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乙醛脫氫酶2在阿爾茨海默病中的研究進(jìn)展

2020-04-03 13:33劉海濤葛偉
關(guān)鍵詞:醛類線粒體氧化應(yīng)激

劉海濤 葛偉

[摘要] 阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是老齡化社會(huì)面臨的一種慢性進(jìn)行性神經(jīng)變性病,氧化應(yīng)激損傷及有毒醛類物質(zhì)蓄積在AD發(fā)病過程中起到重要作用。線粒體乙醛脫氫酶2(ALDH2)是一種醛類氧化還原酶,其活性與基因型相關(guān),ALDH2無功能突變攜帶者患AD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。基礎(chǔ)研究提示ALDH2可減少氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生的4-羥基壬烯醛等醛類物質(zhì)在重要臟器尤其是腦組織的沉積,從而減輕神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的氧化應(yīng)激損傷。本文擬綜述ALDH2在AD中的作用研究,為疾病預(yù)防和控制提供新的思路。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 乙醛脫氫酶2;阿爾茨海默病;氧化應(yīng)激;4-羥基壬烯醛

[中圖分類號(hào)] R742? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)02(a)-0036-04

[Abstract] Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease, and oxidative stress injury and toxic aldehydes deposition play an important role in AD pathology. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an aldehyde oxidation-reduction enzyme. ALDH2 activity is determined by its genotype. Carriers of ALDH2 mutation have a higher risk of suffering AD. Basic studies suggest that ALDH2 can reduce the deposition of 4-HNE produced by oxidative stress in important organs, especially brain tissues, thereby reducing the oxidative stress injury of neuronal cells. This article will review the research progress of ALDH2 in AD, and provide novel insights for disease prevention and control.

[Key words] Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; Alzheimer′s disease; Oxidative stress; 4-HNE

線粒體乙醛脫氫酶2(ALDH2)是一種氧化還原酶類,在體內(nèi)分布廣泛。醛類物質(zhì)蓄積會(huì)引起機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),破壞線粒體功能,從而影響細(xì)胞能量代謝和生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。ALDH2在醛類物質(zhì)代謝和氧化應(yīng)激方面具有重要作用,其功能狀態(tài)與多種病理生理過程有關(guān)。阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是一種神經(jīng)退行性疾病,確切的病因及病理機(jī)制尚不清楚。近年來的研究表明,AD的發(fā)病與ALDH2相關(guān)的氧化應(yīng)激、活性醛類物質(zhì)蓄積等因素有關(guān)[1],動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)表明,運(yùn)用ALDH2特異性激動(dòng)劑Alda-1能改善AD模型鼠的認(rèn)知功能[2]。

1 AD

AD是一種以神經(jīng)退行性變和認(rèn)知功能受損為特征的進(jìn)行性疾病,受多種遺傳和環(huán)境因素影響且與年齡相關(guān)。據(jù)Lancet統(tǒng)計(jì),從1990~2016年,全球AD及其他癡呆患病人數(shù)從2002萬人增加到4384萬人,因癡呆導(dǎo)致的死亡人數(shù)增長(zhǎng)了148%,已成為第5位的致死疾病[3]。中國(guó)目前患病人數(shù)已超過1000萬人,應(yīng)對(duì)AD及其他癡呆疾病挑戰(zhàn)巨大。

AD的器質(zhì)性表現(xiàn)為大腦萎縮,三種病理特點(diǎn)為突觸丟失、細(xì)胞外老年斑(SP)、細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)纖維纏結(jié)(NFTs)。AD有兩種類型,一種為散發(fā)性(SAD),也叫遲發(fā)型(LOAD),多在老年發(fā)病;另一種為家族性(FAD),也叫早發(fā)型(EOAD)[4]。SAD占所有AD的99%,但其病因尚不明確,有研究提示氧化應(yīng)激、醛類物質(zhì)等與SAD的發(fā)展相關(guān)[5]。此外,目前沒有一個(gè)用于AD的藥理策略能減緩或停止導(dǎo)致AD的神經(jīng)癥狀。

2 線粒體ALDH2

ALDH是一種氧化還原酶類,存在于線粒體中的ALDH2廣泛分布于人體的肝臟、腎臟、心臟、肺、腦等組織中。ALDH2是一種由位于線粒體基質(zhì)染色體12q24編碼的四聯(lián)體蛋白,該基因存在高度遺傳多態(tài)性,為常染色體顯性遺傳[6]?,F(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)ALDH2基因在12號(hào)外顯子504位點(diǎn)存在一個(gè)點(diǎn)突變,即堿基置換G→A,因此ALDH2存在ALDH2*1和ALDH2*2兩種等位基因。野生型單體ALDH2*1活性正常,雜合子ALDH2*1*2活性只有正常的6%,單體ALDH2*2幾乎無活性。ALDH2缺乏是最普遍的酶相關(guān)疾病,影響世界上8%的人口,主要是亞洲人種,ALDH2缺乏是東亞人種最常見的基因變異[7]。

人體內(nèi)的醛類物質(zhì)不僅來源于內(nèi)部神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、氨基酸、脂質(zhì)代謝等代謝過程中的產(chǎn)物,也來自環(huán)境暴露等。這些醛類物質(zhì)主要通過4-羥基壬烯醛(4-HNE)在組織細(xì)胞的蓄積破壞線粒體平衡、增強(qiáng)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)(ROS)等對(duì)組織造成損傷。ALDH2可特異性針對(duì)4-HNE氧化解毒,并能減輕氧化應(yīng)激對(duì)組織細(xì)胞造成的損傷,在疾病的病因和治療方面的研究備受關(guān)注。

3 ALDH2在AD病理機(jī)制和疾病治療中的研究進(jìn)展

ALDH2作為一種氧化還原酶類,被證實(shí)在多種疾病,如心腦血管疾病、缺血缺氧性疾病中發(fā)揮著積極的保護(hù)作用,尤其是針對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激和缺血再灌注損傷[8]。近年來,ALDH2在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中的作用引起人們的關(guān)注,現(xiàn)有研究表明,ALDH2與AD、帕金森病等神經(jīng)變性疾病存在相關(guān)性[9]。

腦作為人體的支配中樞,能量需求和消耗較高,富含產(chǎn)能細(xì)胞器——線粒體。而線粒體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常是AD的重要病理機(jī)制之一,攜帶APP突變的小鼠早期就會(huì)出現(xiàn)線粒體功能障礙,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),后者與AD標(biāo)志物老年斑及NFTs產(chǎn)生相關(guān)[10]。ALDH2高表達(dá)于額顳葉皮質(zhì)、海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞中,ALDH2*2突變會(huì)增強(qiáng)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),脂質(zhì)過氧化產(chǎn)物4-HNE顯著增加[11],導(dǎo)致AD早期就存在4-HNE蛋白復(fù)合物的蓄積[12]。4-HNE能誘發(fā)神經(jīng)元死亡和突觸功能障礙,抑制神經(jīng)軸突的生長(zhǎng)。與正常人比較,AD患者腦脊液中4-HNE明顯升高,引起氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),誘導(dǎo)炎癥及細(xì)胞凋亡[13]。在AD早期,4-HNE可能損害神經(jīng)元之間的突觸聯(lián)系。此外,4-HNE能加速Aβ原纖絲和彎曲纖維的形成[14]。4-HNE修飾的Aβ可以抑制蛋白酶體,從而導(dǎo)致促炎反應(yīng)加速神經(jīng)退行性變。4-HNE會(huì)損害鈉/鈣泵以及葡萄糖和谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體,使離子和能量紊亂最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡,ALDH2通過SIRT1/p53通路能減輕上述損害[15]。因此,針對(duì)4-HNE的疾病修飾策略,如激活A(yù)LDH2,可能有利于AD的治療。

ALDH2基因突變主要發(fā)生在東亞人群中,其多態(tài)性與AD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系研究較多,不同人群中的結(jié)論并不一致[16-17]。因此,中國(guó)學(xué)者進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)薈萃分析提示,ALDH2突變?cè)跂|亞人群中可能會(huì)增加AD尤其是SAD的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR = 1.94,95%CI=1.03~3.64),性別分析提示ALDH2*2基因型與東亞男性患AD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)[18]。

基礎(chǔ)研究方面,在轉(zhuǎn)染了ALDH2*2的PC12細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基中添加10 μmol/L 4-HNE后,細(xì)胞死亡速度明顯加快。當(dāng)用抗霉素A(線粒體電子傳遞復(fù)合物Ⅲ抑制劑)處理ALDH2缺陷的PC12細(xì)胞,4-HNE蛋白復(fù)合物的蓄積是以抗霉素A劑量依賴的方式增加[19]。小鼠海馬神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)染ALDH2后表現(xiàn)出對(duì)4-HNE導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)突觸損傷的抵抗作用,保護(hù)神經(jīng)元免受4-HNE的破壞;過表達(dá)ALDH2可降低Caspase3和ROS水平[20]。而過表達(dá)ALDH2*2小鼠則呈現(xiàn)進(jìn)行性,與年齡有關(guān)的認(rèn)知缺陷,在新物識(shí)別、Y型迷宮等方面表現(xiàn)差,其腦組織中出現(xiàn)AD相關(guān)的病理改變,如4-HNE復(fù)合物的增加以及隨著年齡不斷增長(zhǎng)的淀粉樣蛋白沉積[21],此外,在這些小鼠大腦的微血管(CMVs)中也觀察到明顯的病理改變[22],提示線粒體ALDH2維持神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞和非神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的能量/解毒穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要作用。APP/DAL雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠同時(shí)表達(dá)APP與ALDH2*2,雙轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的壽命及Y迷宮表現(xiàn)等均不如APP或DAL單轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)加速淀粉樣斑塊沉積和記憶損害[1]。ALDH2*2鼠的海馬區(qū)4-HNE、Aβ、P-tau等顯著增加,3月齡即出現(xiàn)新物識(shí)別和Y迷宮任務(wù)受損,6月齡出現(xiàn)Morris水迷宮任務(wù)損害[23]。利用FAD轉(zhuǎn)基因模型鼠5XFAD研究發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)知改變與氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白和基因表達(dá)如iNOS、ALDH2等相關(guān)[24]。高同型半胱氨酸(HCY)引起的反應(yīng)性醛類物質(zhì)如4-HNE對(duì)海馬的毒害作用導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)和記憶受損可以通過上調(diào)ALDH2表達(dá)得到緩解[25]。在SAMP8模型鼠中基于糖皮質(zhì)激素通路抑制劑可以改善認(rèn)知,分子表達(dá)提示自噬增加對(duì)Tau的清除,同時(shí)氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)標(biāo)志物ALDH2也下降,提示ALDH2參與神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用的可能分子機(jī)制與自噬通路相關(guān)[26]。

治療AD的一個(gè)潛在的干預(yù)措施是減少Aβ造成的毒性,特別是Aβ(1-40)。在最近的一項(xiàng)研究中,ALDH2激活劑Alda-1能降低Aβ(1-40)的毒性和血管生成障礙。在這項(xiàng)研究中,Alda-1通過增加ALDH2的活性、減少4-HNE和ROS的形成,恢復(fù)線粒體功能,挽救了Aβ?lián)p傷的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的功能[27]。細(xì)胞試驗(yàn)研究表明Alda-1能夠增強(qiáng)ALDH2對(duì)于4-HNE的氧化解毒,減輕氧化應(yīng)激級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),在培養(yǎng)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中阻斷Aβ介導(dǎo)的血管形成,從而減少淀粉樣斑塊的沉積,發(fā)揮保護(hù)組織細(xì)胞的作用[28]。動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)證實(shí),在AD模型鼠中運(yùn)用Alda-1治療后,大腦組織切片發(fā)現(xiàn),治療組小鼠的額葉皮質(zhì)組織出現(xiàn)好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì)。復(fù)合型治療藥物NMZ,通過整合Alda-1與cAMP反應(yīng)結(jié)合蛋白,后者被證實(shí)在激活后有強(qiáng)化突觸和記憶形成的作用,在4種動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)?zāi)P停ˋPP/PS1、3xTg、ApoE4、ALDH2*2)中進(jìn)行研究,證實(shí)NMZ對(duì)4種模型動(dòng)物的記憶和認(rèn)知改善起到積極作用[29]。

4 小結(jié)與展望

ALDH2是一種被廣泛關(guān)注的氧化還原酶,在心腦保護(hù)、氧化應(yīng)激、缺血再灌注等多種病理生理機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用。ALDH2在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病尤其是以AD為代表的神經(jīng)變性疾病中的重要作用逐漸被揭示。無活性的ALDH2*2突變?cè)趤喼奕巳褐凶畛R?,而ALDH2*2被證實(shí)是AD發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。作為醛類物質(zhì)的特異性解毒酶,ALDH2的活性及與其相關(guān)的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)等在AD的病理機(jī)制和過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,利用特異性激動(dòng)劑Alda-1干預(yù)ALDH2活性的措施被證實(shí)能一定程度上改善AD的癥狀和病理狀態(tài)。精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)揭示疾病與基因多態(tài)性的關(guān)系,進(jìn)而有針對(duì)性地研究治療靶點(diǎn),ALDH2作為AD發(fā)病的相關(guān)基因,其與ApoE等已明確相關(guān)的基因多態(tài)性之間有無關(guān)聯(lián),病理生理機(jī)制中有無交叉,針對(duì)ALDH2在AD病理機(jī)制中的上下游通路分子機(jī)制如何,尤其是ALDH2是否參與自噬在腦保護(hù)中的分子通路還需要更加深入的研究和探討。

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(收稿日期:2019-09-17? 本文編輯:李亞聰)

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