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允許性高碳酸血癥對老年患者止血帶相關(guān)肢體缺血再灌注所致肺損傷的影響

2020-04-03 13:33周素素許輝疏樹華
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2020年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:炎性反應(yīng)肺功能

周素素 許輝 疏樹華

[摘要] 目的 探討允許性高碳酸血癥對老年患者止血帶相關(guān)肢體缺血再灌注所致肺損傷的影響。 方法 選取2018年1月~2019年1月中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院安徽省立醫(yī)院骨一科收治的行全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換患者60例,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為正常通氣組和允許性高碳酸血癥組,每組30例。正常通氣組術(shù)中維持二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)在35~45 mmHg,允許性高碳酸血癥組術(shù)中維持PaCO2在60~70 mmHg。分別于兩組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、術(shù)后30 min(T1)、6 h(T2)、24 h(T3)及48 h(T4)采橈動脈血行血?dú)夥治觯瑴y動脈血氧分壓(PaO2)及PaCO2,計(jì)算并記錄氧合指數(shù)(OI)、肺泡-動脈血氧分壓差[P(A-a)DO2]及呼吸指數(shù)(RI)。分別于上述時(shí)間點(diǎn)采集中心靜脈血樣,采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)測定血清腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-10(IL-10)、人補(bǔ)體3a(C3a)及C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平。記錄兩組患者術(shù)后72 h肺部并發(fā)癥及住院時(shí)間。 結(jié)果 與T0比較,兩組患者T1~T3時(shí)OI明顯降低,(A-a)DO2及RI明顯升高(P < 0.05),T1~T4時(shí)血清TNF-α濃度明顯降低,血清IL-10濃度明顯升高,T2~T4時(shí)血清C3a及CRP濃度明顯升高(P < 0.05)。與正常通氣組比較,允許性高碳酸血癥組T2~T3時(shí)OI明顯升高,(A-a)DO2及RI明顯降低(P < 0.05),T1~T4時(shí)血清TNF-α濃度明顯降低,血清IL-10濃度明顯升高(P < 0.05),T2~T4時(shí)血清C3a及CRP濃度明顯降低(P < 0.05),住院時(shí)間明顯縮短(P < 0.05)。兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)間、術(shù)后72 h肺部急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、肺部感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)后均無肺不張、肺水腫發(fā)生。 結(jié)論 允許性高碳酸血癥可減輕老年患者止血帶相關(guān)肢體缺血再灌注所致肺損傷,改善肺氧合及彌散功能,機(jī)制可能與抑制炎性反應(yīng)有關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 允許性高碳酸血癥;肢體缺血再灌注;肺功能;炎性反應(yīng)

[中圖分類號] R619? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)02(a)-0089-05

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of permissive hypercapnia on lung injury induced by tourniquet-related limb ischemic repufusion in elderly patients. Methods Sixty patients were scheduled for total knee replacement from January 2018 to January 2019 in Ward One, Department of Orthopedics of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital were selected, and were randomly divided into the normal ventilation group and permissive hypercapnia group by random number table method, 30 cases in each group. In the normal ventilation group, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was maintained at 35 to 45 mmHg, while in the permissive hypercapnia group, PaCO2 was maintained at 60 to 70 mmHg. The arterial blood gas analysis were performed and recorded before the induction of anesthesia (T0), 30 minutes (T1), 6 hours (T2) 24 hours (T3) and 48 hours (T4) after surgery of the two groups. The partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and PaCO2 were measured, while the oxygenation index (OI), alveolar-arterial oxygen difference [P(A-a)DO2], and respiratory index (RI) were calculated and recorded. Central venous blood samples were collected at the above time points, and the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), human complement 3a (C3a) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pulmonary complications and hospital stay were recorded at 72 h after surgery in both two groups. Results Compared with T0, the OI of two groups were significantly reduced, the [P(A-a)DO2] and RI were significantly increased between T1-T3 (P < 0.05), the serum TNF-α concentration were significantly reduced, and the serum IL-10 concentration were significantly increased between T1-T4. The concentrations of serum C3a and CRP were increased significantly from T2-T4 (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal ventilation group, the OI of permissive hypercapnia group were significantly increased, while (A-a)DO2 and RI were significantly reduced at T2-T3, and the concentration of serum TNF-a were significantly reduced, while the concentration of serum IL-10 were significantly decreased at T1-T4, the concentrations of serum C3a and CRP were significant decreased at T2-T3, and the hospital stay was significantly shorter (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of complications such as wake-up time, pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) at 72 hours postoperatively, and pulmonary infection between the two groups (P > 0.05). There were no atelectasis or pulmonary edema occurred in the two groups. Conclusion Permissive hypercapnia can reduce lung injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion of tourniquet-related limbs in elderly patients, and improve lung oxygenation and diffuse function. The mechanism may be related to the suppression of inflammatory responses.

[Key words] Permissive hypercapnia; Limb ischemic repufusion; Lung function; Inflammatory response

骨科下肢手術(shù)使用止血帶阻斷患肢血液循環(huán),可使手術(shù)視野清晰,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少出血,便于手術(shù)操作。然而,臨床上止血帶的應(yīng)用會導(dǎo)致肢體缺血再灌注損傷(I/R)[1]。肺臟具有豐富的毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng),肢體I/R所產(chǎn)生的氧自由基及炎癥介質(zhì)會不同程度地誘發(fā)肺損傷[1]。老年患者機(jī)體代償功能下降,對器官損傷的耐受性較差。允許性高碳酸血癥(PHC)是臨床上常用的一種保護(hù)性通氣策略。研究顯示[2],PHC可有效改善單肺通氣時(shí)氧合及肺臟彌散功能,減輕炎性反應(yīng)。然而,在老年骨科下肢止血帶手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值尚未見報(bào)道。本研究擬探討PHC對老年患者止血帶相關(guān)肢體缺血再灌注所致肺損傷的影響,為臨床應(yīng)用提供新的參考。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2018年1月~2019年1月中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院安徽省立醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)骨一科收治的擬行全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換患者60例,其中男38例,女22例;年齡65~85歲,平均(72.0±5.3)歲;美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ASA)分級Ⅱ或Ⅲ級;體重指數(shù)(BMI)19~24 kg/m2。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):止血帶時(shí)間低于60 min;阿片類藥物過敏;肺部感染;嚴(yán)重肝、腎及肺部疾病史。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為正常通氣組和允許性高碳酸血癥組,每組30例。兩組患者性別、年齡、ASA分級、BMI、術(shù)前第1秒用力呼氣量占用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)、止血帶時(shí)間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究已獲得我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),并與患者或其委托人簽署知情同意書。

1.2 方法

所有患者術(shù)前常規(guī)禁飲禁食,入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖、血壓、血氧飽和度、體溫及麻醉趨勢指數(shù)(NTI)。開放上肢外周靜脈,輸注乳酸鈉林格液(安徽雙鶴藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)批號:E18060611-2)6~8 mL/kg。局麻下行橈動脈穿刺監(jiān)測有創(chuàng)動脈壓[肝素(北京賽生藥業(yè)有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:18ML2464)抗凝]。鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧,氧流量2 L/min。麻醉誘導(dǎo):依次靜脈注射咪達(dá)唑侖(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:2017 1211)0.02 mg/kg、依托咪酯(B.Braun Melsungen AG,生產(chǎn)批號:20180330)0.6 mg/kg、舒芬太尼(IDT Biologika Germany,生產(chǎn)批號:01A0 3121)0.4 μg/kg、羅庫溴銨(N.V.Organon,生產(chǎn)批號:18030621)0.8 mg/kg行麻醉誘導(dǎo),待經(jīng)鼻氣管插管(NTI)降至37~46時(shí)行氣管插管,聽診雙肺呼吸音清晰、對稱時(shí),固定氣管導(dǎo)管,連接呼吸機(jī)行正壓機(jī)械通氣。正常通氣組通氣參數(shù)設(shè)置:潮氣量(VT)10~12 mL/kg,呼吸(RR)8~10次/min,氧流量2 L/min,吸呼比1∶2,吸入氧濃度為100%,呼氣末正壓(PEEP)5 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),維持呼氣末二氧化碳(PetCO2)為30~35 mmHg(1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)。允許性高碳酸血癥組通氣參數(shù)設(shè)置:VT 6~8 mL/kg,RR 10~14次/min,其他參數(shù)與對照組設(shè)定相同,維持PetCO2為55~60 mmHg,松止血帶時(shí)調(diào)整VT 10~12 mL/kg,RR 12~14次/min,待PetCO2恢復(fù)至30~35 mmHg時(shí)調(diào)整至正常通氣組通氣模式。麻醉維持:采用全憑靜脈麻醉,丙泊酚(北京費(fèi)森尤斯卡比醫(yī)藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:H20150655)4~8 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)批號:90A02051)0.05~0.2 μg/(kg·h),維持NTI為37~46。麻醉誘導(dǎo)完成后行右頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺置管。采用輸液加溫以及醫(yī)用電熱毯等措施維持患者腋溫>35.5℃。術(shù)中在肌松監(jiān)測儀指導(dǎo)下間斷靜脈注射順式阿曲庫銨維持肌松。手術(shù)結(jié)束前術(shù)畢入麻醉后監(jiān)測治療室(PACU),待患者意識清醒,肌力恢復(fù)后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,連接PCIA行靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛舒芬太尼0.1 μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯(北京泰德制藥股份有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:2E069F)50 mg+托烷司瓊(海南靈康制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:180301422)4.98 mg。待生命體征恢復(fù)平穩(wěn)后返回病房,術(shù)后采用視覺模擬評分法(VAS)評價(jià)疼痛程度,維持VAS評分≤3分。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

分別于兩組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、術(shù)后30 min(T1)、6 h(T2)、24 h(T3)及48 h(T4)采集橈動脈血樣行血?dú)夥治觯瑴y定動脈血氧分壓(PaO2)及二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2),計(jì)算并記錄氧合指數(shù)(OI)、肺泡-動脈血氧分壓差[P(A-a)DO2]及呼吸指數(shù)(RI),具體計(jì)算公式為:OI=PaO2/FiO2;A-aDO2=(PB-PH2O)×FiO2-PaO2-PaCO2/RQ;RI=P(A-a)DO2/PaO2(PB=760 mmHg;PH2O= 47 mmHg;RQ=0.8)。分別于上述時(shí)間點(diǎn)采集中心靜脈血樣4 mL,4℃低溫下離心10 min,1500 r/min,離心半徑12 cm,取上清液置于-80℃冰箱保存。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)測定血清腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-10(IL-10)、人補(bǔ)體3a(C3a)及C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平。隨訪時(shí)根據(jù)術(shù)后X線及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,記錄兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)間(從停止給予麻醉藥至患者能對外界言語刺激做出正確反應(yīng))、住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)肺部并發(fā)癥[包括急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)、肺部感染、肺不張、肺水腫等]發(fā)生情況。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

使用SPSS 19.0對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較采用重復(fù)測量方差分析,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)肺功能指標(biāo)比較

與T0比較,兩組患者T1~T3時(shí)OI明顯降低,P(A-a)DO2及RI明顯升高(P < 0.05);與正常通氣組比較,允許性高碳酸血癥組T2~T3時(shí)OI明顯升高,P(A-a)DO2及RI明顯降低(P < 0.05)。見表2。

2.2 兩組患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清炎癥介質(zhì)比較

與T0比較,兩組患者T1~T4時(shí)血清TNF-α、IL-10濃度均升高(P < 0.05),T2~T4時(shí)血清C3a及CRP濃度均升高(P < 0.05);與正常通氣組比較,允許性高碳酸血癥組T1~T4時(shí)血清TNF-α濃度明顯降低(P < 0.05),血清IL-10濃度明顯升高(P < 0.05),T2~T4時(shí)血清C3a及CRP濃度明顯降低(P < 0.05)。見表3。

2.3 兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較

與正常通氣組比較,允許性高碳酸血癥組住院時(shí)間明顯縮短(P < 0.05)。兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),兩組患者術(shù)后72 h肺部ARDS、肺部感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表4。兩組患者術(shù)后均無肺不張、肺水腫發(fā)生。

3 討論

早在1990年,國外學(xué)者將允許性高碳酸血癥應(yīng)用于成人麻醉狀態(tài),發(fā)現(xiàn)PaCO2處于70 mmHg以下時(shí),機(jī)體仍處于安全范圍,未見不良事件發(fā)生[3]。本研究參照前期研究結(jié)果[2-3],設(shè)定允許性高碳酸血癥組患者PaCO2的范圍為60~70 mmHg,并于松止血帶時(shí)調(diào)整PaCO2至正常生理狀態(tài),盡量縮短高碳酸血癥狀態(tài)的持續(xù)時(shí)間,避免影響患者蘇醒。PetCO2與PaCO2相關(guān)性較好,差值5~10 mmHg[4]。因此結(jié)合預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,本研究將維持PetCO2 55~60 mmHg作為維持既定高碳酸血癥狀態(tài)的靶目標(biāo)。

肺臟毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)豐富,肢體I/R所產(chǎn)生的大量活性氧(ROS)經(jīng)血液循環(huán)游離至肺部,可通過經(jīng)典或旁路途徑激活補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng),刺激中性粒細(xì)胞聚集、活化、遷移,從而破壞了正常的肺泡-毛細(xì)血管屏障,影響氣體彌散與氧合[1,5]?;罨闹行粤<?xì)胞可釋放大量的ROS,可通過激活磷脂酶A合成花生四烯酸,在脂加氧酶及環(huán)加氧酶作用下形成大量血栓烷A,促進(jìn)血小板聚集、活化及微血栓形成,誘發(fā)肺血管收縮,肺微循環(huán)障礙[6]。OI與氧合功能成正比,在通氣/血流比值失調(diào)或氣體交換障礙時(shí)明顯下降[7-8]。P(A-a)DO2和RI作為評估肺通氣與彌散功能的經(jīng)典指標(biāo),與肺功能狀態(tài)呈負(fù)相關(guān)[9]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,允許性高碳酸血癥通氣策略可有效降低C3a及CRP水平,改善機(jī)體氧合及彌散功能,推測允許性高碳酸血癥可能通過降低ROS的生成來抑制中性粒細(xì)胞活化,改善肺損傷。另一方面可能是由于高碳酸血癥狀態(tài)下,機(jī)體PaCO2及H+濃度升高,促使氧解離曲線右移,氧利用率增加,從而改善機(jī)體氧合。

巨噬細(xì)胞是機(jī)體重要的固有免疫細(xì)胞,在維持機(jī)體穩(wěn)態(tài)和調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[10]。在炎性反應(yīng)的過程中,巨噬細(xì)胞極化表現(xiàn)出不同的細(xì)胞表型,從而發(fā)揮不同的免疫功能。根據(jù)細(xì)胞極化方式的不同,可將巨噬細(xì)胞表型分為M1型和M2型[11]。ROS可在細(xì)胞間充當(dāng)?shù)诙攀梗ㄟ^趨化因子的表達(dá)激活NF-κB信號通路[12-13]。當(dāng)NF-κB被激活后,NF-κB能和STAT1信號通路等共同作用,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞向M1型極化,從而導(dǎo)致TNF-α、IL-6等炎性細(xì)胞因子的大量釋放[14-15]。IL-10是由M2型巨噬細(xì)胞分泌合成的一種抗炎細(xì)胞因子[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,肢體I/R可同時(shí)激活機(jī)體促炎及抗炎反應(yīng)。與正常通氣組比較,允許性高碳酸血癥組患者血清TNF-α濃度明顯降低,IL-10明顯升高,提示允許性高碳酸血癥有效減輕止血帶相關(guān)肢體缺血再灌注后炎性反應(yīng),機(jī)制可能與調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞極化有關(guān)[17-19]。

本研究中,盡管兩組患者術(shù)后72 h肺部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但允許性高碳酸血癥組患者住院時(shí)間明顯縮短,提示圍麻醉期采用允許性高碳酸血癥通氣策略可有助于患者術(shù)后康復(fù)[20]。

綜上所述,允許性高碳酸血癥可減輕老年患者止血帶相關(guān)肢體缺血再灌注所致肺損傷,改善肺氧合及彌散功能,其機(jī)制可能與抑制炎性反應(yīng)有關(guān)[21]。但由于臨床研究的局限性,仍需擴(kuò)大實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行下一步探索。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2]? Gao W,Liu DD,Li D,et al. Effect of Therapeutic Hypercapnia on Inflammatory Responses to One-lung Ventilation in Lobectomy Patients [J]. Anesthesiology,2015,122(6):1235-1252.

[3]? Morisaki H,Serita R,Innami Y,et al. Permissive hypercapnia during thoracic anaesthesia [J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,1999,43(8):845-849.

[4]? Ren Y,Han JG,Gao W,et al. Protective effect of therapeutic hypercapnia on lung during one lung ventilation in patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy [J]. Chin J Anesthesiol,2016,36(7):776-710.

[5]? 何明楓,陳宇.允許性高碳酸血癥對單肺通氣后肺功能及萎陷側(cè)肺炎癥反應(yīng)的影響[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2015, 31(12):1172-1175.

[6]? Wang YB,Wang XL,Wang X,et al. Effects of ulimmtatin preconditioning on protamine-induced pulmonary injury in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass [J]. Chin J Anesthesiol,2013,33(5):525-529.

[7]? Li C,Xu M,Wu Y,et al. Limb remote ischemic preconditioning attenuates lung injury after pulmonary resection under propofol-remifentanil anesthesia:a randomized controlled study [J]. Anesthesiology,2014,121(2):249-259.

[8]? 鄭榮芝,侯杰軍,張夏青,等.允許性高碳酸血癥對腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)患者炎癥因子影響臨床研究[J].陜西醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,47(7):833-835.

[9]? Tedjasaputra V,Bryan TL,van Diepen S,et al. Dopamine receptor blockade improves pulmonary gas exchange but decreases exercise performance in healthy humans [J]. J Physiol,2015,593(14):3147-3157.

[10]? 陳立新,朱亮先,陳友利,等.允許性高碳酸血癥通氣策略對老年腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者腦氧代謝、認(rèn)知功能及肺功能參數(shù)的影響[J].臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,17(9):970-973.

[11]? Chiang CF,Chao TT,Su YF,et al. Metformin-treated cancer cells modulate macrophage polarization through AMPK-NF-κB signaling [J]. Oncotarget,2017,8(13):20706-20718.

[12]? Mills EL,O′Neill LA. Reprogramming mitochondrial meta-bolism in macrophages as an anti-inflammatory signal [J]. Eur J Immunol,2016,46(1):13-21.

[13]? 李永樂,羅輝,黃微,等.允許性高碳酸血癥策略在嬰兒單肺通氣中的肺保護(hù)作用[J].實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,34(5):734-741.

[14]? Lee WJ,Tateya S,Cheng AM,et al. M2 Macrophage Polarization Mediates Anti-inflammatory Effects of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Signaling [J]. Diabetes,2015,64(8):2836-2846.

[15]? 劉晶,廖信芳,史浩,等.允許性高碳酸血癥在肥胖患者婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].廣東醫(yī)學(xué),2016,37(14):2120-2122.

[16]? 黃麗霞,汪國香,徐旭東,等.允許性高碳酸血癥對肺結(jié)核患者單肺通氣時(shí)炎性因子的影響[J].中華傳染病雜志,2015,33(3):154-158.

[17]? 蔣金娣,何明楓,徐玉潔.肺保護(hù)通氣對老年患者腹膜后腔鏡下前列腺癌根治術(shù)圍術(shù)期動脈氧合及麻醉恢復(fù)室時(shí)間的影響[J].中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2019,26(3):67-73.

[18]? 李文靜,胡振宇,劉曉梅,等.肺保護(hù)性通氣對單肺通氣患者肺功能和血?dú)夥治龅挠绊慬J].中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué),2018, 8(3):156-159.

[19]? 伍志超,王涵,包曉航.允許性高碳酸血癥對非體外循環(huán)冠狀動脈移植患者血流動力學(xué)的影響[J].浙江臨床醫(yī)學(xué),2017,19(2):217-219.

[20]? 張維智,史素麗,呂改華.允許性高碳酸血癥在胸腔鏡治療新生兒先天性食管閉鎖手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2017,33(2):117-120.

[21]? 黎秋炎.允許性高碳酸血癥對丙泊酚復(fù)合舒芬太尼全憑靜脈復(fù)合麻醉效果的影響[J].中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2018,25(24):93-95.

(收稿日期:2019-06-14? 本文編輯:王曉曄)

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