葉連敏 潘景業(yè)
[摘要] 目的 探討急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者的生物標(biāo)志物與嚴(yán)重程度的相關(guān)性。 方法 選擇2017~2018年根據(jù)柏林定義診斷為ARDS而收住ICU的重癥患者,入科48 h留取血標(biāo)本,測(cè)定SP-D、IL-8濃度,并收集患者的基本臨床數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)。 結(jié)果 生存組和死亡組基本資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。單因素分析:死亡組乳酸(3.80±1.22)mmol/L、氧合指數(shù)(99.91±36.70)mmHg、CRP[120.00(97.15,166.13)]mg/L、PCT[6.79(3.77,19.60)]ng/mL、APACHⅡ評(píng)分(26.25±6.82)分、SP-D[6274.39(3127.36,7996.32)]pg/mL、IL-8[61.57(54.13,79.78)]pg/mL差于生存組乳酸(2.50±0.59)mmol/L、氧合指數(shù)(173.66±46.92)mmHg、CRP[68.65(31.47,107.75)]mg/L、PCT[1.43(0.88,9.53)]ng/mL、APACHⅡ評(píng)分(18.83±6.09)分、SP-D[3961.03(1810.23,5053.25)]pg/mL、IL-8[22.53(15.81,26.75)]pg/mL,兩組比較有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。生存組和死亡組多因素分析:氧合指數(shù)、APACHⅡ評(píng)分為ARDS患者死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.034,95%CI=1.000~1.069,P=0.048;OR=0.093,95%CI=1.005~1.450,P=0.044)。輕度、中度、重度ARDS患者血液SP-D、IL-8濃度逐漸增高,三組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=109.090,P=0.000;F=9.544,P=0.002)。根據(jù)柏林定義,以氧合指數(shù)作為嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo),結(jié)果顯示,SP-D、IL-8濃度和氧合指數(shù)均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.680,P=0.001;r=-0.763,P=0.000)。 結(jié)論 ARDS患者的血SP-D和IL-8的濃度升高,且濃度隨病情加重而升高。因此,血SP-D和IL-8可能成為ARDS的生物標(biāo)志物,且可反映ARDS疾病的嚴(yán)重程度,為ARDS的治療和預(yù)防提供依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性呼吸窘迫綜合征;氧合指數(shù);生物標(biāo)志物;炎癥
[中圖分類號(hào)] R563.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)36-0092-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the correlation between biomarkers and severity in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods The severely ill patients diagnosed with ARDS according to the Berlin definition and admitted to ICU from 2017 to 2018 were selected. Blood samples were collected within 48 hours after admission. SP-D and IL-8 concentrations were measured. Basic clinical data and laboratory indicators were collected. Results There was no significant difference in basic data between the survival group and the death group(P>0.05). Univariate analysis showed that lactic acid(3.80±1.22)mmol/L, oxygenation index(99.91±36.70)mmHg, CRP(120.00[97.15,166.13])mg/L, PCT(6.79[3.77, 19.60])ng/mL, APACHⅡ score(26.25±6.82), SP-D (6274.39[3127.36, 7996.32])pg/mL, and IL-8(61.57[54.13, 79.78])pg/mL in the death group was worse than the lactic acid(2.50±0.59)mmol/L, oxygenation index(173.66±46.92)mmHg, CRP (68.65[31.47, 107.75])mg/L, PCT(1.43[0.88, 9.53])ng/mL, APACHⅡ score(18.83±6.09), SP-D(3961.03[1810.23, 5053.25])pg/mL, and IL-8[22.53(15.81, 26.75)]pg/mL in the survival group, and the difference between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). Multivariate analysis of survival group and death group showed that the oxygenation index and APACHⅡ score were independent risk factors for death in ARDS patients(OR=1.034, 95%CI=1.000-1.069, P=0.048; OR=0.093, 95%CI=1.005-1.450, P=0.044). The blood SPD and IL-8 concentrations of patients with mild, moderate, and severe ARDS gradually increased, and the difference between the three groups was statistically significant(F=109.090, P=0.000; F=9.544, P=0.002). According to the Berlin definition, the oxygenation index is used as an indicator of severity. The results showed that SP-D, IL-8 concentration and oxygenation index were all negatively correlated(r=-0.680, P=0.001; r=-0.763, P=0.000). Conclusion The blood SP-D and IL-8 concentration in patients with ARDS increases, and the concentration increases with the disease's severity. Therefore, the blood SP-D and IL-8 may become the biomarkers of ARDS and reflect the severity of ARDS, which provides a basis for the treatment and prevention of ARDS.
[Key words] Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Oxygenation index; Biomarker; Inflammation
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(Acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)是指嚴(yán)重感染、休克、創(chuàng)傷等非心源性疾病過(guò)程中,肺毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和肺泡上皮細(xì)胞損傷造成彌漫性肺間質(zhì)及肺泡水腫,導(dǎo)致急性低氧性呼吸功能不全或呼吸衰竭,表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性低氧血癥和呼吸困難[1]。ARDS患者的死亡率很高,高達(dá)24%~46%[2]。盡管近年來(lái)人們?cè)贏RDS的定義、管理和治療方面取得了重大進(jìn)展和發(fā)展,但很少有前瞻性研究探討急性呼吸窘迫綜合征肺表面活性物質(zhì)及炎癥因子等生物標(biāo)志物。ARDS中潛在的有用生物標(biāo)志物試驗(yàn)尚未被應(yīng)用于臨床實(shí)踐,缺乏有效的生物標(biāo)志物來(lái)定義、診斷、監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)性或預(yù)測(cè)ARDS的預(yù)后,限制了該領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)展。由于很難找到單一的生物標(biāo)志物來(lái)區(qū)分ARDS患者與沒(méi)有ARDS的患者,鑒于ARDS復(fù)雜的病理生理學(xué),兩個(gè)生物標(biāo)志物的組合更有可能被識(shí)別[3],本研究的主要目的是通過(guò)檢測(cè)急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者血液中的肺表面活性物質(zhì)相關(guān)蛋白D(Pulmonary surfactant associated protein D,SP-D)及白細(xì)胞介素-8(Interleukin-8,IL-8)等生物標(biāo)志物,探討兩者在ARDS診斷中的意義及與ARDS嚴(yán)重程度的相關(guān)性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2017~2018年根據(jù)臨床病史、輔助檢查,用柏林定義診斷為ARDS而收住重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科的重癥患者,所有入組患者入科后皆簽署知情同意書(shū)。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:年齡>18~<70歲;需要接受有創(chuàng)或者無(wú)創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣支持。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):妊娠女性患者、COPD Ⅲ級(jí)患者、先天性心臟病患者、肺栓塞患者、間質(zhì)性肺病、心源性肺水腫患者、血胸或者氣胸患者、需要行胸部或者腹部手術(shù)治療的患者、嚴(yán)重顱腦外傷患者(GCS評(píng)分小于10分)、腫瘤或者其他終末期患者、已入組其他研究的患者。柏林定義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]:(1)1周內(nèi)急性起病的已知損傷或新發(fā)的呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀;(2)不能用心功能不全或液體過(guò)負(fù)荷所解釋的呼吸衰竭;(3)X線或CT掃描示雙肺致密影,不能為胸腔積液、結(jié)節(jié)、腫塊、肺葉塌陷所完全解釋;(4)在PEEP≥5 cmH2O的同時(shí)根據(jù)氧合指數(shù)分級(jí):輕度為200 mmHg<(PaO2/FiO2)≤300 mmHg;中度為100 mmHg<(PaO2/FiO2)≤200 mmHg;重度為(PaO2/FiO2)≤100 mmHg。
1.2 血液標(biāo)本的采集
入科48 h留取血標(biāo)本,標(biāo)本離心后取上清液放入EP管保存、冷凍,采用雙抗體夾心酶聯(lián)免疫(ELISA)法集中進(jìn)行測(cè)定SP-D、IL-8濃度,并收集患者的基本臨床數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),包括性別、年齡、身高、體重、住院時(shí)間、乳酸、血?dú)夥治?、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、降鈣素原(PCT)、SOFA評(píng)分及APACHⅡ評(píng)分,并根據(jù)28 d死亡率,把所有病例分成生存組(12例)和死亡組(8例)進(jìn)行匯總分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù))表示,ARDS生存組與死亡組的組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)或Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)表示,組間比較用卡方檢驗(yàn)或方差分析,多因素分析采用二元Logistic回歸,并對(duì)SP-D、IL-8濃度和ARDS的嚴(yán)重程度進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 生存組和死亡組基本資料比較
性別、年齡、BMI、入科時(shí)MAP、SOFA評(píng)分兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。原發(fā)疾病方面,生存組12例中,肺部感染8例,胸部外傷3例,顱腦損傷1例;死亡組8例中,肺部感染6例,顱腦損傷2例。
2.2 生存組和死亡組實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查單因素分析
乳酸、氧合指數(shù)、CRP、PCT、APACHⅡ評(píng)分、SP-D、IL-8等指標(biāo)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 生存組和死亡組相關(guān)指標(biāo)多因素分析
把單因素分析中乳酸、氧合指數(shù)、CRP、PCT、APACHⅡ評(píng)分、SP-D、IL-8等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)氧合指數(shù)、APACHⅡ評(píng)分是ARDS患者死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素。見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 不同嚴(yán)重程度ARDS患者血液SP-D、IL-8濃度變化
根據(jù)氧合指數(shù)將ARDS患者分成輕度、中度和重度,在20例ARDS患者中,輕度5例(25%),中度11例(55%),重度4例(20%)。不同嚴(yán)重程度ARDS患者血液SP-D、IL-8濃度逐漸增高,三組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.5 總ARDS患者中SP-D、IL-8濃度和ARDS的嚴(yán)重程度的相關(guān)性分析
根據(jù)柏林定義,以氧合指數(shù)作為嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo),研究生存組及死亡組共20例患者血液中SP-D、IL-8濃度和ARDS的嚴(yán)重程度的相關(guān)性分析。結(jié)果顯示,SP-D、IL-8濃度和氧合指數(shù)均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖1。
3討論
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征是炎癥細(xì)胞及其介質(zhì)、細(xì)胞因子引發(fā)的全身炎癥反應(yīng)[5]。過(guò)度的全身炎癥反應(yīng)或抗炎反應(yīng)引起肺泡毛細(xì)血管損傷,通透性增加和微血栓形成,肺泡上皮損傷,表面活性物質(zhì)減少或消失,導(dǎo)致肺水腫、肺泡內(nèi)透明膜形成和肺不張,從而引起肺的氧合功能障礙,導(dǎo)致頑固性低氧血癥[6]。ARDS除與肺部疾病的直接損傷有關(guān)外,肺外疾病引起嚴(yán)重的全身炎性反應(yīng),也能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的ARDS,如膿毒癥、急性胰腺炎、多發(fā)性損傷、急性顱腦損傷等[7-8]。本研究中肺內(nèi)因素導(dǎo)致的ARDS有肺部感染、胸部外傷。肺外因素主要為顱腦損傷。
SP-D是肺上皮損傷的生物標(biāo)志物。這種糖蛋白主要由肺泡上皮Ⅱ型細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,對(duì)維持肺泡的完整性起著至關(guān)重要的作用。除了減少肺泡表面張力,SP-D還具有天然免疫作用,并具有抗微生物功能[9]。一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿SP-D水平升高與ARDS的診斷及更差的臨床結(jié)果有關(guān)[10],ARDS患者48 h后血漿SP-D水平升高,而肺保護(hù)性通氣途徑通氣的患者SP-D水平升高較小[11]。在一項(xiàng)對(duì)100例患者進(jìn)行的回顧性病例對(duì)照研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿中SP-D水平有助于ARDS與敗血癥的鑒別,也表明SP-D是ARDS的一個(gè)很好的生物標(biāo)志物[12]。Zogheib等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)高血清SP-D水平被描述為與甲型H1N1流感病毒感染相關(guān)的ARDS重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房患者預(yù)后較差的預(yù)測(cè)因子。SP-D仍然被納入了用于診斷和死亡預(yù)測(cè)的生物標(biāo)記物的研究中[14]。
IL-8是一種促炎性細(xì)胞因子,在肺中性粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞趨化中起調(diào)節(jié)作用[15]。在患有ARDS的成人中,IL-8的持續(xù)升高已經(jīng)被報(bào)道[16],且是ARDS的病理生理過(guò)程的關(guān)鍵介質(zhì)[17],在預(yù)測(cè)ARDS的生存方面顯示出前景。此外,與較高的潮氣量相比,肺保護(hù)性通氣患者的血漿IL-8降低。因此,先前的一些ARDS新療法的早期試驗(yàn)將血漿生物標(biāo)志物如IL-8的測(cè)量作為終點(diǎn)[18]。也有文獻(xiàn)指出,對(duì)于ARDS的治療,在給藥前通過(guò)缺氧預(yù)處理來(lái)減輕IL-8的分泌對(duì)患者有益[19]。
本研究顯示ARDS患者死亡組和生存組的單因素分析顯示,乳酸、氧合指數(shù)、CRP、PCT、APACHⅡ評(píng)分有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明死亡組的病情較生存組更重。尤以氧合指數(shù)是ARDS輕、中、重分級(jí)中的主要指標(biāo)。通過(guò)表1可見(jiàn),死亡組患者的SP-D和IL-8的濃度,較生存組明顯升高,因此推測(cè),患者血中SP-D和IL-8的升高,有助于判斷患者是否患有ARDS。由表3可知,輕度、中度、重度ARDS患者血液SP-D、IL-8濃度逐漸增高,其原因是大量SP-D抵消了炎癥的抑制作用,同時(shí)IL-8使大量中性粒細(xì)胞向炎癥區(qū)聚集,使肺泡和肺間質(zhì)水腫,導(dǎo)致炎癥爆發(fā),所導(dǎo)致的ARDS就越重[20-21]。且圖1顯示,SP-D與IL-8的濃度與氧合指數(shù)有很好的相關(guān)性,呈負(fù)相關(guān),表明患者氧合指數(shù)越低,病情越重,SP-D與IL-8的濃度會(huì)越高,為ARDS的治療將提供很好的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查指標(biāo)。但是在ARDS患者生存組和死亡組相關(guān)指標(biāo)的多因素分析中,氧合指數(shù)、APACHⅡ評(píng)分是ARDS患者死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素,這和臨床工作中所見(jiàn)一致。而SP-D和IL-8在本研究中未顯示和死亡是否相關(guān),主要原因可能是本研究的病例數(shù)太少導(dǎo)致,將來(lái)仍需更大樣本的研究,以驗(yàn)證兩者是否為ARDS死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
本研究有其局限性,因沒(méi)有非ARDS組作對(duì)照,遂非ARDS組的血SP-D和IL-8濃度是否亦會(huì)明顯升高,本研究無(wú)法論證。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果顯示,ARDS患者的血SP-D和IL-8的濃度升高,且濃度隨病情加重而升高。因此,血中SP-D和IL-8可能成為ARDS的生物標(biāo)志物,且可反映ARDS疾病的嚴(yán)重程度,為ARDS的治療和預(yù)防提供依據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2020-09-28)