劉克鋒 楊勇杰 張曉堅(jiān) 康建
摘 要 目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定對(duì)比口服水合氯醛用于兒童程序化鎮(zhèn)靜的有效性和安全性。方法:計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Cochrane圖書館、PubMed、Embase、中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),收集鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定(試驗(yàn)組)對(duì)比口服水合氯醛(對(duì)照組)用于兒童程序化鎮(zhèn)靜的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)。篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取資料后采用Cochrane 5.1.0偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),采用Rev Man 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:共納入8項(xiàng)RCT,共計(jì)1 413例患兒。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒鎮(zhèn)靜成功率[RR=1.13,95%CI(1.02,1.25),P=0.02]、鎮(zhèn)靜起效時(shí)間[MD=-1.07,95%CI(-1.82,-0.31),P=0.006]、鎮(zhèn)靜持續(xù)時(shí)間[MD=-8.25,95%CI(-14.02,-2.47),P=0.005]、蘇醒時(shí)間[MD=-9.63,95%CI(-15.40,-3.86),P=0.001]、惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率[RR=0.05,95%CI(0.02,0.14),P<0.000 01]均顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組;兩組患兒血氧飽和度<95%發(fā)生率[RR=0.60,95%CI(0.24,1.54),P=0.29]、低血壓發(fā)生率[RR=1.18,95%CI(0.51,2.74),P=0.71]、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生率[RR=1.33,95%CI(0.18,9.88),P=0.78]比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定相較于口服水合氯醛用于兒童程序化鎮(zhèn)靜的效果更優(yōu),且安全性較好。
關(guān)鍵詞 右美托咪定;鼻內(nèi)給藥;水合氯醛;口服;兒童;程序化鎮(zhèn)靜;有效性;安全性;Meta分析
ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine versus oral administration of chloral hydrate for programmed sedation in children. METHODS: Retrieved from Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang database, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine (trial group) versus oral administration of chloral hydrate (control group) for programmed sedation in children were collected. Cochrane 5.1.0 bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literatures after literature screening and data extraction, and Meta-analysis was conducted by using Rev Man 5.3 statistical software. RESULTS: A total of 8 RCTs were included, with a total of 1 413 children. Meta-analysis showed that the sedation success rate [RR=1.13, 95%CI (1.02, 1.25), P=0.02], sedation onset time [MD=-1.07, 95%CI(-1.82, -0.31), P=0.006], sedation duration [MD=-8.25, 95%CI(-14.02, -2.47), P=0.005], wake-up time? [MD=-9.63, 95%CI (-15.40, -3.86), P=0.001], the incidence of nausea and vomiting [RR=0.05, 95%CI(0.02, 0.14), P<0.000 01] in the trial group were significantly better than those in control group. There was no statistical significance in the incidence of SpO2<95% [RR=0.60, 95%CI(0.24, 1.54), P=0.29], incidence of hypotension [RR=1.18, 95%CI (0.51, 2.74), P=0.71], incidence of bradycardia [RR=1.33, 95%CI(0.18, 9.88), P=0.78] between 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine has better efficacy than oral administration of chloral hydrate for programmed sedation in children with good safety.
KEYWORDS? ?Dexmedetomidine; Intranasal administration; Chloral hydrate; Oral administration; Children; Programmed sedation; Efficacy; Safety; Meta-analysis
程序化鎮(zhèn)靜是指以鎮(zhèn)痛為基礎(chǔ),有鎮(zhèn)靜計(jì)劃和目標(biāo),并根據(jù)鎮(zhèn)靜深度評(píng)分調(diào)節(jié)鎮(zhèn)靜劑用量的系統(tǒng)鎮(zhèn)靜方法,通常用于兒科診斷,如聽覺腦干反應(yīng)檢查(ABR)、腦電圖或者計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(CT)、核磁共振成像(MRI)、超聲心動(dòng)圖等[1-2]。水合氯醛是兒科使用最多的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物之一,有研究證實(shí)了其在兒童程序化鎮(zhèn)靜方面的有效性[3-7],但該藥起效可預(yù)測(cè)性差、作用時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),可能會(huì)引發(fā)心律失常及嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)(如呼吸抑制和永久性神經(jīng)損傷)發(fā)生[8-11]。右美托咪定是一種高度選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)藥,具有鎮(zhèn)靜和輕微鎮(zhèn)痛的作用[12]。相較于其他鎮(zhèn)靜藥,右美托咪定對(duì)呼吸的抑制作用最小[13]。有研究認(rèn)為,鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定能有效避免藥物肝臟首關(guān)效應(yīng),可直接通過(guò)與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相連的嗅黏膜而迅速傳遞至大腦,其吸收率和血藥濃度明顯優(yōu)于口服給藥,且副作用的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著低于靜脈給藥[14]。盡管已有研究報(bào)道了鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定對(duì)比口服水合氯醛用于兒童鎮(zhèn)靜的效果,但樣本量較小,且研究結(jié)論存在爭(zhēng)議[5,14-15]。因此,本研究采用Meta分析的方法系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)了鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定對(duì)比口服水合氯醛用于兒童程序化鎮(zhèn)靜的有效性和安全性,旨在為臨床合理用藥提供循證參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 研究類型 國(guó)內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT);語(yǔ)種限定為中文和英文。
1.1.2 研究對(duì)象 需要進(jìn)行程序化鎮(zhèn)靜的兒童患者,按美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)為Ⅰ或Ⅱ級(jí)。
1.1.3 干預(yù)措施 試驗(yàn)組患兒鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定;對(duì)照組患兒口服水合氯醛。
1.1.4 結(jié)局指標(biāo) ①鎮(zhèn)靜成功率;②鎮(zhèn)靜起效時(shí)間;③鎮(zhèn)靜持續(xù)時(shí)間;④蘇醒時(shí)間;⑤惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率;⑥血氧飽和度(SpO2)<95%發(fā)生率;⑦低血壓發(fā)生率;⑧心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生率。鎮(zhèn)靜成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn):鎮(zhèn)靜藥起效后能完成各種檢查[15]。鎮(zhèn)靜成功率=鎮(zhèn)靜成功例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.1.5 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①非臨床研究;②非中、英文文獻(xiàn);③全文無(wú)法獲取數(shù)據(jù)或數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)法提取的文獻(xiàn);④重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);⑤病例報(bào)告;⑥綜述類或評(píng)論性研究。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Cochrane圖書館、PubMed、Embase、中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。中文檢索詞包括“右美托咪定”“水合氯醛”“嬰兒”“兒童”“兒童鎮(zhèn)靜”“鼻內(nèi)給藥”“口服”;英文檢索詞包括“Dexmedetomidine”“Chloral hydrate””Infant”“Child”“Intranasal administration”“Oral administration”等。采用主題詞和自由詞結(jié)合的檢索方式;檢索時(shí)限均為各數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)起至2019年6月。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選與資料提取
由2位研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選和資料提取,并交叉核對(duì);如遇分歧則通過(guò)討論解決或與第3位研究者協(xié)商解決。資料提取包括第一作者及發(fā)表年份以及患者例數(shù)、性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、干預(yù)措施和結(jié)局指標(biāo)等。
1.4 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
采用Cochrane 5.1.0偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具對(duì)納入研究的質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),具體包括隨機(jī)分配、分配方案隱藏、盲法、研究結(jié)局盲法評(píng)價(jià)、結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的完整性、報(bào)告偏倚、其他偏倚來(lái)源等7個(gè)方面,每個(gè)方面又分為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚、低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚和不清楚[16-17]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Rev Man 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。納入研究結(jié)果間的異質(zhì)性采用χ2檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.1。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(RR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(CI)表示;計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)差(MD)及其95%CI表示。若各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P≥0.1,I 2<50%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析;反之則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析[16]。明顯的臨床異質(zhì)性采用Stata 14.0軟件進(jìn)行敏感性分析;采用Stata 14.0軟件進(jìn)行Beggs檢驗(yàn),以評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)表偏倚。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果與納入研究基本信息
初檢共獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)3 507篇,按納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱讀標(biāo)題、摘要及全文后,最終納入8篇文獻(xiàn)[18-25],共計(jì)1 413例患者,其中試驗(yàn)組942例,對(duì)照組471例。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1;納入研究基本信息見表1。
2.2 納入研究質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果
所有研究均為RCT[18-25]。8項(xiàng)研究[18-25]描述了低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨機(jī)分配;3項(xiàng)研究[18,20-21]描述了低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分配方案隱藏;4項(xiàng)研究[19-22]描述了低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)盲法;5項(xiàng)研究[19-22,25]描述了低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究結(jié)局盲法評(píng)價(jià);6項(xiàng)研究[18-22,25]描述了低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的完整性;2項(xiàng)研究[19,22]描述了低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)報(bào)告偏倚;8項(xiàng)研究[18-25] 均不清楚是否存在其他偏倚來(lái)源。納入研究偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)見圖2、圖3。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 鎮(zhèn)靜成功率 有6項(xiàng)[18-22,25]研究報(bào)道了鎮(zhèn)靜成功率。各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.004,I 2=71%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖4。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒鎮(zhèn)靜成功率顯著高于對(duì)照組[RR=1.13,95%CI(1.02,1.25),P=0.02]。
2.3.2 鎮(zhèn)靜起效時(shí)間 有6項(xiàng)研究[19-23,25]報(bào)道了鎮(zhèn)靜起效時(shí)間。各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.28,I 2=21%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖5。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒鎮(zhèn)靜起效時(shí)間顯著短于對(duì)照組[MD=-1.07,95%CI(-1.82,-0.31),P=0.006]。
2.3.3 鎮(zhèn)靜持續(xù)時(shí)間 有6項(xiàng)研究[19-23,25]報(bào)道了鎮(zhèn)靜持續(xù)時(shí)間。各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P<0.000 1,I 2=82%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖6。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒鎮(zhèn)靜持續(xù)時(shí)間顯著短于對(duì)照組[MD=-8.25,95%CI(-14.02,-2.47),P=0.005]。
2.3.4 蘇醒時(shí)間 有6項(xiàng)研究[19-23,25]報(bào)道了蘇醒時(shí)間。各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.000? 6,I 2=77%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖7。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒蘇醒時(shí)間顯著短于對(duì)照組[MD=-9.63,95%CI(-15.40,-3.86),P=0.001]。
2.3.5 惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率 有5項(xiàng)研究[18-19,23-25]報(bào)道了惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率。各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.44,I 2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖8。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[RR=0.05,95%CI(0.02,0.14),P<0.000 01]。
2.3.6 SpO2<95%發(fā)生率 有5項(xiàng)研究[18-22]報(bào)道了SpO2<95%發(fā)生率。各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.30,I 2=18%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖9。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患兒SpO2<95%發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=0.60,95%CI(0.24,1.54),P=0.29]。
2.3.7 低血壓發(fā)生率 有7項(xiàng)研究[18-22,24-25]報(bào)道了低血壓發(fā)生率。各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.71,I 2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖10。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患兒低血壓發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=1.18,95%CI(0.51,2.74),P=0.71]。
2.3.8 心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生率 有7項(xiàng)研究[18-22,24-25]報(bào)道了心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生率。各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.02,I 2=76%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖11。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患兒心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=1.33,95%CI(0.18,9.88),P=0.78]。
2.4 敏感性分析
采用Stata 14.0軟件,以鎮(zhèn)靜成功率、鎮(zhèn)靜持續(xù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生率為指標(biāo)進(jìn)行敏感性分析。結(jié)果顯示,排除任何一篇文獻(xiàn)后,結(jié)局指標(biāo)的效應(yīng)量均未發(fā)生顯著變化,表明結(jié)果穩(wěn)健、可信,詳見圖12~圖15。
2.5 發(fā)表偏倚分析
采用Stata 14.0軟件,以鎮(zhèn)靜成功率為指標(biāo)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析。結(jié)果,Beggs檢驗(yàn)的P=0.452>0.05,提示本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較小,詳見圖16。
3 討論
水合氯醛已廣泛用于兒童鎮(zhèn)靜,可通過(guò)口腔或直腸給藥。該藥在胃腸道吸收,30~60 min可達(dá)血藥濃度峰值,但因其長(zhǎng)效代謝產(chǎn)物三氯乙醇半衰期達(dá)12~24 h且具有肝毒性,安全性欠佳[26];同時(shí),該藥可導(dǎo)致患兒呼吸抑制,并伴有延遲再鎮(zhèn)靜和惡心嘔吐[27-28],故而其應(yīng)用受到了限制。此外,水合氯醛作為γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受體激動(dòng)藥和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受體拮抗藥,可能會(huì)影響大腦發(fā)育,誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)毒性或神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,盡管這一證據(jù)僅來(lái)自于動(dòng)物研究[29-30],但有關(guān)該藥導(dǎo)致兒童神經(jīng)發(fā)育不良反應(yīng)事件的報(bào)告在不斷增多[10]。雖然有動(dòng)物研究初步發(fā)現(xiàn),右美托咪定不會(huì)作用于上述受體,并還可能對(duì)急性神經(jīng)損傷具有一定的保護(hù)作用[31-32],但是尚未有臨床研究證實(shí)上述結(jié)果。
右美托咪定作用于腦干藍(lán)斑中的α2腎上腺素能受體,可誘導(dǎo)自然狀態(tài)下的非快速眼動(dòng)睡眠,產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜和抗焦慮作用[12],鼻內(nèi)給藥后的生物利用度更高,且不良反應(yīng)更少[13]。鼻內(nèi)給予右美托咪定后,患兒不會(huì)感到不適,并且在鎮(zhèn)靜失敗的情況下,還可以重新給藥(劑量范圍為1~4 ?g/kg,通常以1 ?g/kg給藥),其平均起效時(shí)間為30~40 min,平均蘇醒時(shí)間約為90 min[33-34];主要不良反應(yīng)為低血壓和心動(dòng)過(guò)緩,但癥狀均較輕微,無(wú)需治療支持。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患兒鎮(zhèn)靜成功率顯著高于對(duì)照組,鎮(zhèn)靜起效時(shí)間、鎮(zhèn)靜持續(xù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組;安全性方面,兩組患兒心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、低血壓、SpO2<95%發(fā)生率相當(dāng),但試驗(yàn)組惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組。
本研究局限性:(1)部分研究未描述具體的分配隱藏和盲法,可能存在實(shí)施、測(cè)量等偏倚;(2)納入研究的樣本量較小,檢驗(yàn)效能可能不足;(3)納入研究的藥物劑量、患兒年齡等不盡相同,可能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和可實(shí)施性降低。故此結(jié)論有待大樣本、多中心、高質(zhì)量的RCT進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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(收稿日期:2019-08-31 修回日期:2020-01-14)
(編輯:陳 宏)