意功能缺陷,僅患有單純性打鼾的兒童亦應(yīng)引起臨床醫(yī)生和家長(zhǎng)的重視,應(yīng)及早綜合多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)及有無全身其他系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥如注意功能障礙等情況做出準(zhǔn)確診斷,制定合理的個(gè)體化治療方案。
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(收稿日期:2019-08-23) (本文編輯:程旭然)